CN111887375B - 原儿茶酸在拮抗饲料伏马毒素中的应用 - Google Patents
原儿茶酸在拮抗饲料伏马毒素中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111887375B CN111887375B CN202010759749.XA CN202010759749A CN111887375B CN 111887375 B CN111887375 B CN 111887375B CN 202010759749 A CN202010759749 A CN 202010759749A CN 111887375 B CN111887375 B CN 111887375B
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Abstract
本发明提供了原儿茶酸(3,4二羟基苯甲酸)在拮抗伏马毒素中的新用途,将原儿茶酸作为伏马毒素B1的拮抗剂,能抵抗饲料中主要霉菌毒素伏马毒素B1的活性,能有效抑制伏马毒素B1引起的畜禽疾病、从而大大降低畜禽的发病率和死淘率,有效提高畜禽的成活率和生产性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及原儿茶酸的新用途,具体涉及原儿茶酸在拮抗饲料中伏马毒素中的应用。
背景技术
原儿茶酸(Protocatechuic acid,PCA),化学名称3,4-二羟基苯甲酸,结构如式I所示,CAS登记号为99-50-3,分子式为(HO)2C6H3COOH,分子量:154.12。
该化合物性质为白色至褐色结晶性粉末,在空气中变色。密度1.54g/cm3。熔点约200℃(分解)。溶于50份水中;溶于乙醇、乙醚。
原儿茶酸存在于红梅、鳞始蕨科植物乌蕨和冬青科植物的叶中。原儿茶酸针对不同的分子靶点具有多种多样的生物活性,具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗高血糖以及神经保护的作用。此外,原儿茶酸具有潜在的化学防护的作用,它能够抗肿瘤和神经保护作用。目前,原儿茶酸主要应用在抗病毒药物上。然而,至今未见其在防治致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌和拮抗霉菌伏马毒素的应用。
近年来随着畜禽养殖业的快速发展,饲料源性疾病的危害也日益突出,对人类健康也造成严重的威胁。饲料发霉产生的伏马毒素等对畜禽危害尤为严重,严重制约了畜禽养殖业的健康发展。
伏马毒素对畜禽养殖业的危害:伏马毒素(Fumonisin FB)是一种霉菌毒素,是由串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)产生的水溶性代谢产物,是一类由不同的多氢醇和丙三羧酸组成的结构类似的双酯化合物。主要污染粮食及其制品,并对某些家畜产生急性毒性及潜在的致癌性,已成为继黄曲霉毒素之后的又一研究热点。2017年10月27日,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的致癌物清单初步整理参考,伏马毒素B1、串珠镰刀菌及其产生的毒素(伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2和镰刀菌素C)在2B类致癌物清单中。伏马毒素主要是由串珠镰刀菌菌f.moniliforme和f.proliferatum在一定温度和湿度条件下繁殖所产生的次级代谢产物。直到1988年,Geideblomd等首次从霉变的玉米中分离出伏马毒素(fumonisins)B1(FB1)。粮食在加工、贮存、运输过程中易受上述两种真菌污染,特别是当温度适宜时,更利于其生长繁殖,从而产生出一类结构性质相似的毒素,其中含有伏马毒素B1、B2和B3,60%以上为伏马毒素B1(FB1),其毒性也最强。因此,伏马毒素可以通过粮食加工、饲料生产等过程对畜牧业乃至人类健康产生较严重的危害。伏马毒素B1是二氢神经鞘氨醇N-酰基转移酶的抑制剂,该酶是一个长碳链的氨基二醇,其致病机理是伏马毒素与神经鞘氨醇(Sphingosine,So)和二氢神经鞘氨醇(Shpinganine,Sa)的结构十分类似,神经鞘脂类在发生代谢时,伏马毒素会与神经鞘氨醇竞争结合神经鞘氨醇N-2酰基转移酶,这就在很大程度上抑制了神经鞘氨醇的生物合成过程,严重阻碍了鞘脂类代谢。神经鞘脂类作为真核生物细胞膜的一种重要组成成分,在细胞的生长分化过程中起到至关重要的作用,一旦这个代谢过程受到破坏,引发机体出现一系列生理指标的变化。血液、尿液和组织中二氢神经鞘氨醇/神经鞘氨醇(Sa/So)比值的变化是评价伏马毒素B1暴露的重要生物指标,当Sa/So比值升高,会引发人和动物一系列的急性和慢性疾病。特别是当马长期摄入伏马毒素后,会导致马患上大脑白质软化症(Equineleukoencephalomlacia,ELEM),这是一种典型的神经毒性病症,故因而得名伏马毒素。伏马毒素的毒性包括免疫系统毒性、神经毒性、肝肾毒性、肺毒性、生殖毒性以及致癌性等方面,影响动物品种覆盖马、猪、牛、兔、小鼠和禽类等。伏马毒素对家畜的影响表现为采食量下降、生长发育不良、肝组织损伤和慢性肝功能障碍、急性肺水肿、淋巴胚细胞的生殖受损和免疫抑制。对家禽的影响表现为采食量下降、急性肺水肿、肝功能障碍和免疫抑制。
对家禽养殖业的危害:连续一周给蛋鸡翅静脉注射0.5mg/kg的FB1后,产蛋率由98%降到了79%,蛋鸡采食量和蛋重均有一定程度下降,软破壳蛋率上升了3%。劣质原料常常含有高浓度伏马毒素,蛋鸡食用中毒后,会出现拉稀,排黑色黏性粪便,采食量下降,体重减轻。吸收后对巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞有毒性作用,降低免疫细胞活性,对鸡群健康造成重大危害。伏马毒素B1对鸡胚的毒性作用表现主要在肺脏毒性、胃溃疡和发育不良等方面。鸡胚注射一定剂量的伏马毒素B1,可显著造成鸡胚发育不良,形成死胚、弱胚,导致孵化率下降,即使孵化出的雏鸡体重也会比正常雏鸡轻。Javed等将1、10和100μmol/mL的伏马毒素B1分别接种10日龄鸡胚,发现鸡胚出现不同程度的死亡率。剖检发现现肝脏、肾脏、心脏、肺、肌肉、骨骼、肠、和脑均出现了不同程度的病变,这提示伏马毒素对鸡胚有很强的致病性和一定的致死性。Henry等测定了伏马毒素B1对鸡胚的半数致死量(ELD50)为18.73ug/枚,发现死胚的头,颈和胸部严重出血。
2.2对家畜养殖业的危害:伏马毒素B1(FB1)引起猪肺水肿。美国和南非科学家研究表明,每天伏马毒素的摄取量0.4mg/kg体重以上可引起猪肺水肿和猪生殖系统的紊乱。Gumprech等用含有FB1的培养物按20μg/(kg.bw.d)量饲喂猪,结果发现FB1首先引起所有组织中神经鞘氨醇(Sphingosine,So)和二氢神经鞘氨醇(Shpinganine,Sa)含量升高以及肝脏损伤,继而肺小泡内皮组织损害,5天内全部死亡。猪饲喂含10mg/kg体重的FB1的发霉饲料三个月,导致肺、脑、小脑和肾脏中毛细血管渗透性增加。Cortinovis发现FB1会抑制猪颗粒细胞增殖,促进孕酮的生成,对母猪的生产具有潜在毒性。高浓度的FB1会影响公猪的精液产生与繁殖性能,由此可见FB1对公猪也有一定的毒性作用。Gbore连续6个月给猪饲喂含15.0mg/kg体重FB1饲料,猪最终出现脾脏严重萎缩,淋巴细胞受损。Taranu等发现FB1会降低在疫苗接种期间疫苗特异性抗体反应,影响疫苗的抗体效价。将不同浓度的伏马毒素连续饲喂35日龄小兔196天,随着浓度的增大,肾脏、肝脏和脾脏的损伤加重,饲喂含FB131.5mg/kg的饲料即可引起兔的急性中毒。伏马毒素还可以引起马脑白质软化综合征,是一种马的神经失调疾病。根据1988年南非科学家研究结果,每天以0.125mg/kg体重的量给马进行皮下注射FB1,大约7天左右马出现发疯,发狂,冲撞栏杆而死。解剖发现马的大脑白质出现软化病变。1991年南非研究人员对小鼠进行了毒理试验,试验结果表明50mg/kg体重量饲喂小鼠伏马毒素18-26个月后发现小鼠肝脏肿瘤患病率急剧上升,这是首次发现伏马毒素引发肝癌的证据。
对人类食品安全的危害:霉菌毒素及其代谢产物影响动物机体生产性能的同时,还会残留到肉、蛋、奶等产品中,从而进入人类食物链,导致人霉菌毒素中毒,危害人类健康。奶牛饲喂含一定量的伏马毒素日粮后,破坏奶牛肝脏的正常生理功能,引起牛奶中毒素含量升高,牛奶品质下降,产量降低,牛奶中乳脂降低。本实验室收集并检测了全国多个省份的肌肉和鸡蛋样本,检测其中伏马毒素含量,发现鸡蛋残留量最高可达2879μg/kg,肌肉组织中残留含量到达605μg/kg,如此严重的残留情况,长期摄入会极大危害身体健康。花生是人们较为喜爱的食品,朱臻怡检测发现花生及其制品中残留包括伏马毒素在内的多种霉菌毒素,这对人类食品健康构成了严重威胁。杨美华(基金项目2009zx09502-025)检测明显霉变中药材中伏马毒素的阳性率达60%,污染水平为82.4~2349μg/kg。
伏马毒素脱毒技术研究进展:伏马毒素主要存在于粮食作物及其粮食制品中,玉米污染最为常见。粮食作物因保存不当导致霉变,滋生串珠镰刀菌后就会产生大量伏马毒素,这是其主要来源。它的含量也受许多环境因素的影响:温度、湿度、干旱情况和贮存条件等都会导致伏马毒素含量变化。随着现代社会人们越来越注重食品安全,采用了大量方法尝试降低和消除伏马毒素含量和毒性,并且取得了一定程度的效果。主要分为物理法、化学法和生物脱毒法。生物脱毒法包括:微生物降解法、酶降解法。在此类方法中细菌降解法和酶降解法被证明是非常有效的。这种脱毒办法是利用某些特殊的微生物可以吸收毒素,然后代谢为无毒物质,最后将其作为营养源自身吸收利用的生物学特性,来达到降解、转化伏马毒素的目的。Benedetti使用土壤富集培养法,在土壤中得到了一株丛毛单胞菌,研究发现该菌株在摄入FB1后,降解毒素,吸收利用其中所含的碳和氮元素来补充自身所需。Duvick等分离并发现两种黑酵母真菌Exophiala spinifera和Rhinocladiellaatrovirens可以将FB1作为唯一的碳源来降解消耗它。酶降解法是从筛选出的降解效率高的细菌中找到能降解FB1的基因片段,通过基因工程手段大量表达该段基因获得大量有效解毒物质。Ahrar Khan尝试利用啤酒酵母来拮抗赭曲霉毒素和黄曲霉毒素对鸡的毒性作用,结果显示同时给鸡饲喂发霉饲料和酵母,与饲喂发霉饲料组相比,可以有效降低霉菌毒素对鸡造成的毒性作用。
综上所述,伏马毒素是目前威胁畜禽养殖业继而人类食品安全的重要危害因素之一,所以如何从饲料源头解决危害降低对养殖业和人类造成的危害损失是当今养殖市场迫在眉睫的难题。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供原儿茶酸在拮抗饲料中伏马毒素FB1中的新用途。
本发明研究发现原儿茶酸具有针对伏马毒素FB1的拮抗作用,体外实验证明,饲料中添加剂量为50克/吨饲料,作用时间2小时,温度25-28℃,可以有效拮抗饲料中污染的伏马毒素FB1,拮抗率达到92.4%以上。体内实验亦表明,原儿茶酸有效抑制伏马毒素FB1引起的畜禽疾病、从而大大降低畜禽的发病率和死淘率。
据此,本发明的技术方案如下:
原儿茶酸在制备伏马毒素拮抗剂、拮抗伏马毒素饲料添加剂、拮抗伏马毒素饲料或脱霉剂中的应用。具体地,所述伏马毒素为伏马毒素FB1。
进一步,本发明提供一种伏马毒素拮抗剂,其含有原儿茶酸。
进一步,本发明提供一种拮抗伏马毒素饲料添加剂,其含有原儿茶酸。
进一步,本发明提供一种拮抗伏马毒素饲料,其含有原儿茶酸。
进一步,本发明提供一种脱霉剂,其含有原儿茶酸。
在饲料中添加原儿茶酸,所述每吨饲料含有1~1000g原儿茶酸,优选所述每吨饲料含有10~100g原儿茶酸,更优选所述每吨饲料含有50g原儿茶酸。
进一步,本发明提供一种饲料处理方法,其使用原儿茶酸作为拮抗剂拮抗饲料中的伏马毒素。
优选地,向饲料中添加有效量的原儿茶酸,作用时间1-3小时,温度25-28℃。每吨饲料可添加1~1000g原儿茶酸,优选所述每吨饲料添加10~100g原儿茶酸,更优选所述每吨饲料添加50g原儿茶酸。这里的优选添加量是考虑到饲料中可能霉变产生的伏马毒素的多少,霉变较少则可以添加较少的原儿茶酸,霉变较多则添加较多的原儿茶酸。但通常来说50g每吨的添加量是比较适宜的一个量。
本发明具有以下有益效果:
本发明将原儿茶酸作为伏马毒素FB1的拮抗剂,能抵抗饲料中主要霉菌毒素伏马毒素FB1的活性,能有效抑制伏马毒素FB1引起的畜禽疾病、从而大大降低畜禽的发病率和死淘率,有效提高畜禽的成活率和生产性能。
具体实施方式
以下实施例进一步说明本发明的内容,但不应该理解为对本发明的限制,对本发明方法、步骤或者条件的修改或者替换,均属于本发明的范围。
实施例1原儿茶酸在拮抗伏马毒素中应用
1试验材料
1.1试验试剂
伏马毒素FB1标准品(>98%)和FB1单克隆抗体(效价1:210,OD450=1),购买自山东绿都生物科技有限公司。
原儿茶酸(HPLC>98%),购买自梯希爱化成工业发展有限公司
伏马毒素FB1检测试剂盒,购自北京勤邦生物技术有限公司。
水溶性水飞蓟素,含水飞蓟宾95%,购自盘锦天源药业有限公司。
2方法
2.1伏马毒素体外拮抗方案
2.1.1原儿茶酸在不同温度和时间条件下对伏马毒素FB1的脱毒试验
在1mL 1ppm伏马毒素FB1溶液中加入100μL 0.1M原儿茶酸溶液混合后FB1浓度为0.91ppm),在22~25℃、25~28℃和28~32℃分别作用0.5h、1h和2h后,冷却至室温,测定毒素残留含量。
2.1.2伏马毒素FB1单克隆抗体在不同温度和时间条件下对伏马毒素的拮抗试验
1mL 1ppm的FB1溶液中加入100μL三个稀释度(1:1000、1:2000、1:4000)的伏马毒素FB1单抗溶液,(混合后FB1浓度为0.91ppm),在22~25℃和25~28℃分别作用0.5h后,冷却至室温,测定毒素含量。
在1mL 1ppm FB1溶液中各加入100μL三个稀释度的抗体溶液(1:1000、1:2000、1:4000),(混合后FB1浓度为0.91ppm)三种溶液在22~25℃和25~28℃分别作用1h后,冷却至室温,测定毒素残留含量。
在1mL 1ppm FB1溶液中各加入100μL三个稀释度抗体溶液(混合后FB1浓度为0.91ppm)(1:1000、1:2000、1:4000),在22~25℃和25~28℃分别作用2h后,冷却至室温,测定毒素残留含量。
配制0.91ppm的伏马毒素,不加伏马毒素单抗在25℃和37℃条件在放置0.5h、1h和2h,后冷却至室温,测定毒素残留含量。
2.1.3水飞蓟素在不同温度和时间条件下对伏马毒素FB1的拮抗试验在1mL 1ppm伏马毒素FB1溶液中加入100μL 0.1M水飞蓟素溶液混合后FB1浓度为0.91ppm),在22~25℃、25~28℃和28~32℃分别作用0.5h、1h和2h后,冷却至室温,测定毒素残留含量。
2.2测定残留毒素采用ELISA检测方法,此种方法成本低,检测结果快并且较为准确,操作步骤参考试剂盒说明书,根据竞争ELISA方法原理来测定伏马毒素FB1残留含量,步骤及使用方法如下
2.3 ELISA试剂盒检测
操作步骤如下:
(1)吸取50μL样品、标准品到相应的孔中。
(2)将抗体工作液和酶标抗体浓缩液按10:1的体积比例混合。
(3)50μL抗体工作液和酶标抗体浓缩液的混合液加入到每个微孔中,轻微震荡摇匀微孔板。
(4)用盖板膜盖板后置25℃避光反应20分钟。
(5)倒掉微孔中液体,用洗涤工作液洗板五次。
(6)最后一次清洗完后,倒掉孔中液体,然后翻转微孔板在吸水纸中拍干。
(7)每孔中加入底物液A液50μL/孔,再加入底物液B液50μL/孔,轻轻震荡混匀
(8)用盖板膜盖板,置25℃避光反应10分钟。
(9)每孔中加入50μL/孔终止液。
(10)将96微孔板放入酶标仪中,在450nm读取吸光值。
结果判定:
(1)百分吸光率的计算,以标准或样本的百分吸光率等于标准品或样本的平均吸光度值(双孔)除以第一个标准品(0标准品)的平均吸光度值,再乘以100%,即百分吸光率。
B-标准品或样本溶液的平均吸光光度值
B0-0ppb标准溶液的平均吸光度值
(2)标准曲线的绘制与计算以标准品百分吸光率为纵坐标,以伏马毒素标准品浓度(ppb)的对数为横坐标,绘制标准曲线图。将样本的百分吸光率代入标准曲线中,从标准曲线线上读出样本多对应的浓度。
最佳反应条件结果的验证HPLC方法检测,用ELISA试剂盒检测得出的最佳反应条件的样本。
3结果
3.1温度和作用时间对伏马毒素FB1的拮抗试验
伏马毒素在22-25℃,25~28℃和28~32℃三个不同温度下孵育0.5h,1h和2h后,温度的升高和时间的延长对伏马毒素的影响不明显,并未导致伏马毒素浓度明显变化,毒素降解率均为达到1%。在25~28℃孵育2h后的毒素降解率为0.7%与22~25℃时的0.3%,和28~32℃时的0.2%,差异显著(P<0.05),但25~28℃温度下3个不同。
表1作用温度和时间对伏马毒素的拮抗效果
注:ab-ba-bc-bd-cbP>0.05,ab-ac,ab-adP<0.05;ac-bd,ad-bd,bd-ca,bd-cdP<0.05
3.2原儿茶酸在不同温度和时间条件下对伏马毒素拮抗试验
原儿茶酸在25~28℃作用2h,伏马毒素浓度最低降到69ppb,降解率为92.4%。
表2原儿茶酸对伏马毒素的拮抗效果
注:bd-ad,bd-cdP<0.01,ac-ad-bd-cb-cdP>0.05,bd-ab,bd-ca,bd-cbP<0.01,bd-bc,bd-baP<0.05
3.3伏马毒素单克隆抗体在不同温度和时间条件下对伏马毒素的拮抗试验
浓度为1:1000FB1单抗在22~25℃和25~28℃温度条件下作用,伏马毒素残留浓度随着作用时间的延长而有所下降。25~28℃作用2h条件下,伏马毒素浓度最低达到0.789ppm,降解率为13.3%。
表3 FB1单抗(1:1000浓度)不同温度不同时间条件下拮抗效果
注:ad-bd,ad-bc,ad-abP<0.05,ab-ac-bd-bcP>0.05
FB1单抗浓度1:2000时,22~25℃和25~28℃温度作用条件下作用,0.5h、1h和2h对伏马毒素FB1有比较明显的脱毒效果,单抗的脱毒效果,在25~28℃随着作用时间的延长而脱毒效果增加,差异显著(P<0.05),2h时脱毒率达到25.3%;22-25℃条件下伏马毒素单抗对FB1的脱毒效果在1h时最好达到20.3%,但2h时脱毒率下降到18.4%,与25~28℃的脱毒效果差异极显著(P<0.01)。
表4FB1单抗(1:2000浓度)不同温度不同时间条件下拮抗效果
注:ad-bd,ad-ba,ad-abP<0.01,ab-bd,ab-bc,P>0.05,ad-ac,ad-bc,P<0.05
当FB1单抗浓度1:4000时,22~25℃和25~28℃温度作用条件下作用,0.5h、1h和2h时随着作用时间的延长而毒素的拮抗效果增强。25~28℃温度条件下与22~25℃温度条件下对应时间点,相同时间点其拮抗率差异显著(P<0.05)。
表5FB1单抗(1:4000浓度)不同温度不同时间条件下拮抗效果
注:ad-acP<0.01,ab-bc-bd,ac-adP>0.05,ab-bc,ac-bc,ad-bdP<0.05
3.4水飞蓟素对伏马毒素的拮抗效果
水飞蓟素在25~28℃作用2h,伏马毒素浓度最低降到0.801ppm,降解率为12.0%,与22~25℃和28~32℃的脱毒效果差异极显著(P<0.01)。
表6水飞蓟素对伏马毒素的脱毒效果
注:bd-ad,bd-ac,bd-ca,bd-cbP<0.01,ab-ba,ac-cb,ad-cdP>0.05,ba-bc,bc-bdP<0.05
3.4 HPLC方法复核最佳反应条件样本
HPLC检测的结果和用ELISA试剂盒检测得到结论一致,拮抗效率顺序:原儿茶酸(0.1M,25~28℃,2h)>单克隆抗体(1:2000,25~28℃,2h)>水飞蓟素(0.1M,25~28℃,2h)。测定原儿茶酸、FB1抗体和水飞蓟组其伏马毒素的降解率分别为92.4%,25.3%和12.0%,结果见表7所示,这提示原儿茶酸体外拮抗效率最好。
表7HPLC法验证最佳脱毒条件测定结果
注:同一列中,a-b,a-cP<0.01,b-cP<0.05
4.结论
经过体外试验比较原儿茶酸,水飞蓟素和伏马毒素单克隆抗体对伏马毒素FB1的脱毒效果,结果发现原儿茶酸对伏马毒素FB1的脱毒效果相比FB1单抗和水飞蓟素极显著,脱毒率达到83.4%~92.4%。
实施例2原儿茶酸拮抗饲料中伏马毒素中应用
试验目的:通过建立鸡胚FB1毒素模型,确定伏马毒素FB1的LD50和观察靶器官;进一步依据FB1鸡胚模型比较原儿茶酸、伏马毒素FB1单克隆抗体、水飞蓟素对FB1的脱毒效果。试验以鸡胚死亡率、肺脏和胃肠道病理变化及其毒素残留为指标,评价原儿茶酸的脱毒效果。
1.试剂和材料
1.1试剂
伏马毒素B1标准品(>98%)和FB1单克隆抗体(效价1:210,OD450=1),购买自山东绿都生物科技有限公司。
原儿茶酸(HPLC>98%),购买自梯希爱化成工业发展有限公司
伏马毒素B1检测试剂盒,购自北京勤邦生物技术有限公司。
水溶性水飞蓟素,含水飞蓟宾95%,购自盘锦天源药业有限公司。Fumonisin免疫亲和柱,购自涿州凯斯科生物科技有限公司1.2SPF鸡胚11日龄,购自北京勃林格殷格翰梅里亚实验动物公司。
1.3仪器设备
液相色谱仪(LC-20AT)和C18色谱柱,购自日本岛津公司。
Multiskan MK3酶标仪,购自上海赛默生物科技发展有限公司。
2.方法
2.1溶液配制和药物处理
试剂配制参考实施例1实验得出的最佳脱毒条件,结合药物潜在的对鸡胚本身发育造成的影响,综合各方面条件来确定剂量。
原儿茶酸和FB1混合溶液:在300μL 0.1M原儿茶酸溶液中加入300μL 480ppm的伏马毒素B1溶液,即得240ppm FB1+原儿茶酸溶液(配制溶液量略多于5枚鸡胚所需总量),在微量涡旋振荡器上振荡2分钟后混匀,放置在25-28℃干式恒温箱中孵育2小时。
制备FB1单克隆抗体和FB1混合溶液:在300μL 1:2000稀释度的FB1抗体溶液中加入300μL 480ppm的伏马毒素FB1溶液,即得240ppm FB1+FB1单抗溶液(配制溶液量略多于5枚鸡胚所需总量),在微量涡旋振荡器上振荡2分钟后混匀,放置在25℃干式恒温箱中孵育2小时。
制备水飞蓟素和FB1混合溶液:在300μL 0.1M水飞蓟素溶液中加入300μL 480ppm的伏马毒素B1溶液,即得240ppm的FB1+水飞蓟素溶液(配制溶液量略多于5枚鸡胚所需总量),在微量涡旋振荡器上振荡2分钟后混匀,放置在22~25℃干式恒温箱中孵育2小时。
FB1工作溶液的配制:准确称量伏马毒素FB1标准品9.6mg,用50%乙腈水溶液溶解并定容到至100mL,则伏马毒素FB1的浓度为96μg/mL。以96μg/mLFB1溶液作为母液,用50%乙腈水溶液分别配制1毫升24μg/mL(240ppm)、12μg/mL(120ppm)和6μg/mL(6ppm)的工作溶液。
衍生剂:称取5mg邻苯二甲醛,溶于1mL甲醇,用0.05mol/L四硼酸钠溶液定容到50mL,加入25μL巯基乙醇,混匀,备用。
2.2不同剂量伏马毒素FB1建立鸡胚毒素模型
分组和各组处理方法:选取50枚11日零SPF鸡胚,随机分成5组,每组10枚。FB1攻毒组共三组,分别每只鸡胚(6μg、12μg和24μg)三个剂量,另外设计FB1溶剂(50%水溶液)和空白对照组。接种伏马毒素,在鸡胚卵白部位接种溶液(溶液成分和处理方法如表8所示),在超净工作台中用灭菌后的打孔器在酒精消毒过的鸡胚气室部位打一小孔,将鸡胚气室向上,竖直放于蛋架上,用1mL注射器吸取0.1mL FB1毒素和FB1溶剂溶液,沿着打好的小孔进针约1/3针头,稳定的推动注射器活塞,接种后用石蜡封孔并做好标记。37℃孵化器孵化,整个孵化期间每天照蛋两次,孵化至21天。
表8鸡胚分组和各组处理方法
指标测定:以鸡胚成活率、胃溃疡和肺脏出血情况为指标,评价鸡胚FB1毒素模型是否成立。(1)成活率以百分率(%)来表示;(2)胃溃疡指数:
0分:无眼观病变
1分:在一到两个区域有小的病变
2分:在一到两个区域有明显的病变
3分:在三个以上区域有明显的病变或严重病变
(3)肺出血指数:
0分:无眼可见出血点
1分:在一到两个区域有少量的出血点
2分:在一到两个区域有较明显的出血点
3分:在三个以上区域有明显的出血点或出血斑
2.3FB1单抗和试验药物对鸡胚成活率和胃溃疡影响
分组和各组处理方法:本试验使用80枚11日龄SPF鸡胚,共8组,每组10枚。各组鸡胚整个孵化期间每天照蛋两次,鸡胚孵化至21天,各组溶液成分和处理方法见表9所示
表9鸡胚分组各组处理方法
指标测定:全部鸡胚在孵化器中孵化到第21天视为孵化结束,统计孵化率。未出壳的胚手动剥离后和孵化雏鸡放在恒温培养箱中干燥,待羽毛完全干燥后称量并记录体重。最后将雏鸡安乐死,解剖后取肺脏和胃,重点观察病变并进行评分。同时,采集肺脏和胃组织,测定毒素含量。
评分标准:胃组织病变指数和肺组织病变指数,计算方式同上所示。
2.4处理组织样本
定量称取各组雏鸡肺脏和胃组织各1g,研磨成匀浆,加入5mL 80%甲醇水溶液(含0.1%乙酸)振荡5min,离心5min后分层,将上清溶液用玻璃纤维滤纸过滤,收集全部滤液于50mL离心管中,加入5mL正己烷(除脂)涡旋振荡5min,离心5min后分层,弃去上层正己烷层,最后用PBS溶液将下层溶液稀释5倍,溶液暂存,待过免疫亲和柱净化。最后将接种鸡胚剩余的脱毒后毒素溶液进行稀释后,留样待测。
2.5组织样本FB1含量测定
HPLC方法参照国家标准《进出口粮谷、饲料中伏马毒素检验方法》。(1)免疫亲和柱纯化准确移取10mL待测组织溶液于注射器针筒中,靠重力作用使组织溶液以1滴/s的流速全部通过伏马毒素免疫亲和柱,直到针筒中液体全部流出。然后向其中加满磷酸盐缓冲溶液,靠重力作用以2滴/s的流速淋洗亲和柱,直至针筒中液体全部流出,弃去全部流出液。再用10mL超纯水再次冲洗亲和柱。最后准确加入1mL甲醇溶液(含2%甲酸)以1滴/s的流速洗脱3次,收集3mL洗脱液于离心管中,用氮气在22~25℃下吹干,离心管中加入200μL 50%乙腈水溶液溶解,涡旋震荡后待衍生化。
(2)衍生化取样步骤(1)中获得的纯化洗脱液和FB1标准溶液各50μL,各加150μL衍生剂,后混匀,在2min内过0.22um滤膜并进行HPLC分析。
(3)测定
液相色谱条件
a)色谱柱:Spherisorb C18柱,250mm×4.6mm(内径),10gm;
b)流动相:甲醇十磷酸二氢钠(0.1mol/L)(77:23),用磷酸调节pH=3;
c)流速:0.8mL/min;
d)荧光检测器波长:Ex335mm,EM 440mm;
e)柱温:室温;
f)进样量:20μL。
分别取经衍生化的样液和标准溶液20μL进行HPLC分析,以其标准溶液峰的保留时间(Retention time,RT)为依据进行定性,以其峰面积求出样液中被测物质的含量,供计算。
3.结果
3.1伏马毒素FB1不同剂量对鸡胚成活率、胃和肺脏的影响
伏马毒素FB1的鸡胚模型结果如表10所示。当伏马毒素FB1接种浓度为6μg和12μg时,发育鸡胚胃溃疡已经出现典型症状,但12μg时肺脏出现出血病变。当剂量为伏马毒素剂量为24μg/胚时,鸡胚成活率40%,胃溃疡明显,肺脏出血严重,可以作为FB1毒素鸡胚模型使用。
表10伏马毒素鸡胚模型结果
3.2原儿茶酸拮抗伏马毒素FB1试验
(1)鸡胚成活率方面:毒素+原儿茶酸组和毒素+FB1单抗组成活率分别为90%和80%,毒素+水飞蓟素组成活率为60%,统计学显示差异显著(P<0.05)。如果与FB1对照组成活率40%相比,差异极显著(P<0.01)。
(2)雏鸡体重方面:FB1组平均体重35.4g,空白对照组平均体重为36.75g,差异极显著(P<0.01);其余试验组平均体重为36.3g,药物对照组平均体重均小于36.5g,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
(3)胃组织病变方面:毒素+原儿茶酸组最轻微病变指数为0-0.5之间,平均0.3。毒素FB1组病变最指数为平均2.7,最为严重,差异极显著(P<0.01)。FB1处理试验组与空白对照间差异极显著(P<0.01),单独给药组病变指数在0.1~0.5之间与空白对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
(4)肺组织病变指数方面:毒素FB1组肺脏出血指数最高,最高3,最低2,肺出血发生率100%,平均达到2.4,显著高于空白对照组和药物对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01)。毒素+原儿茶酸组肺出血指数为0~0.5之间最轻,平均0.2。与毒素+FB1单抗组平均0.9和毒素+水飞蓟素组肺出血指数平均1.4相比较,差异极显著(P<0.01),空白对照组和药物对照组平均指数0~0.4之间,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
(5)组织残留毒素方面:各组鸡胚组织毒素残留测定发现所有组的肺脏组织中未检测到伏马毒素B1的存在,没有差异。肌胃组织中,毒素FB1对照组6.74ppm与毒素+FB1单抗组5.59ppm和毒素+水飞蓟组5.64ppm相比较,差异显著(P<0.05),而原儿茶酸处理组未检出毒素与其他试验组差异极显著(P<0.01)其它组均未能检测到伏马毒素B1的存在。结果见表11。
表11 FB1抗体和药物对鸡胚FB1毒素模型的脱毒效果
注:第二列中a-b,a-c,b-dP<0.01,b-c,c-dP<0.05;第三列中a-b,b-adP<0.05,ac-adP<0.05,ab-ad-bd-P>0.05;第四和第五列中a-b,a-ab,a-ac,a-ad,b-ab,b-ad,ac-ab,ac-adP<0.01,b-ac,b-ba,b-bc,b-bd,ab-adP>0.05;第六列中a-b,b-c,b-e,d-c,d-eP<0.01,a-c,b-dP<0.05。
Claims (7)
1.原儿茶酸在降解伏马毒素或制备伏马毒素脱毒剂中的应用。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于所述伏马毒素为伏马毒素B1。
3.一种降解饲料中伏马毒素的方法,其特征在于,向含有伏马毒素的饲料中添加原儿茶酸。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,每吨饲料含有1~1000g原儿茶酸。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,每吨饲料含有10~100g原儿茶酸。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,每吨饲料含有50g原儿茶酸。
7.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,向饲料中添加有效量的原儿茶酸,作用时间1-3小时,温度25-28℃。
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