CN1207178A - Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer with Variable Propagation Constant - Google Patents
Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer with Variable Propagation Constant Download PDFInfo
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- CN1207178A CN1207178A CN 97191573 CN97191573A CN1207178A CN 1207178 A CN1207178 A CN 1207178A CN 97191573 CN97191573 CN 97191573 CN 97191573 A CN97191573 A CN 97191573A CN 1207178 A CN1207178 A CN 1207178A
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Abstract
Wavelength dispersion in an optical demultiplexer (10) is accomplished by varying propagation constants of a central pathway (16) traverse to the direction of wavefront propagation through the central pathway (16). The propagation constant can be varied by changing the dimensions or refractive qualities of the central pathway, which can be formed as a common waveguide (36) or as plurality of individual waveguides (16).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to comprise the light communication system of multiplexer and demultiplexer.Multiplexer and demultiplexer are determined its route according to wavelength of optical signal.
Background
The wavelength optical signals of transmitting in each root optical fiber can be delivered to it in simple optical fiber with a wavelength multiplexer, with a wavelength demultiplexer it is delivered in each root optical fiber again then.Usually, the device that uses in the operation of multiplexed and demultiplexing must be reversible, and therefore, same device plays multiplexer in a transmission direction function then plays the function of demultiplexer in opposite transmission direction.
In multiplexed and demultiplexing device, carry out two major functions, i.e. chromatic dispersion and convergence.The chromatic dispersion function is from the space the signal of different wave length (being called as channel) to be made a distinction, and convergence function is to transmit signal according to the chromatic dispersion of signal between input and output waveguide.
Usually, same optical element can be carried out two kinds of functions.For example, some multiplexed and demultiplexer spare adopts reflecting diffraction grating not only signal to be carried out chromatic dispersion but also signal is assembled.Diffraction is the mechanism of chromatic dispersion, and grating curvature provides convergence.Other this device that is known as " phase measuring device " makes the central waveguide interconnection of input and output waveguide and a plurality of length gradual changes.The phase front that the gradual change of waveguide length produces with wavelength variations tilts.The central waveguide that has angle to arrange provides convergence.
On the other hand, can adopt discrete lens or catoptron that convergence function is provided.Alleviate this auxiliary requirement, can simplify dispersion element.For example, can adopt plane diffraction grating to substitute the curved surface diffraction grating, perhaps can adopt the central waveguide that parallel central waveguide substitutes has angle to arrange.
Because design criteria becomes stricter, for example need the more intensive channel of loss minimum, lower cost and littler size, that the current multiplexer and the design of demultiplexer become is more and more difficult, it is more and more higher to make cost.The diffraction grating price of pinpoint accuracy is especially expensive, and the required etching workload of phase measuring device is especially time-consuming.
Usually, for fear of material component deviation and other dimensional discrepancy that in the duct propagation characteristic, can produce undesirable variation, must be very careful.For example, No. 5450511 United States Patent (USP) of Dragone shows that the variation of propagation constant can cause the phase error of the light signal that multiplexed and demultiplexing device is transmitted, and causes the cross-talk of interchannel to increase, and reduces the efficient of device.
Brief summary of the invention
Different with the opinion that must avoid propagation constant to change, the present invention utilizes gradually changing of propagation constant that the function of the chromatic dispersion in wavelength multiplexer and the demultiplexer is provided.The new mechanism of this realization wavelength dispersion can be used to reduce physical size and simplify these preparation of devices.
One embodiment of the present of invention comprise the useful feature that the input and output light path is interconnected mutually by chromatic dispersion and convergent component.As a demultiplexer, input light path directly transmits a plurality of channels of being distinguished by wavelength, and each channel is transmitted in the output light path footpath respectively.Dispersion element is a central optical path, it from input light path directly receive a plurality of channels as a plurality of parallel waves before, and the wavefront that is transformed into a plurality of relative tilts before a plurality of parallel waves.Convergent component directly guides the wavefront of these relative tilts along different output light paths.Yet the present invention is not that the waveguide with diffraction or variable-length makes the wavefront relative tilt, but for to cross the setted wavelength of the direction of wavefront by the central waveguide direction of propagation by central waveguide, central path of the present invention shows different propagation constants.
The change propagation constant can in all sorts of ways.These methods comprise the core size that changes central waveguide, and the refractive index value that changes core and covering.The index distribution of core is also illustrated in the propagation constant of non-step-refraction index distribution.For example, to the given variation of core size or peak value refractive index, can be chosen as the rate of change that increases propagation constant to index distribution.
Central path can or be formed by a plurality of discrete waveguides (or optical fiber) or by a common waveguide.The two all comprise by covering around core segment.The core segment of discrete waveguide can change its width, thickness and cross sectional shape, and the core segment of common waveguide can change its thickness.Can also change the thickness of surrounding layer.Can utilize doping or other changes in material to change between each waveguide or the refractive index value of core on the common waveguide and covering.
Preferably, reflective optical devices is positioned at an end of central path, and a compacter design is provided.By the retroreflection of central path, in the same space of central path, make the further relative tilt of wavefront of the relative tilt of different wave length.The input and output path is adjacent mutually.Convergent component is preferably carried out alignment function, the different piece before the guide wave of directional light path.Making the reflective optical devices of wavefront directional light path retroreflection is the plane, and each waveguide of central path is parallel to each other.Yet owing to keep collimation at direction of propagation glazing, parallel path also can extend by common waveguide, without any lateral dispersion.
Light path and chromatic dispersion and convergent component are preferably as the integrated electro road in the planar optical system and form.Element relatively simply designs the technology of preparing that allows to adopt such as " multiple picture ",, by stretching planar substrates control thickness, can obtain more accurate tolerance limit here.Yet the present invention also can be with bulk optical element or plane and bulk optical element combination realization.
Accompanying drawing
Fig. 1 is the planimetric map of the novel demultiplexing optical element of plane form, has the parallel waveguide of a plurality of chromatic dispersion different wave length signals.
Fig. 2 is the figure that shows that phase front tilts to two different wave lengths, and wavelength records by the optical element central corridor.
Fig. 3 shows the figure that is superimposed upon the index distribution on the waveguide cross section.
Fig. 4 is the planimetric map of the second demultiplexing device with common waveguide of a chromatic dispersion different wave length signal.
Fig. 5 is the side cross-sectional view that shows the common waveguide of taper sandwich layer.
Fig. 6 is the side cross-sectional view that shows the common waveguide of taper covering.
Fig. 7 is the planimetric map of the 3rd demultiplexing device with common waveguide with mobile impurity concentrations of a chromatic dispersion different wave length signal.
Fig. 8 is the planimetric map of the 4th demultiplexing device with radial waveguide of a plurality of chromatic dispersion different wave length signals.
Describe in detail
Be to realize the first embodiment of the present invention shown in Fig. 1-3 with planar optical elements.At the demultiplexer optical propagation direction present embodiment is described, still, on the reverse direction that light is propagated, can plays the function of multiplexer too.In fact, adopting term " multiplexer " and " demultiplexer " only is for present embodiment being used as a function in these possible functions, but does not get rid of another function.
Different wave length (is λ
1To λ
n) light signal enter plane demultiplexing optical element 10 and disperse from input waveguide (or optical fiber) 12, to fill up the aperture of converging optical element (collimation lens) 14.Collimate before 14 pairs of divergent waves of converging optical element.Each discrete parts of wavefront propagates into flat reflective optical element 18 by a plurality of parallel waveguides 16, and it is catadioptric to converging optical element 14 with wavefront on return path.Input waveguide 12 preferably is positioned on the optical axis of converging optical element 14, and still, similar principles also can be applicable to off-axis and arranges.
The central path that parallel waveguide 16 forms by planar optical elements 10 is upward shared common length " l in the direction " Z " of front propagation
w", still, go up width from " a at orthogonal directions " Y "
1" gradually become " a
n".According to following relation, by changing effective refractive index " n
Effectively", duct width is from " a
1" arrive " a
n" variation change the optical path length " L of different waveguide 16 indirectly
i"
Li=n
EffectivelyL
w
Shown in the figure among Fig. 2, according to the wavelength X of wavefront
1-λ
n, on reflective optical devices 18, estimate the optical path length " L that
i" variation make the wavefront relative tilt.With position that reflective optical devices 18 overlaps on, the ordinate of figure is crossed over waveguide 16 on " Y " direction, the horizontal ordinate of figure is a unit with phasing degree " φ ".Step line φ (λ
1) representative is λ at wavelength
1Waveguide 16 in the phasing degree " φ " of collecting.Step line φ (λ
n) representative is λ at wavelength
nWaveguide 16 in the phasing degree " φ " of collecting.Two step line φ (λ
1) and φ (λ
n) between differential seat angle represent two wavelength X
1And λ
nBetween phase front tilt poor.
According to tilt quantity separately, it is preceding from overlap (the expectation focus of the retroreflection wavefront that is not tilted) focus to output waveguide 20 and 22 with input waveguide 12 that phase front tilts to have changed close echo.For example, wavelength X
1Be focused on the nearer output waveguide 20, and wavelength X
nBe focused on the output waveguide far away 22.Certainly, between wavelength X
1And λ
nBetween a plurality of wavelength X of the other signal (or channel) of representative can be focused on output waveguide other between waveguide 20 and 22.The number of waveguide 16 can increase to make input waveguide 12 the imaging more accurately of mould field on each output waveguide 20 and 22.
Effective refractive index " the n of each waveguide
Effectively" be propagation constant " β " and wave number " k
0" the merchant, be expressed as follows:
In the formula, wave number " k
0" can be expressed as follows with wavelength:
Utilize known technology, can calculate propagation constant " β " by wave equation.For example, can with reference to the wave equation of the following planar optical waveguides of finding by people such as J.P.Meunier (Optical and QuantumElectronics 15, (1983), 77-85):
In the formula, "
m(x) " item is the mould field distribution, and " n (x) " is the index distribution of core.Shown in the sectional view of Fig. 3, the core size " a " and the peak value refractive index value " n of index distribution " n (x) " and distribution shape, core 24
0" and " n of covering 26
Covering" relevant.Two the peak value refractive index value " n in back
0" and " n
Covering" being considered to variable " Δ " usually together, it is defined as follows:
Any one influences the variable of the index distribution " n (x) " of each waveguide 16 in these variablees, also can be used to change propagation constant " β ", and this has changed the effective refractive index " n of waveguide 16 again
Effectively" and final optical path length " L
i".Optical path length " the L of waveguide 16 on " Y " direction
i" progressively deviation produce wavelength X
1And λ
nDifferent wavetilt, thereby they are focused in output waveguide 20 and the 22 occupied diverse locations.
Preferably, can regulate the distribution shape of non-step-refraction index waveguide, waveguide dimensions is changed,, the peak value refractive index be changed,, produce the bigger variation of propagation constant " β " as " Δ " as " a ".This has limited physical change amount required between the different waveguide 16.In addition, waveguide is preferably single mode waveguide, thereby can control its optical path length " L better
i" poor.
Fig. 4-6 shows two kinds of forms of the second embodiment of the present invention.Novel planar demultiplexing optical element 30 comprises several and planar optical elements 10 components identical, comprises input waveguide 32, collimation optics 34, reflective optical devices 38 and output waveguide 40 and 42.Yet a plurality of discrete waveguides 16 are substituted by a common waveguide 36.Crossing on same " Y " direction of front propagation direction " Z ", is not the width dimensions " a that changes each discrete waveguide
1" to " a
n", but change the gauge " t " of this common waveguide 36 that records in " X " direction.
Common waveguide 36 is to be formed by the core material successive layers 44 between planar substrates 48 top covering material successive layers 46a and 46b.In a kind of form of present embodiment, as shown in Figure 5, the thickness of sandwich layer 44 on common waveguide 36 from " t
A1" become " t continuously
A2".In another form, as shown in Figure 6, the thickness of covering 46a on common waveguide 36 from " t
B1" become " t
B2".
Two kinds of variation in thickness all can cause the continuous variation of propagation constant " β " on waveguide " Y " direction.Any moving before the collimation optics 34 restriction propagation waves on " Y " direction, so, do not need to be separated to before propagation wave and have different optical path length " L with each waveguide
i" each path in.The continuous variation of estimating propagation constant " β " can project the mould field of input waveguide 32 on each output waveguide 40 and 42 more accurately.
The multiplexed optical element 10 in plane and 30 is particularly suitable for simplifying preparation method with " multiple picture ", wherein sandwich layer 44 and covering 46a and 46b is deposited on the substrate 48 and with substrate with extra thickness and is stretched to accurate dimension.Its technological process allows to be deposited with wideer tolerance limit.On the other hand, can adopt grinding or finishing method control duct thickness.
The third embodiment of the present invention as shown in Figure 7 comprises several and the common feature of second embodiment.Plane demultiplexing optical element 50 comprises input waveguide 52, converging optical element (collimation lens) 54, common waveguide 56, plane reflection optical element 58 and output waveguide 60 and 62.Different with second embodiment is that propagation constant " β " is to change by the variations in refractive index on common waveguide 56.For example, can change in the peak value refractive index of core 64 and covering 66 any one or the two, for example increase the variation of impurity 68 concentration.Yet the result is similar to second embodiment, promptly causes the optical path length on " Y " direction to change continuously.
Can adopt several directions to make variations in refractive index, as adopting OVD (outside vapour deposition) and PECVD film process such as (plasma reinforced chemical vapor depositions).Adopt ion exchange technique also can obtain the variable concentration of impurity 68.
Shown in Figure 8 last the 4th embodiment forms as plane demultiplexing optical element 70, and it comprises input waveguide 72 and converging optical element 74, and focal power is zero but gives convergence or divergent wave prerequisite for free space.The central path that spaced radial waveguide 76 forms by optical element 70 terminates on the camber reflection optical element 78.Each radial waveguide 76 transmits corresponding to wavelength " λ
1" to " λ
n" in various piece before each cylindrical wave of a wavelength.Camber reflection optical element 78 on the convergence path before radial waveguide 76 is cylindrical wave the attend the meeting free space of poly-converging optical element 74 of back reflection.
Yet similar to first embodiment, the width of radial waveguide 76 is from " a
1" progressively become " a
n", with the propagation constant " β " of different piece before the change cylindrical wave.Though different wave length " λ
1" to " λ
n" wavefront propagate in cylindrical mode, the variation of propagation constant " β " remains crosses the instant direction that wavefront radial waveguide 76 is propagated.Optical path length " the L of the radial waveguide 76 that produces
i" variation make different wave length " λ
1" to " λ
n" cylindrical wave before relative tilt, thereby they are converged on output waveguide 80 and 82 the slightly different focal position.
Though the above embodiment of the present invention realizes in planar optical system,, also can realize with in bulk or mixed form.For example, can use the parallel waveguide 16 of optical fiber instead of optical element 10 or the radial waveguide 76 of optical element 70.The whole bag of tricks of the change propagation constant that is disclosed in any one embodiment also can be applied to other embodiment.For example, also can change the thickness or the different refraction quality of Fig. 1 and each waveguide shown in 8.Also can adopt the combination and the length " l of the whole bag of tricks that changes propagation constant
w" the further tuning input and output mould of horizontal change field.
Waveguide in described embodiment illustrates with the flush type waveguide, but also can adopt the waveguide of other known type, comprises the waveguide of rib shape.Equally, converging optical element illustrates with lens, but also can as collimating mirror or similar reflecting surface, dispose with inputing or outputing waveguide with catoptron.Also can comprise that input equates with the output waveguide number, disposes the input and output waveguide among each embodiment with various array modes.
Claims (43)
1. one kind is carried out the waveguide device of multiplexed or demultiplexing to light signal, is reference with the direction of carrying out the demultiplexing operation, and it comprises:
First light path, it transmits a plurality of channels of distinguishing with wavelength;
The central optical path, it and the described first light path optically-coupled, receive a plurality of channels as a plurality of parallel waves before, and will be transformed into the wavefront of a plurality of relative tilts before described a plurality of parallel waves;
Converging optical element, it and the path optically-coupled of described central optical also are sent to each second light path to the wavefront of described relative tilt,
It is characterized in that: crossing on the direction of described a plurality of wavefront by the direction of propagation of described central waveguide, for the setted wavelength on the described central optical path, described central path shows different propagation constants, makes the wavefront generation relative tilt of different wave length.
2. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that further comprising reflective optical devices, by described central path the described converging optical element of wavefront reflected back of relative tilt.
3. device as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: the wavefront that described reflective optical devices is orientated relative tilt carries out retroreflection.
4. device as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: described converging optical element handle guides along the directional light path from the different piece of the wavefront of described first light path.
5. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described central path comprises a plurality of waveguides, its separately length on the front propagation direction, extend, width extends on the direction of crossing the front propagation direction separately.
6. device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that: on the direction of crossing the front propagation direction, the width of described a plurality of waveguides is gradual changes one by one.
7. device as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: along the guiding of directional light path, extend in parallel to each other by described a plurality of waveguides the different piece of wavefront for described converging optical element, transmits the different piece of wavefront.
8. device as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: described a plurality of waveguides transmit the preceding different piece of cylindrical wave by the angular relationship contact.
9. device as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that: it is zero converging optical element that described reflective optical devices turns back to described focal power before by the cylindrical wave of route with relative tilt by described central path.
10. device as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: described a plurality of waveguide lengths equate.
11. device as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described central path comprises the common waveguide that is formed by continuous sandwich layer and covering on the substrate surface, its length is parallel to front propagation and two directions of substrate surface are extended, its width is perpendicular to the direction of propagation but be parallel to substrate surface and extend, and its thickness extends perpendicular to front propagation and the two direction of substrate surface.
12. device as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that: there is the thickness of one deck on the common waveguide width, to change in described sandwich layer and the covering.
13. device as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that: the thickness of described sandwich layer gradually changes on the common waveguide width.
14. device as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that: the thickness of described covering gradually changes on the common waveguide width.
15. device as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that: described sandwich layer and covering keep constant thickness along common waveguide length.
16. device as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that: there is the refractive index of one deck on the common waveguide width, to change in described sandwich layer and the covering.
17. device as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that: the refractive index of described sandwich layer gradually changes on the common waveguide width.
18. device as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that: the refractive index of described covering gradually changes on the common waveguide width.
19. device as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that: the refractive index of described core and covering keeps constant along common waveguide length.
20. the wavelength according to light signal is determined the device of its route, comprising:
Single light path, it transmits a plurality of light signals of distinguishing with its wavelength;
A plurality of light paths, it transmits the signal of different wave length respectively;
The central optical path, it makes the signal relative dispersion of different wave length, the signal of transmission different wave length between described single light path and described a plurality of light path,
It is characterized in that: on the direction of crossing by the described central path direction of propagation, described central optical path shows different propagation constants, makes the signal generation relative dispersion of different wave length.
21. device as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that further comprising convergent component, along the different piece of parallel light path through the guide wavelength signal.
22. device as claimed in claim 21 is characterized in that: the size in described directional light path is different mutually, to show different propagation constants.
23. device as claimed in claim 21 is characterized in that: the refraction quality in described directional light path is different mutually, to show different propagation constants.
24. device as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that: described central optical path is formed planar optical elements, and its thickness changes in the horizontal.
25. device as claimed in claim 24 is characterized in that: described central optical path is to be formed by the core bed of material and the clad material layer that are deposited on the substrate, and the thickness of its core bed of material changes in the horizontal.
26. device as claimed in claim 24 is characterized in that: described central optical path is to be formed by the core bed of material and the clad material layer that are deposited on the substrate, and the thickness of its clad material layer changes in the horizontal.
27. device as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that: the refraction quality in described central optical path changes in the horizontal.
28. device as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that: described central optical path is formed by the core bed of material and clad material layer, and the refractive index of its core bed of material changes in the horizontal.
29. device as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that: described central optical path is formed by the core bed of material and clad material layer, and the refractive index of its clad material changes in the horizontal.
30. device as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that: described central optical path is formed by the core bed of material and clad material layer, and its core bed of material shows that non-step-refraction index distributes, and step-refraction index distributes and increased the poor of propagation constant relatively.
31. device as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that: described central optical path is that the waveguide by the different propagation constants of a plurality of demonstrations forms.
32. device as claimed in claim 31 is characterized in that: the size that records in the direction of propagation of crossing by described central path, described a plurality of waveguides are to change mutually.
33. device as claimed in claim 31 is characterized in that: described a plurality of waveguides are different mutually in refraction qualitatively.
34. a method of the different wave length signal being carried out chromatic dispersion in Wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer comprises the following steps:
The signal that receives a plurality of different wave lengths is as a plurality of wavefront;
Different piece on each light path that shows propagation constant separately before the guide wave;
According to the propagation constant between each light path of its wavelength shift, make described wavefront generation relative tilt.
35. method as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that described guiding step comprises the different piece that transmits described wavefront along a plurality of waveguides.
36. method as claimed in claim 35 is characterized in that described guiding step comprises the different piece that transmits described wavefront along a plurality of parallel waveguides.
37. method as claimed in claim 35 is characterized in that described guiding step comprises the different piece that transmits described wavefront along a plurality of radial waveguides.
38. method as claimed in claim 35 is characterized in that: described change step comprises each size of the waveguide that change records on crossing by described duct propagation direction.
39. method as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that: described guiding step comprises the different piece that transmits wavefront along common waveguide.
40. method as claimed in claim 39 is characterized in that: described guiding step comprises the different piece before the guide wave of directional light path.
41. method as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that: described change step is included in the size that changes described common waveguide on the direction of crossing the direction of propagation by described common waveguide.
42. method as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that: described change step is included in the refraction quality that changes described common waveguide on the direction of crossing the direction of propagation by described common waveguide.
43. method as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that further comprising with the step that shows that core that non-step-refraction index distributes and clad material form each light path, step-refraction index distributes has relatively increased poor between the propagation constant of each light path.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97191573 CN1207178A (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1997-01-06 | Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer with Variable Propagation Constant |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/586,134 | 1996-01-11 | ||
| CN 97191573 CN1207178A (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1997-01-06 | Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer with Variable Propagation Constant |
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| CN1207178A true CN1207178A (en) | 1999-02-03 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108776367A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-09 | 江伟 | A kind of waveguide optical grating array of high density integreted phontonics |
-
1997
- 1997-01-06 CN CN 97191573 patent/CN1207178A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108776367A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-09 | 江伟 | A kind of waveguide optical grating array of high density integreted phontonics |
| CN108776367B (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2021-07-13 | 江伟 | A high-density photonic integrated waveguide grating array |
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