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CN1217033A - 基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物 - Google Patents

基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物 Download PDF

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CN1217033A
CN1217033A CN97194307A CN97194307A CN1217033A CN 1217033 A CN1217033 A CN 1217033A CN 97194307 A CN97194307 A CN 97194307A CN 97194307 A CN97194307 A CN 97194307A CN 1217033 A CN1217033 A CN 1217033A
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fiber
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CN1090257C (zh
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H·伯布纳
A·埃克尔
H·D·艾希霍恩
K·奥特
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Basso Phil Fibers Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物、从该织物制造的防火毡和防火服以及它们用于灭火和人体与物品防火、防燃烧产物和/或防灭火剂的用途。

Description

基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物
本发明涉及基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物、从该织物制造的防火毡和防火服以及它们用于灭火和人体与物品防火、防燃烧产物和/或防灭火剂的用途。
传统的防火毡，或就称为“防火毡”，通常用于扑灭小火，其方法是通过焖熄灭火。
已知的防火毡和防火服通常由玻璃纤维构成。这类防火毡的缺点是很脆和容易熔化。更具体地说，从而存在一种危险，即，在发生火灾时由这种材料制成的防火毡会烧透。此外，基于芳酰胺纤维的防火毡是公知的，但这类防火毡的价格仍然非常贵。另外，基于芳酰胺的纤维的阻燃效果仍不能令人满意。此外，这类织物的防火服的穿着舒适性只够得上中等水平。
无论如何，也都需要有一种主要不是用作灭火防火毡，但必须尤其适用于人体或物品防火、防热、防燃烧产物，如烟灰或防灭火剂的防火毡。
这种安全毡例如在教堂和博物馆里是特别有用的，因为这些地方常常收藏着失去了就无法补救的各种各样的艺术品，而这些艺术品的防火性很差，而且在发生火灾时，其防止火灾的直接结果，如防热性和防烟灰性很差，同时，其防止由于灭火措施而带来的不利影响的能力也很差。
先有技术的防火毡不适用于这一特定目的，因为它们不是太重、太疆硬，就是太容易透过微粒或液体。
本发明的目的是提供一种用于防火毡和防火服的防燃织物，它能提供有效的防火、防灭火剂和/或防燃烧产物的作用，即，能耐热、耐水、防污和/或耐油。
我们已经发现，这个目的可通过采用一种防燃织物达到，以该织物总重量为基准计，该织物包含：
a)4.9-95％(重量)的密胺树脂纤维，
b)0-90.1％(重量)的选自下列一组的防燃纤维：芳酰胺纤维、碳纤维、玻璃纤维、防燃毛和防燃粘胶纤维，
和
c)0-20％(重量)的填料，
进一步包含
d)4.9-95％(重量)的一般可燃纤维和/或
e)0.1-20％(重量)的至少一种耐热、耐油、防污和/或防湿涂饰剂。
本发明也提供可由本发明的防燃织物制造的防火毡和防火服。
本发明进一步提供这种防火毡用于物品防火、防热、防燃烧产物和/或防灭火剂的用途以及用于灭火的用途。
含有上述成分a)、b)、c)和d)的阻燃织物通常可从纱线织造而成，或从纤维或纤维混合物制成非织造物形式(参见UllmannsEnzyklopdie der Technischen Chemie，第4版，第23卷，“Textiltechnik”(纺织技术))。然后再施涂成分e)。也可以用成分e)对纤维a)、b)和由它们纺成的纱线进行加工，然后再将这些纤维或纱线加工成本发明的织物。
但是，除此之外，本发明的织物可以进一步包含约4.9-95％(重量)，较好约5-50％(重量)，更好约10-45％(重量)的一般可燃织物，例如毛、棉、聚酰胺纤维、聚酯纤维和粘胶纤维。但是这些纤维的用量不得对织物的阻燃性产生不利的影响。
一般可燃织物的加入提供了许多优点。例如，尚若用棉花或其它可比较的纤维作为进一步的成分，那就可能生产出吸水能力得到提高的织物，从而可以获得改善的防湿能力，例如抵御灭火时所使用的水。此外，一般可燃纤维的加入可以改善织物的穿着舒适性。当防护服要从这种织物制造时，这就具有特别的优点。一般可燃纤维的加入也使得基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物的价格明显降低。
不用一般可燃纤维或与其组合，本发明的织物可以包含0.1-20％(重量)，较好约0.5-10％(重量)的耐热、耐油、防污和/或防湿涂饰剂。可以用该涂饰剂浸渍或涂布织物。
适于配合本发明使用的涂饰剂的例子是一面或双面金属的涂层，例如铝。这种金属涂层的厚度通常为例如5-200μm，较好为10-100μm，以便使织物的柔软性不受负面影响，它可以防火、防热、尤其辐射热的作用，防烟灰和灭火剂，例如水和泡沫或粉末。符合暂定欧洲标准Pr EN1486的镀金属织物适用于制造重型防火防热防护服。通常采用真空蒸汽沉积法将织物镀上金属(参见Ullmanns Enzyklopdie der TechnischenChemie，第3版，第15卷，第276页，及其中引用的参考文献)。也可以在织物上粘贴薄金属箔。这种金属箔通常由涂布了一层金属薄膜的聚合物支承膜构成。它们较好包含基于聚酯的聚合物支承膜。金属箔可以通过例如粘合剂或热压延的方法施加到符合TL 8415-0203(TL=德国联邦国防军技术供应规格)的本发明织物的一侧或较好两侧上。这种金属箔已被各制造商(例如Gentex公司、Carbondale PA,USA；C.F.Ploucquet GmbH&Co,D+89523 Heidenheim；DarmstdterGmbH,D-46485 Wesel)用于织物被覆。
也可以从镀层金属的纱线或纤维素来制造本发明的织物。纱线较好是用铝涂覆的，其层厚为10-100μm，而纤维则应有0.01-1μm的金属涂层。这种纱线或纤维例如可按照DE-B 27 43 768、DE-A 38 10 597或EP-A 528 192所述工艺生产。
适于配合本发明使用的涂饰剂的进一步例子是施加在该织物的一侧或两侧上的斥水疏水层。这种疏水层较好由含有聚氨酯的材料构成。这种涂层已知可用于改善纺织品的耐候性(参见Ullmanns Enzyklopdieder Technischen Chemie，第五版，第A26卷，第306-312页，和Lexikonfür Textilveredelung,1955，第21 1页及以后)。这种涂层可用这样的一种方法来形成，即水蒸汽可通过该涂层扩散，而液体的水或类似的灭火剂产品和燃烧产物则如果不是完全不能通过的话，也应是在显著程度上不能通过。这种涂层通常以聚合物薄膜的形式粘贴或压延到织物上。
改善由防火毡提供的保护的进一步措施是用斥水、斥油和/或防污化合物来涂饰纤维或织物(疏水性或疏油性涂饰)。已经知道这类化合物可用作织物涂饰剂(参考Ullmanns Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry，第五版，第A26卷，p.306-312)。斥水化合物的例子是金属皂、硅氧烷、有机氟化合物，例如，全氟代羧酸的盐、全氟代醇的聚丙烯酸酯(参见EP-B-366 338及其中引用的参考文献)或四氟乙烯聚合物。尤其最后这两种聚合物也用作疏油性的斥油涂饰剂。
与本发明配合使用的密胺树脂纤维可以例如通过EP-A-93 965、DE-A 23 64 091、EP-A-221 330或EP-A-408 947中的方法生产。特别优选的密胺树脂纤维包含作为构成嵌段(A)的单体的90-100％(摩尔)主要由下列成分组成的一种混合物：30-100，较好50-90，特别好85-95，尤其83-93％(摩尔)的密胺和0-70，较好1-50，特别好5-15，尤其7-12％(摩尔)的一种取代的密胺Ⅰ或取代密胺Ⅰ的混合物。
作为进一步的单体组成嵌段(B)，特别优选的密胺树脂纤维包含0-10，较好0.1-9.5，尤其1-5％(摩尔)的酚或各种酚的混合物，该含量以构成嵌段(A)和(B)的单体总摩尔数为基准。
特别优选的密胺树脂纤维通常由成分(A)和(B)与甲醛或能供给甲醛的化合物反应，随后进行纺丝而制得，反应时密胺与甲醛的摩尔比在1∶1.15-1∶4.5，较好在1∶1.8-1∶3.0的范围内。
适用的通式Ⅰ的取代密胺
Figure A9719430700071
(Ⅰ)是按如下定义的那些密胺，其中X1、X2和X3各自选自由-NH2、-NHR1和-NR1R2组成的这一组，但X1、X2和X3不能全部是-NH2,R1和R2各选自由羟基-C2-C10-烷基、羟基-C2-C4-烷基-(氧杂-C2-C4-烷基)n(其中n是1-5)和氨基-C2-C12-烷基组成的这一组。
羟基-C2-C10-烷基较好是羟基-C2-C6-烷基，如2-羟基乙基、3-羟基-正丙基、2-羟基异丙基、4-羟基-正丁基、5-羟基-正戊基、6-羟基-正己基、3-羟基-2,2-二甲基丙基，优选羟基-C2-C4-烷基，如2-羟基乙基、3-羟基-正丙基、2-羟基异丙基和4-羟基-正丁基，特别优选2-羟基乙基或2-羟基异丙基。
羟基-C2-C4-烷基(氧杂-C2-C4-烷基)n中的n优选1-4，特别优选n=1或2，例如5-羟基-3-氧杂戊基、5-羟基-3-氧杂-2,5-二甲基戊基、5-羟基-3-氧杂-1,4-二甲基戊基、5-羟基-3-氧杂-1,2,4,5-四甲基戊基、8-羟基-3,6-二氧杂辛基。
氨基-C2-C12-烷基优选氨基-C2-C8-烷基，如2-氨基乙基、3-氨基丙基、4-氨基丁基、5-氨基戊基、6-氨基己基、7-氨基庚基和8-氨基辛基，特别优选2-氨基乙基和6-氨基己基，更特别优选6-氨基己基。
特别适用于本发明的取代密胺包括下列化合物：
2-羟基乙基氨基取代的密胺，例如2-(2-羟基乙基氨基)-4,6-二氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4-二(2-羟基乙基氨基)-6-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4,6-三(2-羟基乙基氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪；
2-羟基异丙基氨基取代的密胺，例如2-(2-羟基异丙基氨基)-4,6-二氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4-二(2-羟基异丙基氨基)-6-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4,6-三(2-羟基异丙基氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪；
5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基取代的密胺，例如2-(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-4,6-二氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4,6-三(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4-二(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-6-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪；和
6-氨基己基氨基取代的密胺，例如2-(6-氨基己基氨基)-4,6-二氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4-二(6-氨基己基氨基)-6-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、2,4,6-三(6-氨基己基氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪，或这些化合物的混合物，例如10％(摩尔)2-(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-4,6-二氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、50％(摩尔)2,4-二(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-6-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪和40％(摩尔)2,4,6-三(5-羟基-3-氧代戊基氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪的混合物。
适用的酚类(B)是含有1个或2个羟基的酚类，例如无取代的酚类，被选自由C1-C9-烷基和羟基组成的这一组中的基团取代的酚类、以及被2个或3个酚基取代的C1-C4-链烷烃、二(羟苯基)砜或其混合物。
优选的酚包括苯酚、4-甲基苯酚、4-叔丁基苯酚、4-正辛基苯酚、4-正壬基苯酚、焦儿茶酚、雷琐酚、氢醌、2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)丙烷、二(4-羟基苯基)砜，特别优选苯酚、雷琐酚和2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)丙烷。
甲醛通常以例如40-50％重量浓度的水溶液形式使用，或以在与(A)和(B)反应过程中能供给甲醛的化合物的形式，例如以固体状态的低聚甲醛或聚合甲醛，如多聚甲醛、1,3,5-三噁烷或1,3,5,7-四噁烷(tetroxane)的形式使用。
特别优选的密胺树脂纤维是通过使密胺、任选的取代密胺和任选的酚与甲醛或能供给甲醛的化合物一起进行缩聚反应而制得的。所有成分从开始就可以存在，或者逐步地少量反应一段时间，随后将所生成的预缩聚产物与进一步的密胺，取代密胺或酚掺混。
缩聚反应通常以传统方式进行(参见EP-A-355760,Houben-Weyl,Vol.14/2,p.357以后)。
所用的反应温度通常在20-150℃的范围，优选40-140℃的范围。
反应压力一般不严格。该反应通常在100-500KPa的范围内进行，优选在常压下进行。
进行该反应时可使用或不用溶剂。如果使用甲醛水溶液，则一般不加溶剂。如果使用结合成固体状的甲醛，则通常使用水作为溶剂，以所用单体总量为基准，水的用量一般在5-40％，优选15-20％(重量)的范围内。
此外，该缩聚反应通常在高于7的pH值条件下进行。优选的pH范围是7.5-10.0，特别优选8-9。
再者，反应混合物可以包含少量的常用添加剂，例如碱金属亚硫酸盐，如焦亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸钠，碱金属甲酸盐，如甲酸钠，碱金属柠檬酸盐，如柠檬酸钠，磷酸盐，多磷酸盐，脲，双氰胺或氨基氰。它们可以以纯的单种化合物形式加入，或以彼此相混合的混合物形式加入，既可以不用溶剂，也可以以水溶液形式加入，可以在缩合反应之前，期间或之后加入。
其它改性剂是胺和氨基醇，例如二乙基胺、乙醇胺或2-二乙基氨基乙醇。
适用的填料的例子包括纤维状或粉状无机增强剂或填料，例如玻璃纤维、金属粉、金属盐或硅酸盐，如高岭土、滑石、重晶石、石英或白垩，以及颜料和染料。所用乳化剂通常是含有长链烷基的常用非离子型、阴离子型或阳离子型有机化合物。
缩聚反应例如可在挤塑机中(参见EP-A-355760)按传统方式分批或连续进行。
该纤维是通过将本发明的密胺树脂按传统方法进行一般的纺丝而制造的，例如在加入硬化剂、常用的酸如甲酸、硫酸或氯化铵之后，在室温下于旋转纺丝设备中进行纺丝，然后在加热的气围中完成粗制纤维的固化，或在加热的气围中进行纺丝，并同时用作溶剂的水蒸发，然后使缩合物固化。这样的一种工艺详见DE-A-23 64 091
如果希望的话，可在纤维中加入至多25％，优选至多10％重量的常用填料，尤其是基于硅酸盐的那些填料，如云母，染料，颜料，金属粉末和消光剂，然后加工成相应的防火毡和非织造物。
防火毡通常是通过采用传统方法，例如毛纱粗纺法(woollenspining)(Ullmanns Enzyklopdie der Technischen Chemie，第4版，第23卷，“Textiltechnik”)将纤维制成纱线来制造的。纱线的细度较好在100-200，更好在140-160特的范围内。然后通常采用传统方法将纱线织成定量(单位重量)在70-900，较好在120-500克/米2范围内的织物。
本发明的防火毡也可从纤维网非织造物生产。非织造物通常是通过在有交叉层的成网机上对纤维进行加工来制造的。这种非织造物的定量较好在30-600，更好在50-450克/米2的范围内。
按照本发明，也可以从纤维混合物制造防火毡，该纤维混合物主要包含4.9-95％(重量)，较好25-90％(重量)，更好40-75％(重量)的密胺树脂纤维和0-90.1％(重量)，较好5-70％(重量)，更好15-50％(重量)的防燃纤维。此外，正如已经提到的，这种纤维混合物可以包含4.9-95％(重量)，较好5-50％(重量)，更好5-45％(重量)的一般可燃纤维，这些纤维选自由毛、棉、聚酰胺纤维、聚酯纤维和粘胶纤维组成的这一组。
防燃纤维较好是玻璃纤维、碳纤维、防燃羊毛、防燃粘胶纤维以及尤其芳酰胺纤维。芳酰胺纤维较好是通过间位或对位的苯二甲酸或其衍生物，如酰氯，与对位或间位的苯二甲胺的缩聚产物在溶剂中，例如在N-甲基吡咯烷酮、六甲基磷酸三酰胺、浓硫酸或其常用的混合物中的溶液进行纺丝来生产。然后通常将所得到的长丝切断成短纤维，其细度一般在5-25μm范围内。较好的芳酰胺纤维是基于聚对亚苯基对苯二酰胺异构体的那些纤维。
纤维混合物按传统方法，例如在Vliesstoffe,Georg Thieme Verlag中所述的习用纤维混纺设备中进行加工。在一个优选的具体实施方案中，通常以具有1-20cm传统长度的短纤维为原料。这种短纤维通常通过传送带喂入到固定式毛条梳理机中，并在其中进行预混。然后通常在辊筒式毛条梳理机中完成混合，得到衬垫状的纤维网。然后再将所得到的衬垫状纤维网进一步加工成纱线或非织造物。
然后将所制得的织物或非织造物裁剪成所希望的防火毡尺寸，到目前凭经验只取决于预期的用途。最后通常采用缝边法将防火毡边缘加固。
包含有无论是直接施加在纤维上，还是施加在成品织物上的金属涂层的防火毡的特征是能阻滞热量从其中通过，从而能为要保护的物品提供更好的防热性。
在另一个具体实施方案中，通过浸渍、刷涂或类似的方法将盐类，尤其硅酸盐，但特别优选铝硅酸盐，或者能产生泡沫的物质掺混到纤维中。
按照本发明，该防火毡可用于灭火，易燃物品和人体。
本发明的织物可进一步用于制造人体和物品防火、防灭火剂和/或防燃烧产物用的防火毡，其防护方法是用本发明的防火毡来覆盖要被保护的人体和物品。此外，本发明的防火毡适用于保护艺术品和/或古物。它们也适用于保护载重卡车、火车或轮船上装有可燃物品的箱和罐等容器，以及公路加油站和储气柜，电气或电子设备，如计算机、终端、控制板面等。
本发明的织物也适合用作汽车、飞机、火车车厢中软垫座位的阻火覆盖饰料。
本发明的防火毡和非织造物的一个优点是按照本发明生产的防火毡和非织造物在加热或直接与火或火焰接触时不会熔化，这样就不会产生滴液，因此该防火毡和非织造物在热的作用下也仍能保持形状稳定。本发明的防火毡的另一个优点是它们能提供有效的防水，防其它灭火剂以及防燃烧产物，如烟灰的保护作用。
实施例
实施例1
由包含60％(重量)密胺树脂纤维和40％(重量)对位芳酰胺纤维构成的定量为220克/米2的织物用市售含氟羧酸涂饰剂进行处理，其方法用含有3克/升PersistolO(BASF的商品)和3克/升硫酸铝以及1克/升浓度为60％的乙酸的处理液将织物浸透。然后将该织物在130℃干燥至残余水分为6-8％(重量)，再在150℃加热4分钟。
用AATCC 22喷射试验测定织物的疏水性，达到的等级为70。至于耐油性，达到的AATCC 118试验等级为6。
阻火性能的测试：
织物所提供的保护作用按照用发烟燃烧和有焰燃烧发火源进行的软垫椅套可燃性评级方法，即英国标准BS 582:1990，第3部分，叠木5(Crib 5)或叠木7，进行测试。
为此，将织物展开在一块设有加阻燃剂的市售柔性聚氨酯泡沫塑料(约95重量份多元醇、50重量份亚甲基二异氰酸酯、5重量份水和催化剂)上，并暴露于叠木5发火源上。该泡沫没有着火，而发火源燃烧后熄灭(约8-10分钟)，也没有产生任何发烟燃烧(焖烧)或辉光效应。不用本发明的织物，重复同样的试验。结果该聚氨酯泡沫自发地着火，并完全被火焰消耗掉。
在又一个试验中，发火源在30秒钟后用水熄灭。随后检查聚氨酯泡沫，未发现有水的痕迹。
实施例2
所用试验织物是一种由含有60％(重量)密胺树脂纤维和40％(重量)对位芳酰胺纤维的纱线构成的织物。此外，在该织物的两侧包覆了一层高真空镀铝的聚酯薄膜。由此得到的织物的定量为725克/米2。
阻火效果试验：
按照实施例1所述的方法，将本发明的织物展开在一块柔性聚氨酯泡沫塑料上，然后暴露于叠木7发火源上。该泡沫即使在长时间暴露于该发火源上也没有着火，也没有产生任何发烟燃烧或辉光效应。
重复该试验，所不同的是，60秒钟后用市售泡沫灭火器将该发火源扑灭。灭火泡沫没有透过该织物，也未发现聚氨酯泡沫上有任何被火作用后的痕迹及随后的灭火措施后的痕迹。
实施例3
按照实施例1中所述的方法，用一块定量为200克/米2的间位芳酰胺针刺毡包覆聚氨酯泡沫块，然后将其暴露于叠木7发火源上。30秒钟后用水将该发火源熄灭。针刺毡被湿透，泡沫也显示出有水的痕迹。

Claims (11)

1．防燃织物，以织物总重量为基准计，其中包含：
a)4.9-95％(重量)的密胺树脂纤维，
b)0-90.1％(重量)的选自下列一组的防燃纤维：芳酰胺纤维、碳纤维、玻璃纤维、防燃毛和防燃粘胶纤维，
和
c)0-20％(重量)的填料，
进一步包含
d)4.9-95％(重量)的一般可燃纤维和/或
e)0.1-20％(重量)的至少一种耐热、耐油、防污和/或防湿涂饰剂。
2．如权利要求1所要求保护的织物，其中所述一般可燃纤维选自由下述组成的这一组：毛、棉、聚酰胺纤维、聚酯纤维和粘胶纤维。
3．如权利要求1或2所要求保护的织物，其中包含作为涂饰层的一侧或两侧金属涂层。
4．如权利要求3所要求保护的织物，其中所述金属涂层包含作为主成分的铝。
5．如前述权利要求中任何一项所要求保护的织物，其中包含作为涂饰剂的斥水剂。
6．如前述权利要求中任何一项所要求保护的织物，其中包含作为涂饰剂的斥油剂。
7．如前述权利要求中任何一项所要求保护的织物，其中所述密胺树脂纤维是通过含有下列主要成分的混合物与甲醛或能供给甲醛的化合物进行缩合而制得的：
(A)90-100％(摩尔)主要由下列成分构成的混合物：
(a)30-100％(摩尔)密胺和
(b)0-70％(摩尔)如下通式(Ⅰ)所示的取代密胺：(Ⅰ)
其中X1、X2和X3各自选自由-NH2、-NHR1和-NR1R2组成的这一组，但X1、X2和X3不能全部是-NH2，R1和R2各选自由羟基-C2-C20-烷基、羟基-C2-C4-烷基-(氧杂-C2-C4-烷基)n(其中n是1-5)和氨基-C2-C12-烷基组成的这一组，或密胺Ⅰ的混合物，和
(B)以(A)和(B)为基准计，0-10％(摩尔)的无取代的酚类，或被选自由C1-C9-烷基和羟基组成这一组的基团取代的酚类，被2个或3个酚基团取代的C1-C4-链烷烃类，二(羟苯基)砜，或这些酚类的混合物，
其中密胺与甲醛的摩尔比在1∶1.15-1∶4.5的范围内。
8．如前述权利要求中任何一项所要求保护的织物，其中包含由间位或对位苯二甲酸与间位或对位苯二胺进行缩聚而制得的芳酰胺纤维。
9．用权利要求1-8中任何一项所要求保护的织物制造的防火毡或防火服。
10．权利要求9所要求保护的防火毡用于灭火和扑灭燃烧着的物品的用途。
11．物品的防火、防热、防燃烧产物和/或防灭火剂的保护方法，该方法包括用权利要求9所要求保护的防必毡覆盖要保护的物品。
CN97194307A 1996-05-02 1997-04-30 基于密胺树脂纤维的防燃织物以及由该防燃织物制成的防火产品及用途 Expired - Fee Related CN1090257C (zh)

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