CN1647351B - 带有铁磁流体支承的发电装置 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K35/00—Generators with reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating coil system, magnet, armature or other part of the magnetic circuit
- H02K35/02—Generators with reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating coil system, magnet, armature or other part of the magnetic circuit with moving magnets and stationary coil systems
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- F21—LIGHTING
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
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Abstract
一种发电装置包括一个受到限制相对于一个导体(14)沿一个支撑结构(4)运动的磁体(2),一个铁磁流体支承在磁体(2)和支撑结构(4)之间提供一个超低摩擦界面。该装置具有小于1度的从水平静止位置位移的临界角,最好小于10分。通过运动磁场在导体(14)中产生电信号。
Description
发明背景
发明领域
本发明涉及通过磁体在线圈中的运动的发电,更具体地说涉及磁体的超低摩擦支承。
相关技术的叙述
磁体通过一个导电线圈的运动感应出在该线圈中产生电流的电动势。如果该磁体以往复运动的形式来回运动,则线圈中的电流方向将随每一次相继的往复而翻转从而产生AC电流。
已经开发出几种利用磁体通过一个或多个线圈的往复运动的发电系统。例如,在4260901号专利中,水体中的波浪运动使一个浮子上下运动,该浮子反过来将往复运动传给一个磁体,该磁体在一对置于磁体的运动路径相对的两端的线圈之间运动。在5347186号专利中,一个稀土磁体和一个线圈被定位成互相相对前后线性运动。可以磁体固定而线圈像波浪动作一样相对于磁体上下运动,线圈固定而磁体像被空气压力推动一样相对于线圈运动,或线圈的外壳摇动或振动,如由一个慢跑者携带一样,然后使磁体在线圈中运动。在5818132号专利中,运动磁体受到限制,通过至少两个互相相隔的线圈中的每一个作双向线性的或接近线性的运动,用于向诸如长命闪光灯,警报系统,位于得不到常规电源的地点的通讯装置的应用中供电,或者用于诸如行走或跑步中的鞋后跟有相对大的反复受力的场合。
在上述每种应用中都必须保持磁体或线圈固定并有力地推动另一个元件,或将强烈的摇动或振动施加到装置的外壳上,使磁体相对于线圈运动。这将使该装置不适合于这样的应用,在该应用中,只有平缓的活动力移动外壳,尤其是如果运动在基本上水平的方向上更是这样。这样,在带有磁体和线圈装置向灯泡供电的手提式闪光灯的实例中,使用者简单地手持闪光灯行走,使灯在相应于使用者手的运动的基本水平的浅弧形下运动,将不足以使磁体产生相对于外壳的充分的运动。
本发明的概述
本发明的目的在于提供一种新颖的发电装置系统和方法,该系统和方法中,磁体和支撑结构之间的摩擦力足够低,以使磁体和相邻的导体线圈之间的相对运动即使在该运动是水平的以及仅有微小的运动被赋予支撑结构的情况下也足以产生有用的电能。
该目的的实现通过应用一种发电装置,该发电装置中,磁体被设置成相对于一个支撑结构运动,该装置有一个小于1度,甚至可小于10分的从水平静止位置起的位移临界角。该超低摩擦水平通过磁体和支撑结构之间提供低摩擦界面的铁磁流体支承来实现。相对于磁体设置了导体,最好是线圈,这样,响应磁体在其支撑结构上的运动在导体中产生电信号并将电信号耦合到系统外。铁磁流体最好具有小于约5厘泊的粘度并在特定的实施例中包括混合异链烷烃酸的轻矿物油介质。
在一个实施例中,磁体在一个封装外壳中运动并产生一个运动磁场,这样在周围的导电线圈中产生电信号。在磁体相对的两侧面之间设置一个空气流动通道,最好空气通过该占据小于封装外壳的全部内部横截面积的磁体而运动,以防止形成可阻碍磁体运动的压力。对于一个手提装置,该封装外壳能做成弯曲以大致符合手臂摆动的弧线。封装外壳可被包容在一个浮动的外部封装内,当该外部封装浮在水面上并经受波浪作用时该单元能发出电来,或者该单元能被悬挂而响应风的作用而产生电信号。代表性的应用包括电池充电系统、闪光灯、环境传感器、警急发射器以及蜂窝电话。
通过下文结合附图的详尽叙述,本发明的上述的以及其他的特征和优点对于本技术领域熟练的人员而言将更明显。
附图概述
图1和2是分别说明本发明在环境传感器和警急发射器中的应用的示意图;
图3是一个实施例的剖面图,图中一个磁体沿形成在封装外壳中的通道滑动;
图4是本发明的应用到闪光灯中的示意图;
图5是说明响应行走中的使用者的手的运动工作的弯曲的闪光灯的主视图;
图6是根据本发明的响应波浪运动而促动的发电装置的简化的透视图;
图7是根据本发明的响应空气运动而促动的发电装置的简化的透视图;
图8是根据本发明供电的蜂窝电话的简化平面图;
图9是作为磁体及其支撑结构之间的静摩擦系数的函数的由振荡磁体系统产生的能量的说明性曲线图;
图10是说明能通过新颖的铁磁流体润滑剂获得的超低摩擦的示意图;
图11是磁体在外壳外面而拾取线圈在里面的实施例的剖面示意图;
图12是用图11所显示的装置产生的输出电压的曲线图。
本发明的详述
本发明提供了磁体及其支撑结构之间的超低程度的摩擦,通过支撑结构非常轻微的偏离水平面的运动和/或在水平面上的运动发出有用的电能。例如,当该支撑结构被握在使用者的手中或放在上衣口袋里时,行走运动或其他正常的运动,诸如转弯,弹跳,鞠躬甚至上下车等发生振动的运动都能很容易地发出有用的电量,同时由于波浪或风的作用而轻微地偏离水平的运动也都能被用来发电。
为了使磁体对其支撑结构的运动能有高灵敏的响应,最好将铁磁流体支承用作磁体和支撑结构之间的界面。铁磁流体是精细分散的磁性的或可磁化的微粒的分散体系,微粒通常有30到150埃的尺寸范围并被分散在液体的载体中。磁性微粒通常覆盖表面活剂或分散剂。表面活剂保证磁性微粒之间的固定不变的距离以克服由范德瓦尔斯力以及磁相互作用引起的吸引力,同时也在被覆盖微粒的外层提供和液体载体以及周围环境的化学品相协调的化学组成。被用作磁性微粒的铁氧体和三价氧化铁向铁磁流体提供了若干物理和化学性能,包括饱和磁化强度,粘度,磁稳定性和化学稳定性。Ferrotec(USA)Corporation of Nashua,New Hampshire提供了几种类型的铁磁流体。涉及铁磁流体的制备的专利的概述在美国专利6056889中有介绍。
以前铁磁流体已经被用在电驱动的系统中。例如,5323076号专利中揭示了一种碟形的心轴电机,该电机中铁磁流体润滑剂被用作旋转的电驱动心轴的滚珠轴承的替代品。在5452520号专利中,铁磁流体带提供了在倾斜仪中滑动的磁体的支承,磁体偏离中心位置的运动由霍尔元件或线圈探测,并被用于激励在装置的每一端上的线圈,这些线圈又将磁体恢复到其中心位置。
已经做了各种努力将铁磁流体应用到发电中以向外部系统供电。4064409号专利利用了通过改变温度使其磁性能发生快速变化的铁磁流体的特性,通过将磁体置于一个封闭环路铁磁流体系统的周围以产生一种铁磁流体通过一个发出电能的螺线管的自泵浦作用。但是,该种类型的系统需要外部热源并不能进行远程的或便携的操作。
本申请人已经发明了一种在向发电装置本身之外的系统供电的发电中利用铁磁流体的新方法。该新方法根据铁磁流体的低摩擦特性,而不是其磁特性随温度的变化。提供了一种往复运动的系统,该系统中磁体相对于导电线圈运动以在线圈中感应出电动势从而产生电流。通过为磁体使用适当选择的铁磁流体润滑剂提供了一个极低的摩擦系数,使磁体能响应非常轻微的倾斜或者响应其封装外壳被赋予各种平动而运动和发电。不必如先有的运动磁体发电装置那样剧烈地摇晃该装置或将其保持垂直。
铁磁流体和磁体的特性是相关的。如果磁体有相对低的磁场,就应使用有相对高磁化强度的铁磁流体。磁体的磁场通常的范围为约500-4000高斯,铁磁流体的磁化强度为50-400高斯。
铁磁流体的摩擦系数粗略地相关于其粘度(用厘泊测量(cp)),但不是直接相关。例如,粘度为300cp的铁磁流体已经被发现具有约0.015的静摩擦系数,来自Ferrotec(USA)Corporation的EFH1铁磁流体有6cp数量级的粘度和约0.002的静摩擦系数,但有5cp粘度的水基铁磁流体已经被发现具有约0.01的静摩擦系数。对于某些低粘度组成的更高的摩擦系数已经被归因于和水基溶剂相关的表面张力。
用于本发明的优选铁磁流体具有基本小于5cp的粘度,实际上小于2cp,并达到0.0008-0.0012范围的超低静摩擦系数。当装置轴线离开水平倾斜仅约0.07度时,这样的摩擦系数对于装置中开始滑动的磁体已经足够灵敏。这种以及其他适当的铁磁流体组成在题为“Mechanical Translator with Ultra Low FrictionFerrofluid Bearings(具有超低摩擦铁磁流体支承的机械平移器)”,由申请人Jeffray T.Cheung在和本发明同一天申请的共同待批的专利申请10/078132系列号中讨论,该共同待批的专利申请也被转让予本发明的受让人InnovativeTechnology Licensing,LLC,该申请的内容特此通过引用而结合在本文中。该组成包括一份Ferrotec(USA)Corporation的EFH1轻矿物油铁磁流体混合两到四份异链烷烃酸,搅动24小时的混合物。异链烷烃酸的适当的来源为来自Exxon MobilChemical Corp.的Isopar 6和Isopar M。也可以使用未稀释的EFH1铁磁流体。未稀释的EFH1组成有比稀释的组成更大的重量支承能力,但对于大多数应用而言,稀释该组成仍保持充分的重量支承能力。也可以使用静摩擦系数直至约0.02的其他铁磁流体,诸如Ferrotec(USA)Corporation的EMG805型,一种静摩擦系数约0.01以及粘度约5cp的水基铁磁流体,因为用0.01的静摩擦系数可得到的功率输出仍能达到零摩擦系统的75%。当前,EMG805组成比EFH1组成贵得多,但负荷支承能力却稍低。
图1说明了本发明在环境传感器中的应用。一个可运动的永久磁体2被包容在一个非磁性的封装外壳4内,磁体6和8处在封装外壳的相对的两端,和中心磁体2成轴向磁极相对。这样,运动磁体和端磁体互相面对的各端都是相同的磁极,因此当运动磁体接近端磁体时,运动磁体的动能转化为势能,当其被排斥从端磁体离开时再转化回动能。在封装外壳中的铁磁流体被自然地吸往磁体2的磁极以形成围绕磁体的端磁极的珠10,12。这提供了超低摩擦的润滑,使磁体2在封装外壳内自由地运动,提供了磁体的支撑结构。磁体将响应封装外壳离开水平的倾斜或封装外壳的水平移动相对于封装外壳运动。
通常为铜的导电线圈14围绕至少是封装外壳的磁体2在其端磁体6和8之间的路径中横越的那部分卷绕。磁体相对于其封装外壳的运动因为磁体的运动磁场切割线圈而在线圈14中产生电流。端磁体6和8的排斥效应限制了运动磁体2的运动,但带有缓冲效应,防止运动磁体撞击坚硬的端磁体。因为磁排斥力以1/d4变化,此处d是两个磁体之间的距离,当运动磁体接近一个端磁体时,排斥力增加得非常迅速。
磁体2和封装外壳4都最好有大致圆形的截面。各元件的尺寸经选择最好在铁磁流体珠10和12和封装外壳的上壁之间留下间隙,从而防止空气堆积在滑动磁体的一侧而在另一侧形成部分真空,否则这将促进和阻碍磁体的运动。或者,如果希望磁体(及其铁磁流体珠)占据封装外壳的全部内截面区域,则可以在磁体上穿孔以使空气在其相对的两侧流动。
给予封装外壳4的运动使磁体2在端磁体6和8之间来回往复移动。根据特定的应用,封装外壳的运动可以是单轴向的运动、沿纵轴的往复运动、绕中心轴的枢轴转动、转动或其他更复杂的运动形式。当磁体2来回运动时在线圈14中产生AC电流。在图1显示的实施例中,该电流由桥路16整流并用于为电池18充电,该电池18为环境传感器20提供电源,该传感器能检测诸如温度、压力、气体、辐射等的一个或多个环境条件。为了在远程位置上建立传感器,可设置一个发射器22发射有关被检测条件的信息,该发射器同样由电池18供电工作。或者,传感器20可实时工作,直接从线圈14或桥路16的输出供电而取消电池18。
图2说明了本发明对警急发射器的应用。图中画出了除了该实施例中端磁体用弹簧24,26替代之外和图1相同的铁磁流体润滑的发电装置。该种形式为运动磁体提供了平缓的停止动作,因为弹力的增加基本上是线性的而不是如端磁体那样与1/d4成比例,但也有缺点,往复的磁体在其每次运动的端点都发生实体接触,因此一段时间以后可能因为重复的接触而损坏磁体。
线圈的输出连接到整流桥路28,整流的输出为向警急发射器32供电的电池充电。该系统的应用包括如图6和图7分别说明的用于在海上发射警急信号的波浪供电的发电装置以及用于陆地传输的风力供电的系统。
图3说明了在其他方式的圆形截面封装外壳的壁中设置具有一定形状的通道34的封装外壳4的一种可能的配置,磁体2的尺寸使其在该通道中滑动但又能避免横向的运动。这对于封装外壳要经受横向的以及在磁体运动的平面中的运动的应用是很有用的,有助于将磁体限制到纵向的运动中。
向磁体提供支撑结构的封装外壳4最好有光滑的不吸收铁磁流体的非多孔表面。诸如聚碳酸酯和玻璃的材料都适用,而因为其往往会吸收铁磁流体而不适用。
本发明有很多应用,其中几种在本文中说明。图4说明了本发明被用于手提闪光灯的实例。如上所述的发电装置36被设置在闪光灯外壳38中,在一端的照明灯泡40保持在灯泡触点42上并通过一块透明板44发光,透明板可以通过卸掉螺栓而移去以便装拆灯泡。和如上所述的其他实施例相似,发电装置36提供AC输出,AC输出由桥路46整流,整流后的输出向在线路中和灯泡触点42连接的电池48充电。还有,如果希望实时闪光操作则可省略电池,在本发明的任何应用中,如果希望直接通过AC信号工作则可省略桥路整流电路。
图5显示了一种变型,该变型中闪光灯外壳38’的纵轴沿一条弧线弯曲而不是直线形;还可以设想很多其他的人类工程学的设计。该闪光灯被握在人手46中,其设计的曲率和人行走时手臂的摆动的弧线一致。这样在正常的行走运动期间在磁体及其封装外壳之间提供了平稳的运动。
图6说明了由波浪运动操作的发电装置。该系统对于向警急发射器供电,水下电缆中继站以及其他需要用其他方法不可得的电源的海事应用是很有用的。在所说明的实施例中,一对浮动的管状封装外壳48、50在其中部互相横向连接。每个封装外壳中容纳一个如上所述的发电装置以及任何相关的电子器件。当被浮在水52中时,两个发电装置在不同的方向上将比单个发电装置对波浪作用更稳定和更灵敏。它们的输出被结合在一起产生比用单个发电装置更稳定的电源。还可以用多封装外壳或单封装外壳的其他配置,诸如线性阵列,三维阵列,三角形和其他几何形状。
图7说明了和图6的海事发电装置相似但是被悬挂在空中通过风而运动发电的风力发电装置。支撑结构54包括将该装置悬挂在空中使其能被风吹动的悬挂系统。还有,发电装置被显示为一对在其中部互相横向连接的管状发电装置58、60,管的两端附接到支撑结构上。还可以添加风向标或其他修饰物品以增加发电装置的迎风面使其对风更灵敏。随着封装外壳因风力作用而偏离水平的摆动,所容纳的磁体沿管运动而产生电能输出。
图8显示了本发明在可置于人们的上衣口袋中或腰带扣上的蜂窝电话62上的应用;为了简化的目的,绕在磁体封装外壳4上的线圈未显示。如本发明的上述其他应用中的电池及其相关的整流电路将设置在电话的外壳中。
磁体封装外壳4被支撑在蜂窝电话62中,因此当电话被直立放在使用者的上衣口袋里或挂在腰带扣上时具有基本水平的取向。本发明所达到的运动灵敏度能获得0.4瓦数量级的电源输出,这对于正常的行走伴随的运动是很容易达到的,而典型的蜂窝电话目前消耗的平均功率约0.2瓦。这样,蜂窝电话以及类似装置成为本发明的重要的应用。
本发明还有许多其他的应用,包括手提的、便携的或其他易受到运动作用的装置。例如,一个本文所述的发电机可以安装在汽车或其他车辆的车轴上以从车辆运动中捕获震动并用于为埋设在车胎中的空气压力传感器发电。压力信息可被传递到驾驶员显示器以提供低压或高压情况的警报。
运动磁体及其封装外壳的壁之间的超低摩擦界面的获得是成功实施本发明的一个重要方面。图9的曲线显示了对于通常在行走中携带的受到运动作用的水平取向的封装外壳在标准化的基础上产生的作为磁体和封装外壳之间的静摩擦系数的函数的相对数量的电能。可以看到,在0.1的静摩擦系数下,电能输出从无摩擦系统迅速下降到非常低的水平,在这以后,随着摩擦系数大于约0.2,电能更逐渐地下降直至完全没有输出。采用最好提供约0.01或更小的超低静摩擦系数的铁磁流体,本发明能达到接近最佳的电能输出。
图10说明了用特定的铁磁流体可达到的超低摩擦。磁体64被显示支撑在衬底66上,衬底66继而被支撑在一个水平的支撑表面68上。铁磁流体支承70在磁体64和衬底66之间提供了一个超低摩擦界面。磁体的取向被显示为其磁轴72基本和衬底66横向相交。
采用适当的铁磁流体16,在磁体和衬底之间可获得超低程度的摩擦,使磁体对衬底的倾斜或施加到磁体上的平动立产生高度灵敏的响应。静摩擦系数这样测量,通过偏离水平表面68提高衬底66的一端直至磁体开始沿衬底滑动,确定衬底位移偏离水平开始滑动的临界角,将衬底放回水平,抬起其另一端,直至磁体在相反的方向上开始滑动,确定在该方向上衬底位移偏离水平开始滑动的临界角,然后平均该两个临界角。因为混合如上所述的EFH1/异链烷烃酸,磁体在大大小于1度、甚至更小于10分的平均临界角下开始滑动。事实上发现,从水平静止位置位移的临界角约为0.07度。
虽然显示和叙述了本发明的几个实施例,对于本技术领域熟练的人员还可以做出多中其他的变型和实施方法。例如,不采用如上所述的移动封装外壳,而是封装外壳可被保持在适当的位置,磁体像活塞一样运动。还有,替代磁体置于外壳内线圈绕在外壳外,这些元件可以反过来设置,线圈在内而磁体在外。该种变型在图11中说明,图中磁场和其轴线一致的环形磁体74在管76的上面在铁磁流体支承78上自由滑动。电器线圈80位于管内。当磁体在管上面线圈的附近滑动时,电能输出由线圈产生并由电压表82检测。该变型可以其本身的形式应用,或和围绕磁体的附加的外线圈相耦合。
用图11的设计的一个实例产生的信号在图12中显示。268圈的线圈被置于1.054cm外径0.762cm内径的管内。磁体为陶瓷碟形,1.27cm直径的开口穿过其中心,从40cm的高度落下。结果的AC电压输出有约160mV的峰值。
相应地,将仅根据附后的权利要求限制本发明的范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种发电装置,包括:
导体(14),
支撑结构(4),
由所述支撑结构限制以便相对于所述导体运动的磁体(2),和
集中于所述磁体的端磁极周围并形成用作在所述磁体和支撑结构之间提供低摩擦界面的支承的珠(10,12)的铁磁流体,
所述导体相对于所述磁体设置,使磁体和导体之间的相对运动在所述导体中产生电信号。
2.如权利要求1所述的发电装置,进一步包括一对在所述磁体的相对两侧并和所述磁体磁极相对的端磁体(16,18)以限制所述磁体的运动。
3.如权利要求1所述的发电装置,进一步包括用于耦合从所述发电装置输出的来自所述导体的电能的电路(16)。
4.如权利要求3所述的发电装置,进一步包括连接成从所述电路供电的系统,且所述系统包括电池充电器(16,18),环境传感器(20),发射器(22)、闪光灯或蜂窝电话(62)。
5.如权利要求1所述的发电装置,所述导体包括线圈,该线圈设置成所述磁体的运动在所述线圈中产生电信号。
6.一种发电的方法,包括:
提供一磁性装置,该磁性装置包括设置成进行运动并具有小于1度的从水平静止位置起的位移临界角(2)的磁体(2),
使该磁体相对于导体(14)运动以产生相对于所述导体的运动磁场,
在所述导体中用所述磁场产生电信号,和
提供铁磁流体以使所述铁磁流体集中于所述磁体的端磁极周围并形成用作为所述磁体提供低摩擦界面的支承的珠(10,12),从而实现所述位移临界角。
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| US10/078,724 | 2002-02-19 | ||
| US10/078,724 US6812583B2 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2002-02-19 | Electrical generator with ferrofluid bearings |
| PCT/US2003/004896 WO2003071663A1 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2003-02-18 | Electrical generator with ferrofluid bearings |
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| CN1647351B true CN1647351B (zh) | 2011-06-29 |
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| US (2) | US6812583B2 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1647351B (zh) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110268611A (zh) * | 2016-12-01 | 2019-09-20 | 森迪泰克有限公司 | 电压发生器 |
| US10931187B2 (en) | 2016-12-01 | 2021-02-23 | Centitech Gmbh | Voltage generator |
| CN110268611B (zh) * | 2016-12-01 | 2021-08-17 | 森迪泰克有限公司 | 电压发生器 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20040155467A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
| US20030155771A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
| US6812583B2 (en) | 2004-11-02 |
| CN1647351A (zh) | 2005-07-27 |
| AU2003222224A1 (en) | 2003-09-09 |
| US6809427B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 |
| WO2003071663A1 (en) | 2003-08-28 |
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