CN1323589C - Flour composition containing non-wheat grain composition and Italian noodles therefrom - Google Patents
Flour composition containing non-wheat grain composition and Italian noodles therefrom Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种干燥面粉组成物,其是与水混合以形成面团,其特点是该面粉组成物包含小麦面粉及非小麦的谷物粉,该小麦面粉提供约6-20%的粗蛋白质,足以形成提供意式面条适当质地的基质。A dry flour composition, which is mixed with water to form a dough, is characterized in that the flour composition comprises wheat flour and non-wheat grain flour, and the wheat flour provides about 6-20% crude protein, which is enough to form the desired Substrate for proper texture of noodles.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种食品,特别是涉及一种有关于含有小麦组份及非小麦组份的食品。本发明也涉及一种有此类食品制得的意式面条(Pasta noodle)。The present invention relates to a food product, in particular to a food product containing wheat components and non-wheat components. The present invention also relates to a kind of pasta noodle (Pasta noodle) that has this kind of food to make.
背景技术Background technique
现今市面上的谷物面可含有非小麦的谷物粉,如,燕麦粉、荞麦粉、大麦粉、薏仁粉、白米粉、糙米粉等,于自这些壳物粉制作面团时是难以形成基质或网状结构的。因此,现今市面上的意式面条中的此类非小麦的谷物粉需被控制于只是微小量。否则,具有大量非小麦粉的此类意式面条不具有可为消费者较喜爱的良好口感及质地。Cereal noodles on the market today may contain non-wheat cereal flours, such as oat flour, buckwheat flour, barley flour, barley flour, white rice flour, brown rice flour, etc. It is difficult to form a matrix or network when making dough from these hull flours. shaped structure. Therefore, such non-wheat grain flours in the spaghetti on the market today need to be controlled to only a tiny amount. Otherwise, such spaghetti with a large amount of non-wheat flour does not have the good taste and texture that may be preferred by consumers.
健康考量一般是希望能于每日摄取至少最小量的小麦及非小麦谷物。因此,一般是推荐个人能把小麦及非小麦谷物(如,燕麦)纳入作为每日饮食摄取的一部份。有三种主要型式的小麦:硬麦、软麦及杜兰麦(durum wheat)。硬麦及软麦一般是用于烘烤,而杜兰麦当研磨成粗小麦粉时是用于意式面条。Health considerations generally dictate a daily intake of at least a minimum amount of wheat and non-wheat grains. Therefore, it is generally recommended that individuals include wheat and non-wheat grains (eg, oats) as part of their daily dietary intake. There are three main types of wheat: hard wheat, soft wheat, and durum wheat. Hard and soft wheats are generally used for baking, while durum wheat is used for spaghetti when ground into semolina.
燕麦是一种兼顾营养且热量适当的食物组份,因其含有大量水溶性纤维、β-聚葡萄醣、蛋白质、维生素及矿物质。再者,含燕麦的食品已知是低胆固醇。因此,可借由每日食用含有多于3克β-聚葡萄醣的含燕麦的食品,作为具有低脂与低胆固醇含量饮食的一部份时,可降低心血管疾病的危险性。Oatmeal is a nutritional and calorie-appropriate food component because it contains a lot of water-soluble fiber, β-polyglucose, protein, vitamins and minerals. Furthermore, foods containing oats are known to be low in cholesterol. Thus, the risk of cardiovascular disease can be reduced by daily consumption of oat-containing foods containing more than 3 g of β-polyglucose as part of a diet with a low fat and cholesterol content.
但是,燕麦只含有2%至6%重量的的β-聚葡萄醣。因此,为每日摄取3克β-聚葡萄醣时,每日需食用50至150克的燕麦。此需求是大量的,燕麦需变成饮食的主要部份才能满足每目的足够β-聚葡萄醣的需求,因此,这是难以做到的。However, oats contain only 2% to 6% by weight of beta-polyglucose. Therefore, in order to consume 3 grams of β-polyglucose per day, 50 to 150 grams of oatmeal should be consumed per day. This requirement is substantial, and oats need to become a major part of the diet to meet the requirement of sufficient β-polyglucose per purpose, so this is difficult to achieve.
再说,难以每天自市面上的含燕麦的食品(如,饼干、早餐谷片等)摄取足够的β-聚葡萄醣,因为这些食品不含有足够量的燕麦组份。Besides, it is difficult to take in enough β-polyglucose every day from oat-containing foods (such as biscuits, breakfast cereals, etc.) in the market, because these foods do not contain a sufficient amount of oat components.
因此,高度期望具有一种容易咀嚼且含有足够量的前述小麦及非小麦谷物的食品(如,意式面条)。Therefore, it would be highly desirable to have a food product (eg, spaghetti) that is easy to chew and contains sufficient amounts of the aforementioned wheat and non-wheat grains.
一般面条含有小麦面粉作为主要组份。小麦面粉一般含有9%至14%重量的蛋白质与75%至80%重量淀粉,作为用以形成面团结构的二主要组份。Generally noodles contain wheat flour as a main ingredient. Wheat flour generally contains 9% to 14% by weight of protein and 75% to 80% by weight of starch as the two main components used to form the dough structure.
小麦面粉内所含的蛋白质一般具有约80%的不溶性面筋(gluten)蛋白质。面筋蛋白质主要是由碱溶性蛋白质(glutenin)及醇溶性蛋白质(gliadin)所组成。碱溶性蛋白质是一种碱可溶的蛋白质,且具有用于亚单元的链端键结及提供面团延展性的双硫键。醇溶性蛋白质是一种醇可溶的蛋白质,且具有用以提供面团弹性的分子间双键。另外,小麦面粉内所含的蛋白质具有约20%的水溶性及盐溶性的蛋白质,其含有大量的用以于制作面团期间提供网状或基质结构的硫醇胺基酸。The protein contained in wheat flour generally has about 80% insoluble gluten protein. Gluten protein is mainly composed of alkali-soluble protein (glutenin) and alcohol-soluble protein (gliadin). Alkali-soluble protein is an alkali-soluble protein and has disulfide bonds for chain-end bonding of subunits and providing dough extensibility. The alcohol-soluble protein is an alcohol-soluble protein and has intermolecular double bonds to provide dough elasticity. In addition, the protein contained in wheat flour has about 20% water-soluble and salt-soluble protein, which contains a large amount of thiol amino acids to provide a network or matrix structure during dough making.
小麦面粉内所含的淀粉一般含有约25%的直链型淀粉(amylose)及约75%的支链型淀粉(amylopectin),当以淀粉粒尺寸而言时是包含二类淀粉。当小麦面粉被用于制作面团时,借由小麦面粉内所含的淀粉粒及蛋白质结合而形成的粉粒(aleurone)会瓦解。淀粉粒被分散嵌入网状结构中,与蛋白质形成坚硬结构。具有网状结构的面团其后借由整型、复合、压延及切条后即成为面条。The starch contained in wheat flour generally contains about 25% of amylose and about 75% of amylopectin, which includes the second type of starch in terms of starch grain size. When wheat flour is used to make dough, the aleurone formed by the combination of starch grains and protein contained in wheat flour will collapse. Starch granules are dispersed and embedded in the network structure, forming a hard structure with protein. The dough with a network structure is then shaped, compounded, rolled and cut into strips to become noodles.
如上所述,意式面条一般是以杜兰麦(durum wheat)作为主要组份制作成。杜兰麦与硬麦或软麦于化学组成及物理性质上是彼此不同的。虽然,杜兰麦含有大量蛋白质,但是其面筋具相当的柔软性及热凝固性。再者,杜兰麦内所含淀粉的胶凝性质及用以制作意式面条的加工处理条件是不同于自硬麦或软麦制得的意式面条。因此,杜兰麦的意式面条的颜色、风味、组织及口感特性是不同于硬麦或软麦的意式面条的特性。As mentioned above, spaghetti is generally made with durum wheat as the main ingredient. Durum wheat differs from hard or soft wheat in chemical composition and physical properties. Although durum wheat contains a lot of protein, its gluten has considerable softness and heat coagulation. Furthermore, the gelling properties of the starch contained in durum wheat and the processing conditions used to make spaghetti are different from spaghetti made from hard or soft wheat. Therefore, the color, flavor, texture and mouthfeel characteristics of durum wheat spaghetti are different from those of hard wheat or soft wheat spaghetti.
如上所述,虽然硬麦或软麦的意式面条与杜兰麦的意式面条于小麦面粉型式及加工处理条件方面是不同的,但是制作个别的意式面条的原理是相似,也就是经由粉内所含的蛋白质及淀粉形成网状结构。As mentioned above, although the spaghetti of hard wheat or soft wheat and the spaghetti of durum wheat are different in terms of wheat flour type and processing conditions, the principle of making individual spaghetti is similar, that is, through The protein and starch contained in the flour form a network structure.
虽然,燕麦粉含有12%至15%重量的蛋白质,但是其缺乏用以于制作面团期间形成所需网状结构的足够比例的面筋蛋白质,因此难以借由一般方法及装置使燕麦面团制成一般的意式面条。另外,虽然燕麦面团可借由意式面条机器加工制成意式面条,但是借此制作的意式面条容易断裂。由燕麦面团制作的意式面条也易于在烹煮过程中变糊掉。含有较大含量的非小麦谷物组份(诸如,燕麦等)的面粉组成物迄今尚未被发展出。Although oat flour contains 12% to 15% by weight of protein, it lacks a sufficient proportion of gluten protein to form the required network structure during dough making, so it is difficult to make oat dough by general methods and devices. spaghetti. In addition, although oatmeal dough can be processed into spaghetti by a spaghetti machine, the spaghetti produced by this method is easy to break. Spaghetti made from oatmeal dough is also prone to mushy during cooking. Flour compositions containing larger amounts of non-wheat grain components such as oats have not heretofore been developed.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种含有较大含量的非小麦谷物组份的面粉组成物,以便克服前述以往技术与工艺的缺点。It is an object of the present invention to provide a flour composition containing a relatively high content of non-wheat cereal components in order to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art and techniques.
本发明的另一目的是提供一种自本发明面粉组成物制成的意式面条。Another object of the present invention is to provide a spaghetti made from the flour composition of the present invention.
依据本发明的一方面,一种干燥面粉组成物,其是与水混合以形成面团,其特点是该干燥面粉组成物包含:小麦面粉组份,其是由小麦面粉及小麦面筋粉所组成,该小麦面粉组份含有以该干燥面粉组成物总重量为基准约12至20重量%的粗蛋白,该粗蛋白于形成的该面团中提供基质结构;及燕麦粉,其中该燕麦粉的含量是该干燥面粉组成物总重量的至少50重量%。According to one aspect of the present invention, a dry flour composition, which is mixed with water to form a dough, is characterized in that the dry flour composition comprises: a wheat flour component, which is composed of wheat flour and wheat gluten powder, The wheat flour component contains about 12 to 20% by weight of crude protein based on the total weight of the dry flour composition, which provides a matrix structure in the dough formed; and oat flour, wherein the oat flour is present in an amount of At least 50% by weight of the total weight of the dry flour composition.
依据本发明另一方面,一种面团产品或意式面条是自前述干燥面粉组成物制成。According to another aspect of the invention, a dough product or spaghetti is prepared from the aforementioned dry flour composition.
根据本发明再一方面,一种制造面团的方法,其特点是包含的步骤是使小麦面粉、小麦面筋粉及燕麦粉结合形成干燥面粉组成物,添加水至该干燥面粉组成物,控制该小麦面粉内的粗蛋白质含量及该小麦面筋粉内的粗蛋白质含量以提供该干燥面粉组成物总重量为基准计总量约12-20重量%的粗蛋白质,借此,于该面团内提供基质结构,其中,该燕麦粉的含量是该干燥面粉组成物总重量的至少50重量%。According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of making dough is characterized in that it comprises the steps of combining wheat flour, wheat gluten flour and oat flour to form a dry flour composition, adding water to the dry flour composition, controlling the wheat flour The crude protein content of the flour and the crude protein content of the wheat gluten flour provides a total of about 12-20% by weight of crude protein based on the total weight of the dry flour composition, thereby providing a matrix structure within the dough , wherein the content of the oat flour is at least 50% by weight of the total weight of the dry flour composition.
本发明的意式面条,由于其具有适当比例的小麦面粉、小麦面筋粉及燕麦粉,因此使意式面条坚硬、具有咬感的质地。The spaghetti of the present invention, due to its proper proportion of wheat flour, wheat gluten flour and oat flour, gives the spaghetti a firm, chewy texture.
本发明的其它特征及优点于下列较佳实施例的详细描述而会变得更明显。Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in the detailed description of the following preferred embodiments.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
用于本发明的小麦面粉组份可包含单独的小麦面筋粉或小麦面筋粉及软或硬的小麦面粉的混合物。小麦面粉组份提供粗蛋白质,其是含有小麦面筋蛋白质。小麦面粉组份是以足以提供至少6%重量,较佳是6-20%重量,更佳是10-18%重量,的粗蛋白质(其是以干燥面粉组成物总重量为基准计)的量添加干燥面粉组成物。当粗蛋白质含量高于20%时,自其获得的意式面条开始具有不可接受的较硬口感特性。当粗蛋白质含量低于6%时,意式面条展现不可接受的较软的口感特性。此外,当粗蛋白质含量少于6%重量时,自其制成的意式面条展现相似于具有低咬感及弹性的米粉般的口感特性。当粗蛋白质含量高于6%重量时,形成的面条展现改进的且可接受的弹性及咬感。粗蛋白质提供面筋,其是作为用以提供网状结构以结合燕麦的基材。软或硬的小麦是无法提供面筋,除非其是以大量存在,因此,其可以小麦面筋粉补充以提供必要(6-20%)的粗蛋白质。因此,软或硬的小麦、小麦面筋及燕麦的组合物是必要的,以产生具有可接受口感、质地、硬度及黏度的意式面条。The wheat flour component used in the present invention may comprise wheat gluten flour alone or a mixture of wheat gluten flour and soft or hard wheat flour. The wheat flour component provides crude protein, which is a protein containing wheat gluten. The wheat flour component is an amount sufficient to provide at least 6% by weight, preferably 6-20% by weight, more preferably 10-18% by weight, of crude protein (based on the total weight of the dry flour composition) Add the dry flour composition. When the crude protein content is higher than 20%, the spaghetti obtained therefrom start to have unacceptably tough mouthfeel properties. When the crude protein content was below 6%, the spaghetti exhibited unacceptably soft mouthfeel characteristics. Furthermore, when the crude protein content is less than 6% by weight, the spaghetti made therefrom exhibits mouthfeel properties similar to rice flour with low bite and elasticity. When the crude protein content is higher than 6% by weight, the formed noodles exhibit improved and acceptable elasticity and bite. The crude protein provides gluten, which acts as a substrate to provide a network to bind the oats. Soft or hard wheat is unable to provide gluten unless it is present in large quantities, so it can be supplemented with wheat gluten flour to provide the necessary (6-20%) crude protein. Therefore, a combination of soft or hard wheat, wheat gluten and oats is necessary to produce spaghetti with acceptable mouthfeel, texture, firmness and viscosity.
虽然于本发明中使用并非必要,但是杜兰小麦或粗小麦粉可以小含量并入。更特别地,如上所述,至少6%的粗蛋白质需来自于此谷物结合物。因此,若8%的粗蛋白质是所希望的,且若小麦面筋粉是80%粗蛋白质且所用的小麦面粉是16%粗蛋白质时,则使用方程式:Although not necessary for use in the present invention, durum wheat or semolina may be incorporated in small amounts. More specifically, as stated above, at least 6% of the crude protein needs to come from this cereal combination. Therefore, if 8% crude protein is desired, and if the wheat gluten flour is 80% crude protein and the wheat flour used is 16% crude protein, then use the equation:
8%=80%x+16%y8% = 80% x + 16% y
x=面团(干燥重量)内的小麦面筋粉%x = % wheat gluten flour in dough (dry weight)
y=面团(干燥重量)内的软或硬的小麦粉%y = soft or hard wheat flour % in dough (dry weight)
及方程式:and the equation:
x+y+z=100%x+y+z=100%
z=面团(干燥重量)内的燕麦粉%z = % oat flour in dough (dry weight)
可确认意式面条的干燥面粉内的各组份的所需百分率。The desired percentage of each component in the dry flour of the spaghetti can be confirmed.
不同百分率的粗蛋白质及燕麦粉含量会呈现不同的意式面条质地。若粗蛋白质少于6%,如所述,质地是松且软,且是不可接受的。较佳地,若粗蛋白质含量是14-18%,质地被发现是最佳。当然,杜兰麦及粗小麦粉可与本发明结合使用,以顺应各种不同的风味及效果,而且仍维持于本发明范围内。Different percentages of crude protein and oat flour content will present different spaghetti textures. If the crude protein is less than 6%, the texture is fluffy and soft as stated and is not acceptable. Preferably, the texture was found to be optimal if the crude protein content was 14-18%. Of course, durum wheat and semolina can be used in combination with the present invention to accommodate various flavors and effects, and still remain within the scope of the present invention.
于健康食品的应用中,可能需要75%的燕麦粉。因此,是需要至少20%的小麦面筋粉,以提供意式面条必要的结构及质地。In health food applications, 75% oat flour may be required. Therefore, at least 20% wheat gluten flour is required to provide the necessary structure and texture to spaghetti.
卡德兰胶可作为本发明干燥面粉组成物的添加剂,以提供意式面条另外结构。卡德兰胶是借由微生物Alcaligenes faecalis var.Myxogenes所酸酵培养产生的一种天然多醣(β-1,3-葡萄聚醣)。卡德兰胶是一种中等分子量(DP-450)的不具侧键的未支化线性1→3β-D葡萄聚醣(分子量~100K)。卡德兰胶可被单独,或与面筋蛋白质粉一起,添加至干燥面粉组成物作为用以提供面团网状结构的成份。卡德兰胶一般是于食品加工处理中作为胶凝剂,且若加热至60℃然后冷却至低于40℃时,产生弱低固化的凝胶。但是,若温度大于80℃,卡德兰胶会产生较强的热不可逆的凝胶。因为意式面条一般需于高于80℃的温度时烹煮,然后冷却,意式面条会于不同温度时展现不同特性。Cadlan gum can be used as an additive to the dry flour composition of the present invention to provide additional structure to the spaghetti. Cadlan Gum is a natural polysaccharide (β-1,3-glucan) produced by the acid fermentation of the microorganism Alcaligenes faecalis var. Myxogenes. Cardlan gum is a medium molecular weight (DP-450) unbranched linear 1→3β-D glucan (molecular weight ~100K) without side bonds. Cadlan gum may be added to dry flour compositions alone, or together with gluten protein powder, as an ingredient to provide a dough network. Cadlan gum is generally used as a gelling agent in food processing, and if it is heated to 60°C and then cooled to below 40°C, it will produce a weak low-solidification gel. However, if the temperature is greater than 80°C, cardlan gum will produce a strong thermally irreversible gel. Because spaghetti generally needs to be cooked at a temperature higher than 80°C and then cooled, spaghetti will exhibit different characteristics at different temperatures.
所用燕麦的量可借由于含燕麦的面粉组成物内使用适当含量的卡德兰胶而增加。意式面条的弹性可借由此类添加而改善,且意式面条的黏性也可被减低。当卡德兰胶与小麦面筋蛋白质一起添加时,卡德兰胶的含量是0.1至1.5%重量,其是以干燥面粉组成物的总重量为基准计。当卡德兰胶单独被添加而未使用小麦面筋蛋白质时,卡德兰胶的含量是7.5至15%重量,其是以干燥面粉组成物的总重量为基准计。The amount of oats used can be increased by using appropriate levels of cardlan gum in oat-containing flour compositions. The elasticity of spaghetti can be improved by such additions, and the stickiness of spaghetti can also be reduced. When cardlan is added together with wheat gluten protein, the content of cardlan is 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the dry flour composition. When cardlan is added alone without using wheat gluten, the content of cardlan is 7.5 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the dry flour composition.
进一步地,因为约20%的水溶性及盐溶性的蛋白质是包含于硬或软的小麦面粉内,盐可与水一起添加至面粉组成物,以进一步促进面团的网状结构的形成。盐含量一般是少于2%重量,较佳是少于1.5%重量,且更佳是0.1至1.5%重量,其是以干燥面粉组成物的总重量为基准计。Further, since about 20% of water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins are contained in hard or soft wheat flour, salt can be added to the flour composition along with water to further promote the formation of the dough network. The salt content is generally less than 2% by weight, preferably less than 1.5% by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the dry flour composition.
本发明的其它特征及优点于下列较佳实施例的详细描述而会变得更明显。Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in the detailed description of the following preferred embodiments.
实施例Example
实施例中所用的材料:Materials used in the examples:
1.燕麦粉:将澳洲品种的燕麦研磨成粉供用;1. Oat flour: Grind the oats of the Australian variety into powder for use;
2.小麦面筋粉:含有多于60%的面筋,且实验室测得具有80%的粗蛋白质;2. Wheat gluten flour: contains more than 60% gluten, and has 80% crude protein as measured by the laboratory;
3.小麦面粉:含有14%的粗蛋白质;3. Wheat flour: contains 14% crude protein;
4.盐:多于99.5%的纯度;及4. Salt: more than 99.5% pure; and
5.卡德兰胶:含有多于98.6%的植物纤维,由日本武田药品股份有限公司提供。5. Cardlan Gum: Contains more than 98.6% plant fiber, provided by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan.
设备:equipment:
1.用于制作一般面条的机器:1. Machines for making general noodles:
-最大产能:200公斤/小时;-Maximum production capacity: 200kg/hour;
-干燥后的面条:厚度1.1mm,宽度1.8mm;- Dried noodles: thickness 1.1mm, width 1.8mm;
-包含原料混料、面团压片、二片材的混合、压延、切割及蒸煮等单元;-Including raw material mixing, dough pressing, mixing of two sheets, calendering, cutting and cooking;
2.意式面条的制面机:2. Pasta making machine:
-最大产能:30公斤/小时;-Maximum production capacity: 30kg/hour;
-干燥后的意式面条:厚度1.1mm,宽度5.0mm;- Dried spaghetti: thickness 1.1 mm, width 5.0 mm;
-意大利La Parmigiana公司制的实验室型意式面条制面机;及- laboratory-type pasta pasta machine manufactured by La Parmigiana, Italy; and
3.干燥设备:3. Drying equipment:
-控温控湿烘箱-Temperature and humidity control oven
分析方法:Analytical method:
1.感管品评分析:1. Evaluation and analysis of sensory tubes:
意式面条的品质是于水中煮沸5分钟及沥干后,由五位测试人员就水的浊度、咬感及弹性进行品评。每一性质的感官分析结果是区分成五个等级。The quality of spaghetti was boiled in water for 5 minutes and drained. Five testers evaluated the turbidity, bite and elasticity of the water. The sensory analysis results for each property were classified into five grades.
水的浊度:1:不浊;2:微浊;3:中等浊度;4:浊;5:很浊;Turbidity of water: 1: not turbid; 2: slightly turbid; 3: medium turbidity; 4: turbid; 5: very turbid;
咬感:1:无咬感;2:微有咬感;3:中等咬感;4:具咬感;5:很有咬感;及Biting: 1: no biting; 2: slight biting; 3: medium biting; 4: biting; 5: very biting; and
弹性:1:无弹性;2:微有弹性;3:中等弹性;4:具弹性;5:很有弹性。Elasticity: 1: No elasticity; 2: Slightly elastic; 3: Moderately elastic; 4: Elastic; 5: Very elastic.
2.测量是借由Stable Micro Systems公司的质地分析仪进行。2. The measurement is carried out by a texture analyzer from Stable Micro Systems.
50克面条产品于500毫升沸水中煮沸5分钟,其后以冷水浸泡、沥干且冷却至常温。取五条面条借由质地分析仪分析。探针被用于检测意式面条的硬度(Pasta Firmness RIG code HDP/PES)。用以压缩意式面条所需的力被测量。测量参数是:50 g of noodle products were boiled in 500 ml of boiling water for 5 minutes, then soaked in cold water, drained and cooled to room temperature. Five noodles were taken and analyzed by a texture analyzer. The probe is used to test the firmness of pasta (Pasta Firmness RIG code HDP/PES). The force required to compress the spaghetti was measured. The measured parameters are:
-预测试速率:1.0mm/s;- Pre-test rate: 1.0mm/s;
-测试速率:0.5mm/s;- Test rate: 0.5mm/s;
-后测试速率:10.0mm/s;及- post test rate: 10.0mm/s; and
-距离:90%。- Distance: 90%.
意式面条产品样本的质地、黏度及硬度于定速及定压的条件下分析。黏度及硬度个别以克/公分2表示。The texture, viscosity and firmness of the spaghetti product samples were analyzed under constant speed and pressure conditions. Viscosity and hardness are expressed in grams/ cm2 respectively.
3.浊度计测量:3. Turbidimeter measurement:
浊度计是HCH公司制的2100P型的携带型浊度计。The turbidimeter was a portable turbidimeter of Model 2100P manufactured by HCH Corporation.
50克的意式面条产品于500毫升沸水中煮沸5分钟后,且其后被沥干以移除水。水的浊度借由浊度计测量。浊度计的读数以NTU表示。读数愈高表示浊度愈高。50 grams of the spaghetti product was boiled in 500 milliliters of boiling water for 5 minutes, and then drained to remove the water. The turbidity of water is measured by means of a turbidimeter. Nephelometer readings are expressed in NTU. Higher readings indicate higher turbidity.
质地分析仪测量及浊度计测量的结果与感官品评结果进行比较。The results of texture analyzer measurement and turbidimeter measurement were compared with the sensory evaluation results.
实施例1至14Examples 1 to 14
每一实施例的干燥面粉组成物含有小麦面粉组份,其是含有小麦面筋粉或小麦面筋粉及小麦面粉。此类实施例包含8%或更多的粗蛋白质。于添加水后,面粉组成物是使用一般用于制作意式面条的机器经由面团压片、二片材的混合、压延、切割、蒸煮及干燥而进行加工处理。意式面条产品的特性是借由使用质地分析仪分析。结果是显示于表1。The dry flour composition of each embodiment contains a wheat flour component, which contains wheat gluten flour or wheat gluten flour and wheat flour. Such embodiments comprise 8% or more crude protein. After adding water, the flour composition is processed by dough sheeting, mixing of two sheets, calendering, cutting, cooking and drying using machines commonly used for making spaghetti. The characteristics of the spaghetti products were analyzed by using a texture analyzer. The results are shown in Table 1.
表1
由表1显示实施例1的意式面条(含有90%燕麦粉)具有1330克/公分2的硬度,其是可与现今市面上的意式面条产品的硬度相比拟。于实施例1,8%的粗蛋白质是完全由10%的小麦面筋粉(其是以干燥面粉组成物为基准计)提供。其它实施例显示借由相同含量的粗蛋白质,即使燕麦粉增至85重量份,意式面条的硬度可为至少2000克/公分2。Table 1 shows that the spaghetti of Example 1 (containing 90% oat flour) has a hardness of 1330 g/cm 2 , which is comparable to the hardness of spaghetti products on the market today. In Example 1, 8% crude protein was provided entirely by 10% wheat gluten flour (based on dry flour composition). Other examples show that with the same content of crude protein, even if the oat flour is increased to 85 parts by weight, the spaghetti can have a firmness of at least 2000 g/cm 2 .
实施例15至22:Examples 15 to 22:
这些实施例中的干燥的含燕麦的面粉组成物是借由使75重量份的燕麦粉与25重量份的小麦面筋粉及小麦面粉的混合物掺合而制得。小麦面筋粉与小麦面粉的比例可被调整以提供表2所示的粗蛋白质量。1.5%重量的盐(其是以干燥面粉组成物的总重量为基准计)被添加。然后,此干燥面粉组成物是借由使用一般用于制作意式面条产品的机器经由面团压片、二片材的混合、压延、切割、蒸煮及干燥而进行加工处理。意式面条产品的品质被分析。结果是显示于表2。The dry oat-containing flour compositions in these examples were prepared by blending 75 parts by weight of oat flour with 25 parts by weight of a mixture of wheat gluten flour and wheat flour. The ratio of wheat gluten flour to wheat flour can be adjusted to provide the crude protein amounts shown in Table 2. 1.5% by weight of salt (based on the total weight of the dry flour composition) was added. This dry flour composition is then processed by dough sheeting, mixing of two sheets, calendering, cutting, cooking and drying using machines typically used for making spaghetti products. The quality of the spaghetti products was analyzed. The results are shown in Table 2.
表2
实施例23至30:Examples 23 to 30:
实施列23至30是与实施例15至22相同,但是实施例23至30是借由意式面条机加工处理成意式面条。结果是显示于表3。Examples 23 to 30 are the same as Examples 15 to 22, but Examples 23 to 30 are processed into spaghetti by a spaghetti machine. The results are shown in Table 3.
表3
如表2及3所示,这些实施例的干燥的含燕麦的面粉组成物是借由一般用于制作意式面条的机器而压延及借由意式面条机挤压而加工处理成意式面条产品。诸如咬感、弹性及硬度的性质是随粗蛋白质含量增加而改善。此意指意式面条产品的网状结构是借由增加粗蛋白质而强化。硬度是伴随地被降低。此意指于烹煮面条时自淀粉形成糊化物质的趋势被降低,且显示咬感的促进。As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the dry oat-containing flour compositions of these examples were processed into spaghetti by rolling and extruding by a spaghetti machine generally used for making spaghetti product. Properties such as bite, elasticity and firmness improved with increasing crude protein content. This means that the network structure of spaghetti products is strengthened by increasing crude protein. Hardness is concomitantly reduced. This means that the tendency to form gelatinized substances from starch when cooking noodles is reduced and exhibits an enhancement of bite.
一般意式面条于烹煮后的硬度及黏度个别是1500-3000克/公分2及150-250克/公分2。如图1至3所示,当本发明的面粉组成物含有至少6%重量(以干燥面粉组成物的总重量为基准计)含量的粗蛋白质时,借由压延而制作的本发明意式面条产品具有可与现今市面上的意式面条产品相比拟的硬度,而无论盐是否被添加。当本发明的面粉组成物含有多于12%重量的粗蛋白质时,自其内添加盐的面粉组成物制作的意式面条产品具有比现今市面上的意式面条产品更高的硬度,且具有比一般意式面条更高的黏度。The hardness and viscosity of general spaghetti after cooking are 1500-3000 g/ cm2 and 150-250 g/ cm2 respectively. As shown in Figures 1 to 3, when the flour composition of the present invention contains a crude protein content of at least 6% by weight (based on the total weight of the dry flour composition), the spaghetti of the present invention produced by rolling The product has a firmness comparable to spaghetti products on the market today, whether or not salt is added. When the flour composition of the present invention contains more than 12% by weight of crude protein, spaghetti products made from the flour composition to which salt is added have a higher firmness than pasta products on the market today, and have Higher viscosity than normal spaghetti.
另外,如表3所示,借由经意式面条机挤压含有6-20%重量粗蛋白质的面粉组成物而制作的意式面条具有消费者较喜爱的咬感、弹度及硬度。但是,其口感并不像市面的意式面条,即使风味会变化。因此,可能需借由添加更多的小麦面筋或选择性的卡德兰胶增加粗蛋白质含量而顺应特定的区域性风味。In addition, as shown in Table 3, the spaghetti made by extruding the flour composition containing 6-20% crude protein through a spaghetti machine has the bite, elasticity and hardness preferred by consumers. However, it does not taste like commercial spaghetti, even if the flavor changes. Therefore, it may be necessary to adapt to specific regional flavors by adding more wheat gluten or optionally cardlan gum to increase the crude protein content.
实施例31至35:Examples 31 to 35:
实施例31至35含有80%重量的燕麦粉及20%重量的小麦面筋粉。添加至面粉组成物的盐水溶液的量被改变。每一面粉组成物使用一般压延机且经由混合、压片、结合、压延、切割、蒸煮及沥干加工处理而将意式面条的面团制成经压延制作的意式面条产品。意式面条产品的品质被分析。结果是显示于表4。Examples 31 to 35 contained 80% by weight oat flour and 20% by weight wheat gluten flour. The amount of brine solution added to the flour composition was varied. Each flour composition uses a conventional calender and processes the spaghetti dough into calendered spaghetti products through mixing, sheeting, combining, calendering, cutting, cooking and draining processes. The quality of the spaghetti products was analyzed. The results are shown in Table 4.
表4
实施例36至40:Examples 36 to 40:
实施例36至40的面粉组成物是与实施例31至35相同,但是实施例36至40的面粉组成物是借由意式面条挤压机挤压成意式面条。结果是显示于表5。The flour compositions of Examples 36 to 40 are the same as those of Examples 31 to 35, but the flour compositions of Examples 36 to 40 are extruded into spaghetti by a spaghetti extruder. The results are shown in Table 5.
表5
如表4所示,借由压延制得的意式面条可借由盐的添加量而受影响。于0至1.5%(干燥重量)范的盐含量,硬度是随盐含量增加而增加。实施例31的面条(其未不添加盐)的硬度是比实施例34的面条(其添加1.5%的盐)低1/4。但是,若盐的添加量高于1.5%,意式面条的硬度不再增加。显然地,1.5%的盐对于影响面粉组成物所含的盐溶性蛋白质是足够的添加量。表5中显示借由挤压制得的意式面条的硬度不受添加盐而影响。As shown in Table 4, the spaghetti made by rolling can be affected by the amount of salt added. In the range of 0 to 1.5% (dry weight) salt content, hardness increases with increasing salt content. The hardness of the noodles of Example 31 (with no added salt) was 1/4 lower than that of the noodles of Example 34 (with 1.5% of salt added). However, if the added amount of salt is higher than 1.5%, the hardness of spaghetti no longer increases. Apparently, 1.5% salt is a sufficient addition to affect the salt-soluble proteins contained in the flour composition. Table 5 shows that the firmness of the spaghetti made by extrusion was not affected by the addition of salt.
实施例41至45:Examples 41 to 45:
这些实施例中所用的每一面粉组成物含有80%重量的燕麦粉及20%重量的小麦面筋粉。另外,1.5%(w/w)的盐及不同量的卡德兰胶被添加至每一面粉组成物。每一面粉组成物是使用用于制作一般意式面条的压延机且经由混合、压片、结合、压延、切割、蒸煮及干燥而加工处理成意式面条产品。意式面条产品的品质被分析。结果是如表6所示。Each flour composition used in these examples contained 80% by weight oat flour and 20% by weight wheat gluten flour. Additionally, 1.5% (w/w) salt and varying amounts of cardlan gum were added to each flour composition. Each flour composition is processed into a spaghetti product using a calender used for making general spaghetti and through mixing, sheeting, combining, calendering, cutting, cooking and drying. The quality of the spaghetti products was analyzed. The results are shown in Table 6.
表6
实施例46至50:Examples 46 to 50:
实施例46至50的面粉组成物与实施例46至50相同,但是实施例46至50的面粉组成物是借由意式面条挤压机压压成意式面条。结果是显示于表7。The flour compositions of Examples 46 to 50 are the same as those of Examples 46 to 50, but the flour compositions of Examples 46 to 50 are pressed into spaghetti by a spaghetti extruder. The results are shown in Table 7.
表7
如表6所示,借由压延制作的食品的硬度是借由添加卡德兰胶而有效地增加,同时维持官能品评等级。也就是借由面筋所形成的网状或基质结构可借由添加卡德兰胶至面粉组成物而强化。但是,当卡德兰胶的添加量高于1%时,意式面条产品的硬度不再增加。进一步地,卡德兰胶的添加对于意式面条产品的黏度无作用。显示借由卡德兰胶形成的基质是不同于借由面筋蛋白质所形成者,其是使燕麦的细淀粉粒包含于基质内。表7中显示借由挤压而制得的意式面条产品不受添加卡德兰胶而影响。As shown in Table 6, the hardness of foods produced by calendering was effectively increased by adding Cadlan gum while maintaining the sensory evaluation grade. That is, the network or matrix structure formed by gluten can be strengthened by adding cardlan gum to the flour composition. However, when the amount of cardlan gum added was higher than 1%, the hardness of the spaghetti product did not increase any more. Further, the addition of cardlan gum had no effect on the viscosity of the spaghetti product. It was shown that the matrix formed by cardlan gum is different from that formed by gluten protein, which makes the fine starch grains of oats contained in the matrix. It is shown in Table 7 that the spaghetti products made by extrusion were not affected by the addition of cardlan gum.
进一步地,当卡德兰胶被单独使用作为添加剂以提供面团的基质,而未添加小麦面筋粉及小麦面粉时,7.5至15.0%范围的添加量对于获得所欲性质是适当的。另一方面,当10%重量的卡德兰胶及10%重量的小麦面筋粉被个别添加至90%重量的燕麦粉以制造面粉组成物时,且当面粉组成物借由挤压加工处理成意式面条时,借由只使用10%重量的卡德兰胶而制作的意式面条是比借由除卡德兰胶外另使用10%重量的小麦面筋粉而制得者更硬且更黏(470克/公分2对278克/公分2)。也发现当只使用卡德兰胶作为用以提供面团的基质的添加剂时,无论被加热与否,此面团是不易被压延形成意式面条。Further, when cardlan gum is used alone as an additive to provide a dough base without adding wheat gluten flour and wheat flour, an addition amount in the range of 7.5 to 15.0% is appropriate for obtaining desired properties. On the other hand, when 10% by weight of cardlan gum and 10% by weight of wheat gluten flour are individually added to 90% by weight of oat flour to manufacture a flour composition, and when the flour composition is processed into For spaghetti, spaghetti made by using only 10% by weight of cardlan gum was firmer and stronger than those made by using 10% by weight of wheat gluten flour in addition to cardlan gum. Viscosity (470 g/ cm2 versus 278 g/ cm2 ). It has also been found that when only cardlan gum is used as an additive to provide a base for the dough, the dough is not easily rolled to form spaghetti no matter it is heated or not.
借由压延制得的含燕麦的意式面条产品的烹煮试验Cooking test of oat-containing spaghetti products prepared by calendering
含有75%燕麦粉及25%小麦面筋粉的干燥面粉组成物被使用。1.5%的盐被进一步添加至此面粉组成物。意式面条产品是借由压延制得,且于水中烹煮以测试其烹煮特性。结果是如表8所示。A dry flour composition containing 75% oat flour and 25% wheat gluten flour was used. 1.5% salt was further added to this flour composition. The spaghetti products were rolled and cooked in water to test their cooking characteristics. The results are shown in Table 8.
表8
表8显示意式面条于烹煮30分钟后,具有约3000克/公分2的硬度,且展现良好口感性质。烹煮、清洗及沥干后的意式面条产品具有相似于市面上的意式面条的口感性质。Table 8 shows that the spaghetti had a firmness of about 3000 g/ cm2 after cooking for 30 minutes and exhibited good mouthfeel properties. The cooked, washed and drained spaghetti product had mouthfeel properties similar to commercial spaghetti.
其它谷物other grains
表9中的实施例是个别含有80%重量的所示谷物。18.5%重量的小麦面筋粉及1.5%的盐被添加至每一实施例。意式面条产品是借由压延而制得,且借由质地分析仪测试。结果是显示于表9。The examples in Table 9 are individually 80% by weight of the indicated cereals. 18.5% by weight wheat gluten flour and 1.5% salt were added to each example. Spaghetti products were prepared by rolling and tested by texture analyzer. The results are shown in Table 9.
表9
由表9结果显示,除燕麦外,本发明可与其它谷物使用以制作含有高含量非小麦谷物的意式面条产品。The results in Table 9 show that, except for oats, the present invention can be used with other grains to make spaghetti products containing high content of non-wheat grains.
虽然本发明已就被认为是最实际且最佳的实施例而进行了描述,但是需了解本发明并不限于所揭示的实施例,而是欲涵盖被包含于最广阐释的精神及范围内的各种不同配制,以包含所有此类改质及等化配制。While the invention has been described in terms of what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but is intended to encompass the spirit and scope of the broadest construed Various formulations to cover all such modified and equalized formulations.
Claims (14)
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