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CN1654911A - 一种气体再液化的方法 - Google Patents

一种气体再液化的方法 Download PDF

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CN1654911A
CN1654911A CNA2005100064860A CN200510006486A CN1654911A CN 1654911 A CN1654911 A CN 1654911A CN A2005100064860 A CNA2005100064860 A CN A2005100064860A CN 200510006486 A CN200510006486 A CN 200510006486A CN 1654911 A CN1654911 A CN 1654911A
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flow
air
reservoir vessel
gas
compressor
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罗伯特·阿德勒
格奥尔格·西伯特
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Linde GmbH
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Abstract

描述一种用于将在储存容器里产生的气相再液化的方法，其中，待再液化的气流在从储存容器中提取出后被自身的逆流加热、被压缩、被冷却和为了再液化目的而被减压。根据本发明，将从储存容器中提取出的该气流(1，2)的仅一个支流(4)输送给压缩机(V)。最好将从储存容器中提取出的该气流(1，2)的未输送给压缩机的支流(3)输送给或经受一个能量转换过程，例如一个燃料电池，一个搅动发动机，一个直接蒸汽发生过程，一个蒸发过程，一个燃气轮机过程和/或一个储存器。

Description

一种气体再液化的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于将在储存容器中产生的气相再液化的方法，其中，待再液化的气流在从储存容器中提取出后被自身的逆流加热、被压缩、被冷却和为了再液化目的而被减压。
背景技术
用于再液化的这类方法例如用在储存低温气体或例如液氢介质中。不管在具体情况下如何选择储存容器结构，不可避免的是，被储存的介质由于受热而导致自身蒸发。此时，如果要阻止必须把蒸发成气体的介质从储存容器中放出，一种措施必须相应于储存容器的设计压力自一定压力值起实现，这样，这只有通过使所出现的气相能够再液化才可被阻止。
现有技术中的再液化方法基本上包括一个热交换器、一个压缩机、一个环境空气冷却器以及一个减压机械组成。这种再液化方法例如结合液氢的储存来应用，所以在从氢储存容器提取蒸发了的氢时，氢在选定的储存压力和相应的沸点温度下存在，在3bar时温度是24K。
提取出的气态氢首先在热交换器内逆着一股被压缩了的氢流被加热，对于该氢流在后面还要详细讨论。在这里，在提取出的氢气流和前面所述的被压缩的高压氢气流之间发生能量交换。由于这两个质量流大小相等，因此只能以1∶1的比例进行能量交换；这里要考虑所选择的热交换器所要求的温度差以及与压力的相关性。在此不能到达储存容器里的温度。
在上述热交换后面连接一个压缩机，该压缩机将被加热的氢气流压缩到所需的过程压力上。在此产生的热通过一个连接在压缩机后面的环境空气冷却器来冷却。在通过环境空气冷却器后，被压缩的氢流最好在13至400bar压力下存在，然而原则上还可以实现更高的压力，它又被输送给上述热交换器，在该热交换器内被逆着要加热的、从储存容器中提取出的气流冷却。最后，借助一个减压装置、最好是一个透平机把这样冷却的氢流减压至储存容器所要的压力并且在此时(再)液化。所选择的减压装置可以实现等熵膨胀，由此，被压缩的氢流的至少一部分发生液化。
在再液化时没有被再液化的那部分气流与液态部分一起又被输送给储存容器。因为前面所述再液化过程在正常情况下是连续工作的，因此，未液化的部分与在储存容器顶部室中产生并且被从该顶部室取出的气流一起重新被输送给再液化过程。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于，给出一种用于将在储存容器中产生的气相再液化的方法，该方法可避免上述缺点。
为了解决该任务，提出一种用于将在储存容器里产生的气相再液化的方法，其中，待再液化的气流在从储存容器中提取出后被自身的逆流加热、被压缩、被冷却和为了再液化目的而被减压，其中，将从储存容器中提取出的该气流的仅一个支流输送去压缩。
与已知的方法相反，现在不是把从储存容器提取的整个气流、而是只把从储存容器提取的该气流的一部分输送给压缩机并从而接着进行再液化。
从储存容器提取的气流的未输送给压缩机的那部分被输送给或经受一个能量转换过程，例如一个燃料电池，一个搅动发动机(Stirlingmotor)，一个直接蒸汽发生过程，一个蒸发过程，一个燃气轮机过程和/或一个储存器。
从储存容器中提取出的该气流被所提取的气流的被压缩的支流加热。
在能量转换过程中获得的能量用来驱动用于压缩从储存容器中提取出的气流的压缩机。
有利的是，待再液化的气流是氢。
附图说明
下面借助在附图示出的实施例对本发明方法及其进一步构型进行详细解释。
图1表示本发明方法和装置的一个示意图。
具体实施方式
在图1中表示出一个提取管道1，通过它从一个在图中未表示的储存容器中提取气流并输送给热交换器E1。在该热交换器中，所述气流在与通过管道6输送给热交换器E1的压缩气流的热交换中被加热，接着通过管道2从热交换器E1中出来，对该压缩气流下面还要详细讨论。从此时起，已加热的气流在管道2内分流成一个第一支流以及一个第二支流，第一支流经过管道4被输送给单级或多级压缩机V，第二支流如已经提及的那样经过管道3导出，并且最好被输送给或经受一个能量转换过程，例如一个燃料电池，一个搅动发动机，一个直接蒸汽发生过程，一个蒸发过程，一个燃气轮机过程和/或一个储存器。在能量转换过程中获得的能量可以用来例如驱动压缩机V。这种方式特别是对本发明方法在汽车上的应用具有意义。
被压缩了的第一支流在被压缩至一个13到400bar之间的压力后经过管道5输送给一个空气冷却器E2并且在该空气冷却器冷却。接着，从储存容器提取的气流的该被压缩的支流经过管道6重新被输送给提及过的热交换器E1，在该热交换器中逆着从储存容器提取出的总气流被冷却，接着经过管道7输送给一个节流装置X。在该节流装置中进行等焓膨胀，达到储存容器所需的压力，在膨胀后以液态形式存在的燃气通过管道8输送给该储存容器。
与现有技术中的再液化方法相反，从现在起可以放弃膨胀透平机。代替它使用一个价格低得多的节流装置X，例如一个减压阀。但原则上还可以使用膨胀透平机。
现在，按照本发明，已加热的气流的一个支流3在压缩机V的前面引出从而没有被压缩和接着在热交换器E1中冷却，因此，热交换器E1内的质量流比例与现有技术中的再液化方法相比发生改变，在现有技术的再液化方法中热交换器E1中的质量流比例为1。由此，更多的比能量可以从具有较小质量流的被压缩的气流中传递给从储存容器中引出的具有较大质量流的氢流。该热交换的“界线”取决于所选择的热交换器和从储存容器中引出的气流的入口温度。但现在还可以通过在压缩机V的前面取走一部分气流来影响该比例；不输送到压缩机V的气流3越大，热交换器E1上的质量流比例就越大。
在根据本发明的再液化方法中可以与在现有技术的方法中使用同样的压缩机和环境空气冷却器。在边缘条件相同的情况下，在使用本发明方法的情况下压缩机的功率需求减小，减小量是在压缩前提取走的支流的失去的质量流。
在现有技术的再液化方法中不能实现可以获得足够大液体量的等焓膨胀，而在根据本发明的气流再液化方法中这是可以的。
因此，本发明方法使得可以提高总效率、在节流或减压后可以获得更大的液体量以及可以等焓膨胀。此外，为了经济，不强制性要求大的质量流。再者，结构费用降低，因为可以取消迄今必需的减压机械。
特别是在汽车领域中使用具有相对较小的储存容积的(液氢)储存容器；由于这些相对较小的储存容积，导致相对少的蒸发损失以及由此导致相对较少的质量流。传统再液化方法不适于这样少的质量流的再液化。
由此，本发明方法特别适合用在汽车领域中，因为一方面即使在较少质量流的情况下也能有效工作，另一方面总重量明显少于传统方法。重量减少是源于取消了迄今必需的减压机械以及如下实际情况：由于使用本发明方式使效率提高，在回路中必须较少的质量流，由此使得上述组成部件如压缩机、热交换器等的结构尺寸减小。
在氢驱动的汽车中至今存在这样的问题：由于液氢储存容器的不可避免的蒸发损失，这种汽车的使用时间目前最长限于2周。当在汽车领域种实现了本发明方法时，尤其是如果把在压缩机前面所提取的气流例如输送给燃料电池并且把在燃料电池中获得的能量用于推动压缩机，就可以明显延长使用时间。
此外，本发明方法当然也可以在所有其它已知的应用中以有利方式实现，例如在加氢站的(液氢)储存容器中。

Claims (5)

1.用于将在储存容器里产生的气相再液化的方法，其中，待再液化的气流在从储存容器中提取出后被自身的逆流加热、被压缩、被冷却和为了再液化目的而被减压，其特征在于，将从储存容器中提取出的该气流(1，2)的仅一个支流(4)输送去压缩(V)。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，将从储存容器中提取出的该气流(1，2)的未输送给压缩机的支流(3)输送给或经受一个能量转换过程，例如一个燃料电池，一个搅动发动机，一个直接蒸汽发生过程，一个蒸发过程，一个燃气轮机过程和/或一个储存器。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于，从储存容器中提取出的该气流(1)被所提取的气流(1，2)的被压缩的支流(5，6)加热。
4.根据权利要求2或3的方法，其特征在于，在能量转换过程中获得的能量用来驱动用于压缩从储存容器中提取出的气流的压缩机。
5.根据上述权利要求1至4之一的方法，其特征在于，待再液化的气流是氢。
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