CN120007226A - A magnetic guidance positioning system and method while drilling - Google Patents
A magnetic guidance positioning system and method while drilling Download PDFInfo
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- CN120007226A CN120007226A CN202510136821.6A CN202510136821A CN120007226A CN 120007226 A CN120007226 A CN 120007226A CN 202510136821 A CN202510136821 A CN 202510136821A CN 120007226 A CN120007226 A CN 120007226A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
- E21B47/18—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种随钻磁导向定位系统与方法。所述系统包括地面应用系统和井下仪器；地面应用系统包括流量控制器、压力变送器、前端箱和控制终端；井下仪器包括从下往上依次连接的GWD遥测短节、MGD探测短节、涡轮发电短节和放电总成；控制终端用于通过流量控制器向涡轮发电短节下传指令编码；放电总成用于将涡轮发电短节产生的电流注入地层，MGD探测短节，用于探测电流经过目标体时产生的磁场，得到目标体定位信息；GWD遥测短节，用于将测量的自身定位信息和MGD测量的目标体定位信息，通过钻井液信道转换为脉冲信息；压力变送器，用于将接收到的脉冲信息发送给前端箱解码。该系统能够实现钻井过程中自身和目标体的实时定位。
The present invention discloses a magnetic guidance positioning system and method while drilling. The system includes a ground application system and a downhole instrument; the ground application system includes a flow controller, a pressure transmitter, a front box and a control terminal; the downhole instrument includes a GWD telemetry short section, an MGD detection short section, a turbine generator short section and a discharge assembly connected in sequence from bottom to top; the control terminal is used to transmit instruction codes to the turbine generator short section through the flow controller; the discharge assembly is used to inject the current generated by the turbine generator short section into the formation; the MGD detection short section is used to detect the magnetic field generated when the current passes through the target body to obtain the target body positioning information; the GWD telemetry short section is used to convert the measured self-positioning information and the target body positioning information measured by MGD into pulse information through the drilling fluid channel; the pressure transmitter is used to send the received pulse information to the front box for decoding. The system can realize the real-time positioning of itself and the target body during the drilling process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of measurement while drilling, in particular to a magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling and a magnetic guiding positioning method while drilling.
Background
In order to solve engineering problems such as casing damage/casing breakage of an old well shaft, gas bubbling from a wellhead, complex hidden danger positioning and the like, a new well (drilling) needs to be drilled so as to detect a target well casing or a fish (target body), the target body needs to be positioned in the drilling process of the drilling, a final drilling decision is made according to a positioning result, a well track is adjusted, and finally the target body is gradually drilled.
The existing cable type passive magnetic guiding tool needs to be frequently started and started to drill down in the operation process, gyroscopic orientation and magnetic guiding measurement and correction are carried out, the drilling period is relatively long, and underground complexity is easy to derive.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the prior art cannot meet the engineering requirement of comprehensive treatment of an old well, the invention provides a magnetic guiding positioning system and method while drilling, which can conveniently realize real-time positioning of a self and a target body in the drilling process, in order to solve the problems that the positioning implementation process is complex and real-time positioning cannot be realized when drilling into an underground target well casing or a fish (high-conductivity drilling tool).
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a while-drilling magnetic guiding and positioning system, including a surface application system and a downhole tool for performing magnetic guiding and positioning while drilling;
the ground application system comprises a flow controller, a pressure transmitter, a front end box and a control terminal;
the downhole instrument comprises a GWD telemetry nipple, an MGD detection nipple, a turbine power generation nipple and a discharge assembly which are sequentially connected from bottom to top;
The control terminal is used for downloading instruction codes to the turbine power generation nipple through the flow controller, the discharging assembly is used for injecting current generated by the turbine power generation nipple into a stratum, the MGD detection nipple is used for detecting magnetic field information generated when the current passes through a target body, the magnetic field information is used for obtaining first positioning information of the target body, the GWD telemetry nipple is used for measuring second positioning information of the GWD telemetry nipple, the first positioning information and the second positioning information are converted into pulse information through a drilling fluid channel, and the pressure transmitter is used for transmitting the received pulse information to the front-end box for decoding.
Optionally, the turbine power generation nipple comprises a turbine power generation nipple shell, a turbine generator and a power generation unit;
And the control terminal is used for adjusting the slurry discharge capacity through the flow controller so as to change the rotation parameters of the turbine generator, so that the alternating current parameters generated by the power generation unit are analyzed to obtain instruction codes, and the instruction codes are downloaded.
Optionally, when the drilling fluid flows through the turbine generator through the internal channel of the turbine power generation pup joint shell, the power generation unit is driven to generate power, and the power is supplied to the discharge assembly through a cable.
Optionally, the discharge assembly comprises a discharge electrode, a recovery electrode and a short insulating joint arranged between the discharge electrode and the recovery electrode;
when measurement while drilling is performed, the discharge electrode is used for injecting current generated by the turbine power generation pup joint into stratum, so that part of current returns to the recovery electrode through stratum to form a closed loop;
The MGD detection nipple is used for detecting magnetic field information generated when the current of the closed loop passes through the target body.
Optionally, the insulating nipple arranged between the discharge electrode and the recovery electrode comprises an insulating nipple arranged at the upper end of the discharge electrode and an insulating nipple arranged at the lower end of the recovery electrode, and the two insulating nipples are connected through a wire drill collar;
And the lower end of the discharge electrode and the upper end of the recovery electrode are respectively provided with an insulating nipple.
Optionally, the GWD telemetry nipple comprises a GWD measurement sensor and a GWD nonmagnetic shell;
And the annulus of the GWD nonmagnetic shell is a drilling fluid channel, and the GWD measuring sensor is supported on the inner wall of the GWD nonmagnetic shell through a fixing device.
Optionally, the MGD detection nipple comprises an MGD nonmagnetic shell, an MGD magnetic detection sensor and a power supply battery;
the MGD magnetic detection sensor and the power supply battery are arranged in a cabin of the MGD nonmagnetic shell along the circumferential direction;
The power supply battery is used for supplying power to the MGD magnetic detection sensor and the GWD measurement sensor.
Optionally, the MGD magnetic detection sensor and the power supply battery are sealed by a cover plate;
And the MGD magnetic detection sensor is connected with the internal communication channel of the MGD detection short section through a cable supporting device.
Optionally, the MGD magnetic detection sensor includes an acceleration sensor and at least two triaxial fluxgate sensors installed along the axial direction;
The distance between two adjacent three-axis fluxgate sensors is a specified distance.
Optionally, the downhole instrument further includes a DSP unit, configured to determine, based on the received magnetic field information detected by the MGD detection nipple, first positioning information of the target body according to the following formula:
Wherein r is the nearest distance, θ is the horizontal direction, phi is high Bian Fangwei, u 0 is vacuum magnetic permeability, I is the concentrated current on the target body, H x、Hy and H z are the magnetic field signal amplitude components in the X, Y and Z axis directions respectively, and G x and G y are the acceleration components in the X and Y axis directions respectively.
Optionally, a first interface for connecting with a drill rod is arranged at the top end of the discharging assembly;
The bottom of GWD telemetering nipple joint is provided with the second interface that is used for being connected with the screw rod drilling tool.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for positioning while drilling magnetic guidance, including:
In the drilling process of the drilling well, the positioning information of the system and the target body is acquired by utilizing the magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that at least:
(1) The system for positioning the magnetic guide while drilling provided by the embodiment of the invention can realize downloading of ground information in a cable-free state by downloading instruction codes to the turbine power generation pup joint through the flow controller, and can realize uploading of underground information in the cable-free state by converting positioning information into pulse information through a drilling fluid channel and transmitting the received pulse information to a front-end box for decoding by the pressure transmitter. Compared with the operation flow of a cable type passive magnetic guiding tool, the magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling provided by the embodiment of the invention does not need to drill down for multiple times to realize positioning, so that the operation time can be effectively reduced, the engineering time is improved, and the underground complex occurrence probability is reduced.
(2) The magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling provided by the embodiment of the invention can stop drilling for many times at any time to perform positioning operation in the drilling process, has large magnetic detection data quantity, and can retest passing potential at any time to effectively improve positioning accuracy.
(3) The while-drilling magnetic guiding positioning system provided by the embodiment of the invention can be used in more scenes when working in a while-drilling mode, and the working field and range are enlarged.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims thereof as well as the appended drawings.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through the drawings and the embodiments.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate the invention and together with the embodiments of the invention, serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for positioning while drilling magnetic guidance according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a downhole tool according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a GWD telemetry sub according to a first embodiment of the invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of an MGD probe sub according to the first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the overall structure of a turbine power generation sub according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram of a method for positioning while drilling magnetic guide in a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram of another method for positioning while drilling magnetic guide in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a process flow diagram of a magnetic while drilling guide positioning method according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In addition, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the ranges is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or stated range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
In the description of the present invention, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms, meaning including, but not limited to.
The embodiment of the invention provides a system and a method for positioning while-drilling magnetic guide, which can realize convenient and real-time positioning of a target body and a self in the drilling process.
Example 1
The first embodiment of the invention provides a magnetic guiding and positioning system while drilling, which comprises a ground application system and a downhole instrument for magnetic guiding and positioning while drilling. Referring to fig. 1, which is a schematic structural diagram of a while-drilling magnetic guiding positioning system, fig. 2-5 are schematic structural diagrams of a downhole tool and its respective units of the positioning system.
To detect a target well casing or fish (high conductivity), a new well is drilled (hereinafter referred to as "drilling") near or into the target. In drilling, the downhole instrument of the while-drilling magnetic guiding positioning system provided by the embodiment is combined with a ground application system in the drilling process, so that the detection and positioning of a target body are realized.
The target in fig. 1 is exemplified by target well casing a. Further, the data shown in fig. 1 is only one example and is not intended to be limiting.
Surface application system includes flow controller 11, pressure transmitter 12, head end tank 13, and control terminal 14.
The downhole instrument comprises a GWD telemetry sub 21, an MGD detection sub 22, a turbine power generation sub 23 and a discharge assembly 24 which are sequentially connected from bottom to top.
The top end of the discharge assembly 24 is provided with a first interface for connection with the drill pipe B, and the bottom end of the GWD telemetry sub is provided with a second interface for connection with the screw drilling tool C. The lower end of the screw drilling tool C is connected with a drill bit D, and a proper drill bit can be selected according to stratum needs.
In addition, in order to reduce the measurement zero length of the magnetic detection while drilling, a short screw drilling tool is selected, namely, on the premise of meeting the drilling engineering requirement, the shorter the screw drilling tool is, the better the screw drilling tool is, the shorter the screw drilling tool is, and the higher the positioning precision is.
The downhole tool is lowered into the formation through the drill pipe.
And the control terminal 14 is used for downloading instruction codes to the turbine power generation pup joint 23 through the flow controller 11.
Specifically, the turbine power generation nipple 23 includes a turbine power generation nipple housing 231, a turbine generator 232, and a power generation unit 233. The control terminal 14 adjusts the mud displacement within a certain range by controlling the flow controller 11 to change the rotation parameters (including the rotation speed, the rotation direction, the rotation frequency and other parameters) of the turbine generator 232 of the turbine power generation nipple 23, so that the alternating current parameter generated by the power generation unit 233 analyzes and acquires the command code, and the command code is downloaded.
The discharging assembly 24 is used for injecting current generated by the turbine power generation nipple 23 into the stratum, and the MGD detects the nipple 22 and is used for detecting magnetic field information generated when the current passes through the target body and obtaining first positioning information of the target body.
The GWD telemetry sub 21 is used for measuring second positioning information of the GWD telemetry sub, converting the first positioning information and the second positioning information into pulse information through a drilling fluid channel, and the pressure transmitter 12 is used for transmitting the received pulse information to the front-end box 13 for decoding.
The while-drilling magnetic guiding positioning system provided by the embodiment realizes the downloading of ground information in a cable-free state by downloading command codes to the turbine power generation pup joint through the flow controller, converts positioning information into pulse information through a drilling fluid channel, and transmits the received pulse information to the front-end box for decoding by the pressure transmitter, thereby realizing the uploading of downhole information in the cable-free state. Compared with the operation flow of a cable type passive magnetic guiding tool, the magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling provided by the embodiment of the invention does not need to drill down for multiple times to realize positioning, so that the operation time can be effectively reduced, the engineering time is improved, and the underground complex occurrence probability is reduced.
The magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling provided by the embodiment can stop drilling for many times at any time to perform positioning operation in the drilling process, has large magnetic detection data quantity, can retest passing electric potential at any time, and effectively improves positioning accuracy.
The while-drilling magnetic guiding and positioning system provided by the embodiment works in a while-drilling mode, so that the passive magnetic guiding and positioning system can be applied to more scenes, and the working field and range are enlarged.
The units of the downhole tool are described as follows:
1. Turbine power generation nipple
The turbine power generation nipple 23 includes a turbine power generation nipple housing 231, a turbine generator 232, and a power generation unit 233.
When the drilling fluid flows through the turbine generator 232 through the internal passage of the turbine power generation nipple housing 231, the power generation unit 233 is driven to generate power, and the discharge assembly 24 is powered through the cable.
2. Discharging assembly
The discharge assembly 24 includes a discharge electrode 241, a recovery electrode 242, and a gap nipple 243 disposed therebetween for isolating current. The gap sub 243 prevents current from flowing directly from the discharge electrode 241 to the recovery electrode 242.
During measurement while drilling, the discharge electrode 241 injects current generated by the turbine power generation nipple 23 into the stratum, part of the current returns to the recovery electrode 242 through the stratum to form a closed loop, and part of the current is diffused to the ground to be attenuated.
The MGD probing nipple 22 is configured to probe magnetic field information generated when a current of the closed loop passes through the target a, and the magnetic field information is configured to obtain first positioning information of the target.
Further, the insulating nipple 243 arranged between the discharge electrode 241 and the recovery electrode 242 comprises an insulating nipple arranged at the upper end of the discharge electrode and an insulating nipple arranged at the lower end of the recovery electrode, and the two insulating nipples are connected through a wire drill collar 244.
Further, insulating pups 243 are provided at the lower end of the discharge electrode 241 and the upper end of the recovery electrode 242, respectively.
3. GWD telemetering short section
The GWD telemetry sub 21 includes a GWD measurement sensor 211 and a GWD nonmagnetic housing 212.
The annulus of the GWD nonmagnetic housing 212 is a drilling fluid channel 213, and the GWD measurement sensor 211 is supported on the inner wall of the GWD nonmagnetic housing 212 by a fixing device 214.
4. MGD detects nipple joint
The MGD probing nipple 22 comprises an MGD nonmagnetic casing 221, an MGD magnetic probing sensor 222, and a power supply battery 223.
The MGD magnetic detection sensor 222 and the power supply battery 223 are both arranged in the cabin of the MGD nonmagnetic casing 221 in the circumferential direction.
A power supply battery 223 for supplying power to the MGD magnetic detection sensor 222 and the GWD measurement sensor 211.
Further, both the MGD magnetic detection sensor 222 and the power supply battery 223 are sealed with a cover plate 224.
The MGD magnetic detection sensor 222 is coupled to the MGD detection nipple internal communication channel 226 by a cable support means 225.
MGD magnetic detection sensor 222 includes an acceleration sensor and at least two axially mounted three-axis fluxgate sensors.
The distance between two adjacent three-axis fluxgate sensors is a specified distance. The specified distance may be 2-3 cm.
Further, the downhole instrument further comprises a DSP unit, configured to determine first positioning information of the target body based on the received magnetic field information detected by the MGD detection nipple according to the following formula:
Wherein r is the nearest distance, θ is the horizontal direction, phi is high Bian Fangwei, u 0 is vacuum magnetic permeability, I is the concentrated current on the target body, H x、Hy and H z are the magnetic field signal amplitude components in the X, Y and Z axis directions respectively, and G x and G y are the acceleration components in the X and Y axis directions respectively.
Example two
The second embodiment of the invention provides a magnetic guiding positioning method while drilling, comprising the following steps:
In the drilling process of the drilling well, the magnetic guiding positioning system while drilling is utilized to acquire positioning information of the system and a target body.
In drilling, the downhole instrument of the system measures and positions a target well (taking a target body as a target well casing as an example) in the following process during drilling along with a drilling tool assembly. Referring to fig. 6-8, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Ground instruction downloading
When an operation engineer decides to perform positioning measurement, drilling is stopped, drilling fluid circulation is kept, a control terminal controls a flow controller to adjust slurry discharge in a certain range, rotation parameters of a turbine generator of a turbine power generation nipple are changed in real time, the frequency of underground three-phase alternating current generated by a power generation unit is changed correspondingly, command codes are acquired by analyzing the frequency change of underground three-phase alternating current, and discharge excitation command downloading is realized.
(2) In response to ground command, high-voltage pulse current is emitted
After the turbine power generation nipple of the downhole instrument detects the excitation instruction, a pulse sequence with corresponding frequency (the frequency range is 1Hz-3 MHz) is generated (in the embodiment, triangular waves, square waves or sine waves can be considered), the control power supply generates excitation with corresponding waveforms, high-voltage pulse current is injected into the stratum through the discharge electrode of the discharge assembly, and the current forms a closed loop with the recovery electrode by taking drilling fluid and the stratum as main media.
(3) Current is conducted along the target well casing
When the system drills gradually and approaches the target well, because the conductivity of the target well casing is good, current will be conducted along the casing to the upper end or lower end, as shown in fig. 1, with consequent generation of an alternating magnetic field, and the magnetic field change can be detected by 2 high-precision three-axis fluxgate sensors with specified intervals at a specified distance along the axial direction installed on the MGD detection nipple (in this embodiment, two high-precision three-axis fluxgate sensors are provided, three-axis fluxgate sensor 1 and three-axis fluxgate sensor 2, with intervals of 2-3 cm). Magnetic fields may be generated in both the upward and downward directions, and only the magnetic field generated in the downward direction is detected in fig. 1. The underground magnetic guiding main control circuit is used for supplying power to the underground fluxgate signal acquisition and signal processing circuit simultaneously, and acquiring and processing information such as azimuth angle, distance and the like induced on the measured target body.
(4) Inversion calculation of magnetic measurement data by underground DSP
The MGD probe sub continuously measures for a period of time (in this embodiment, 40-60 s may be considered), and the acquired fluxgate and acceleration data are transmitted to the downhole DSP, where a resolving algorithm is run to obtain the positioning parameters (mainly distance and angle) of the target.
The resolving algorithm comprises a signal filtering extraction part, a coordinate conversion part and a position calculation part.
Specifically, the position calculation algorithm includes calculating the closest distance r, the horizontal azimuth θ, and the high-side azimuth Φ using the above formulas.
(5) Uploading the data processing result to the ground application system
The MGD detection nipple responds to the magnetic field change detected by the magnetic detection sensor, and the MGD detection nipple is inverted in real time through a model algorithm after being processed, and the positioning parameters of the target body are calculated and obtained and combined with the self positioning parameters measured by the GWD telemetry nipple. And the information uploading system in the GWD telemetry sub uploads all data to the pressure transmitter through a drilling fluid channel. Specifically, through the regulation and control of drilling fluid flow passage area, drilling fluid pressure wave pulse is generated, information is uploaded to a pressure transmitter, and then the information is decoded through a ground front end box and then sent to a computer and a ground software platform.
The working modes of uploading data from underground to ground are divided into three types, namely a directional mode under the environment without magnetic interference, a directional mode under the environment with magnetic interference and a magnetic measurement mode based on a ground BPA downloading discharge command.
And under the environment without magnetic interference, measuring under the condition of stopping the pump and drilling, uploading data when the vibration switch detects that the pump is started, measuring and uploading parameters including well inclination, magnetic azimuth angle, magnetic/gravity tool face angle, total magnetic field and total force field by a fluxgate and an accelerometer probe, wherein the data are shown in the figure 6.
Under the magnetic interference environment, the measurement is carried out under the condition of stopping the pump and drilling, the vibration switch detects that the data is uploaded when the pump is started, and the logging-while-drilling gyroscope and the accelerometer probe tube measure and upload parameters, namely well deviation, true north azimuth angle, gravity tool face angle/north high-side angle, earth rotation horizontal component and total weight force field, as shown in figure 7.
Under the working conditions of pump on but no drilling, the ground BPA device starts to download the discharge command. After the underground main control decodes the downloading instruction, the discharging sequence is controlled to generate, and the magnetic measuring sensor and the signal processing circuit board start measuring and resolving the azimuth and distance information of the underground measured object. After the ground transmits the discharge instruction, the information uploaded through GYRO MWD includes the north azimuth angle, the high-side azimuth angle, the distance, the total magnetic quantity, the magnetic dip angle, the magnetic field intensity induced on the measured object and the number of the discharge instruction transmitted, and the number is shown in figure 8.
(6) Ground comprehensive analysis
The ground application system sends the positioning information to a ground processing software platform, so that the positioning information is combined with borehole track parameters such as magnetic measurement data inversion calculation results, well deviation, azimuth, tool face and the like according to the positioning information and the positioning results, a final drilling decision is made, the borehole track is adjusted, and finally the shaft where the target body is located is gradually drilled.
It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes disclosed are examples of exemplary approaches. Based on design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
In the foregoing detailed description, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the subject matter require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, invention lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of this invention.
The foregoing description includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments described herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, as used in the specification or claims, the term "comprising" is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising," as interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, any use of the term "or" in the specification of the claims is intended to mean "non-exclusive or". The terms "first," "second," and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
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