CN111841658A - 一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用,所述催化剂载体为药片样圆柱结构其制备方法和用途。本发明采用的技术方案制备的催化剂提升了非均相催化剂载体的强度和负载量,制备工艺简便且制备过程中并未引入对于环境不友好的溶剂,环保效果更佳,具有良好的工业化生产潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及非均相催化剂负载技术领域,具体涉及一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
非均相催化在化学品生产中至关重要。非均相催化剂通常是通过将纳米级活性催化剂(通常是贵金属)沉积到多孔无机载体(例如TiO2,Al2O3和分子筛)上来制备的。但是非均相催化剂存在以下几个缺点:一是非均相催化剂的活性和选择性往往不如均相催化剂,主要是活性位分散度下降以及存在扩散阻力,同时固载化导致活性中心微化学环境发生变化;二是虽然非均相催化剂在气相反应中非常成功,但对于溶液相反应并不理想。许多无机催化剂载体(例如Al2O3)具有很高的硬度,但当它们是多孔形状时,往往易碎且机械稳定性不佳,无法承受溶液中的不断搅拌和碰撞。因此,对于溶液相化学反应,非均相催化剂(例如,Pd/C,Pt/Al2O3)多以细粉的形式提供,或者即使本来是块状催化剂但在溶液中搅拌过程中会破碎成细粉。这会导致许多问题,例如难以通过过滤回收催化剂,重金属浸出,以及在处理催化剂细颗粒时操作危险。特别是金属浸出问题,是制药化学中一个急需解决的问题。
近年来,聚合物负载型催化剂取得了重大进展。聚合物负载型催化剂具有以下优点:一是无无机灰分;二是能够改变催化剂活性中心的位阻和电子环境调节催化剂活性等,多孔有机聚合物材料具有可调控的结构,通过对单体分子的修饰,可以调控载体的孔径尺寸,从而得到有利于负载催化剂以及催化聚合的空间结构,而且还可以向多孔有机聚合物中引入反应所需的活性位点,从而改变其所处电子环境,达到定向设计载体的目的;三是通过过滤固体催化剂可轻松进行反应后处理;最终粗产物中的残留金属含量低;四是该固体负载型催化剂可回收,重复利用效率高而降低了工业成本。最常见的聚合物骨架是交联的聚苯乙烯(PS),活性催化剂通过共价键或配位键与PS骨架键合。许多聚苯乙烯和其他聚合物负载的催化剂已经商业化。尽管有机聚合物(如PS)通常不易碎,但它们的机械强度仍然不能承受长时间搅拌。另外,由于活性催化剂是共价键合到聚合物主链上的,因此这种负载型催化剂的制备通常复杂且价格昂贵。因此,基于非均相的无机载体如活性炭和TiO2仍是工业生产中的主体。因此,提供一种机械强度高、制备方法简便以及成本低廉的有机聚合物非均相催化剂载体成为本领域亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
为克服现有技术缺陷,本发明提供了一种超高分子量多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体及其制备方法和应用,具体采用以下技术方案:
本发明第一方面提供了一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体,其为多孔的固体块状结构;
进一步的,所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体为药片样圆柱结构、球形结构或立方体结构;
进一步优选的,所述固体块状结构是药片样圆柱结构,其孔容为0.3~0.6ml/g,且其总孔隙面积为20~25m2/g,其平均孔径为70~80nm,其在0.5~1psi下的体积密度0.5~1.0g/ml,其孔隙率为20~30%;优选的,所述超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体的孔容为0.4298ml/g;其总孔隙面积为23.780m2/g;其平均孔径为72.3nm;其在0.5~1psi下的体积密度0.6069g/ml;其孔隙率为26.0850%;
进一步的,所述的药片样圆柱结构多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体规格为:内径5.1~9mm且高2.5~4mm;进一步优选的,所述的药片样圆柱结构多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体规格为:内径为5.1mm且高为2.5mm、内径为7.4mm且高为2.5mm或内径为9mm且高为4mm;
进一步的,所述多孔塑料具有高耐磨性及高度化学惰性材料,包括但不限于超高分子量多孔聚乙烯,超高分子量多孔聚丙烯,超高分子量聚四氟乙烯以及超高分子量聚偏四氟乙烯;
本发明的第二方面提供了上述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将上述多孔塑料粉末加入到圆柱状不锈钢磨具中,在常压下加热至140~155℃,然后迅速降温至室温,退模后即得;
进一步的,所述多孔塑料粉末的直径为10~100μm,其分子量大于100万;
进一步的,所述圆柱状不锈钢磨具的内径为5.1~9mm,高为2.5~4mm;具体地,所述圆柱状不锈钢磨具的尺寸:内径为5.1mm且高为2.5mm、内径为7.4mm且高为2.5mm或内径为9mm且高为4mm。
本发明的第三方面提供上述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的应用,将其用于负载非均相催化剂,形成多孔聚合物催化剂;
进一步是,所述应用的具体操作方法包括:
首先将非均相催化剂研磨成粉末,然后将所述非均相催化剂粉末悬浮于有机溶剂中,然后边搅拌边加入上述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体,充分搅拌使非均相催化剂充分负载至所述载体,然后取出负载后的催化剂载体再在干净的、同样的有机溶剂中以同样的速率和温度继续搅拌10~24h,以洗去所述载体表面未负载的非均相催化剂,即得;
进一步的,所述非均相催化剂粉末的粒径≤5μm;
进一步的,所述多孔聚合物催化剂中非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体质量百分含量的0.1%~10%;
进一步的,所述有机溶剂包括但不限于乙醇、石油醚、甲苯、四氢呋喃,二氯甲烷;所述有机溶剂的质量为所述载体质量的8~20倍;
进一步的,所述搅拌速率为300~600r/min,所述搅拌温度为0~30℃,所述搅拌时间为1~24h;
进一步的,所述非均相催化剂为不溶性非均相催化剂;进一步优选的,所述非均相催化剂为Pd/C,Pd/Al2O3,Ru/C,Ru/TiO2,Ru/Al2O3,Pt/Al2O3,Pt/C,Rh/C,Cu,Au/TiO2,Au/Al2O3,Ag/分子筛中的任意一种。
本发明的第四方面提供了一种多孔聚合物催化剂,包括上述任一项多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体以及负载在所述载体上的不溶性非均相催化剂;
进一步的,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.01%~40%;进一步优选的,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.1%~10%。
本发明的第五方面提供了一种上述多孔聚合物催化剂的用途,将其用于有机催化化学反应;进一步的,所述有机催化化学反应为氢化反应或脱保护反应。
有益效果
本发明采用上述技术方案具有以下技术效果:
1、提升了非均相催化剂载体的强度和负载量:多孔塑料,尤其是超高分子量聚乙烯(High Density Polyethylene,缩写为HDPE)为白色粉末或颗粒状产品。无毒,无味,结晶度为80%~90%,软化点为125~l35℃,使用温度可达110℃;硬度、拉伸强度和蠕变性均优于低密度聚乙烯;耐磨性、电绝缘性、韧性及耐寒性较好;化学稳定性好,在室温条件下,不溶于任何有机溶剂,耐酸、碱和各种盐类的腐蚀低。故将其用于制备多孔聚合物非均相催化剂的载体能够显著提升非均相催化剂的强度;另外,其负载量也更好,相比于活性炭、TiO2以及聚苯乙烯,其单位质量的负载催化剂质量更大,能够更好地催化反应进行。
2、本发明制备方法更为简便:通过常压下加热烧结、降温等操作即可获得多孔塑料载体;再通过常温常压下的搅拌即可负载催化剂,制备工艺简便且制备过程中并未引入对于环境不友好的溶剂,环保效果更佳。
3、负载后的催化剂更稳定,可回收性更好:经过实验证实,负载后的催化剂,较现有技术相比浸出率更低,更加稳定,易于分离,可回收性能更好,从而大大降低了工业化应用成本。
附图说明
图1空白非均相催化剂载体的实物照片以及扫描SEM图
图2负载不同催化剂后载体的形貌特征
图3定量Cu@Tab和Pd/C@Tab截面的SEM图像
图4定量Pd/C@Tab和定量Pd/Al2O3@Tab的动力学比较结果
图5定量Cu@Tab的循环实验以及溶解实验
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1制备超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体
方法如下:将直径为50μm、分子量大于100万的超高分子量聚乙烯粉末加入到内径为7.4mm或5.1、高为3mm的圆柱状不锈钢磨具中,在常压下加热至150℃,然后迅速降温至室温,退模后即得。制备获得的超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体硬度高,在搅拌过程中几乎不破裂,但可以用锋利的刀切割制备成各种形状,本发明实施例1制备获得两种直径的催化剂载体实物照片如图1a所示;将获得载体置于扫描电镜下,获得的SEM图像如图1b所示。
实施例2:定量制备Pd/C负载片(以下缩写为Pd/C@Tab)
将300.0mg非均相催化剂微Pd/C粉末(市售,Pd含量为10wt/wt%)研磨成粒径≤5μm的粉末,然后将粉末悬浮于50ml乙醇中,然后边搅拌边加入30片(80毫克/片重)上述超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体,所述搅拌速率为500r/min,所述搅拌温度为室温,所述搅拌时间为24h;充分搅拌使非均相催化剂充分负载至所述载体,直到悬浮液变澄清,然后取出负载后的催化剂再在干净的50mL乙醇中以同样的速率和温度继续搅拌12h,以洗去所述催化剂载体表面上多余的催化剂,即得Pd/C@Tab,所述载体对微米Pd/C的负载量为1.9mg/片;制备获得定量Pd/C@Tab照片如图2a所示。经测定,本方法制备的催化剂中Pd占载体百分含量为0.24%。
实施例3:定量制备Pd/Al2O3负载片(以下缩写为Pd/Al2O3@Tab)
将300.0mg非均相催化剂微Pd/Al2O3粉末(市售,Pd含量为5wt/wt%)研磨成粒径≤5μm的粉末,然后将粉末悬浮于50ml乙醇中,然后边搅拌边加入30片(80毫克/片重)上述超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体,所述搅拌速率为500r/min,所述搅拌温度为室温,所述搅拌时间为24h;充分搅拌使非均相催化剂充分负载至所述载体,直到悬浮液变澄清,然后取出负载后的催化剂再在干净的50mL乙醇中以同样的速率和温度继续搅拌12h,以洗去所述催化剂载体表面上多余的催化剂,即得Pd/Al2O3@Tab,所述载体对微米Pd/Al2O3的负载量为1.9mg/片;制备获得定量Pd/Al2O3@Tab照片如图2b所示;定量Pd/Al2O3@Tab截面的SEM图像如图3b所示。经测定,本方法制备的催化剂Pd占载体百分含量为0.12%。
实施例4:定量制备Cu负载片(以下缩写为Cu@Tab)
将非均相催化剂微米铜(300.0mg)研磨成粒径≤5μm的粉末,然后将粉末悬浮于30ml乙醇中,然后边搅拌边加入30片(80毫克/片重)上述超高分子量多孔聚乙烯非均相催化剂载体,所述搅拌速率为500转/分,所述搅拌温度为室温,所述搅拌时间为4h;充分搅拌使非均相催化剂充分负载至所述载体,直到悬浮液变澄清,然后取出负载后的催化剂再在干净的30mL乙醇中以同样的速率和温度继续搅拌12h,即得Cu@Tab,所述载体对微米铜的负载量为8mg/片,制备获得定量制备Cu负载片照片如图2c所示;定量Cu@Tab截面的SEM图像如图3a所示。经测定,本方法制备的催化剂Cu占载体百分含量为10%。
实验例1:对负载不同催化剂后载体的形貌特征
如图2所示,从左至右分别是Pd/C@Tab、Pd/Al2O3@Tab、Cu@Tab、Pt/C@Tab、RhC@Tab(分别参见图2a、图2b、图2c、图2d以及图2e)。
实验例2强度测试实验
分别将实施例2~4制备的Pd/C@Tab、Pd/Al2O3@Tab以及Cu@Tab取10片置于20ml乙醇溶剂中,以500转/分钟速率的磁力搅拌下,连续搅拌10天,均未见破碎。
实验例3:Pd/C@Tab和Pd/Al2O3@Tab的应用比较
按照实施例3和4分别制备Pd/C@Tab和Pd/Al2O3@Tab。在硝基化合物加氢反应中,将基于Pd/C@Tab的反应与基于Pd/C粉末催化剂进行的反应进行比较,具有相似的动力学曲线(Pd/C@Tab反应速率略慢于Pd/C粉末催化剂,如图4a所示);但是随着反应的不断进行,(Pd/C@Tab可以循环使用6次,而不会显著降低反应速度(如图4b所示);同样地,Pd/Al2O3@Tab与使用Pd/Al2O3粉末的催化剂进行的反应相比,动力学曲线更好,Pd/Al2O3@Tab的反应性更好(如图4d所示)。
另外,对于循环实验中催化剂的浸出,当使用Pd/C粉末催化剂时,将反应完的混合物用滤纸过滤,反应混合物中残留有13ppm的钯,而使用Pd/C@Tab我们的负载方法可以显着减少钯的浸出,每个循环的反应混合物中的钯浸出物均低于0.20ppm(如图4c所示)。
实验例4:Pd/C@Tab催化氢化反应和Pd/C@Tab的脱保护反应适用性
(1)Pd/C@Tab在各种氢化反应中的适用性。氢化反应的实验步骤是:在室温下搅拌并通过TLC或GC-MS监测,将Pd/C@Tab(1片,1.8μmol Pd,1mol%)和H2(气球)装入干燥的Schlenk反应管中,然后通过注射器加入EtOH(2mL)中和底物(0.18mmol);待反应完成后,取出Pd/C@Tab,并用二氯甲烷洗涤3次,合并反应后溶液并真空浓缩,得到粗氢化产物,将其经柱层析得到相应氢化产物,并计算产率。如表1所示,Pd/C@Tab在烯烃和炔烃(编号第1-4项),硝基化合物(编号第5项),亚胺(编号第6项),有机叠氮化物(编号第7-12项)和酮(编号第13-16项)的加氢反应中效果很好,均获得了相应还原产物,产率也反映在表1中。
表1 Pd/C@Tab在各种氢化反应中的适用性
(2)Pd/C@Tab在各种脱保护反应中的适用性。如表2所示,也获得了高分离产率的脱保护产物。在对照实验中,在反应开始后2小时从反应溶液中取出Pd/C@Tab,然后继续搅拌,即使再搅拌2小时,反应仍以38%完成度停止,这表明该反应真正的催化剂是Pd/C@Tab,而不是钯浸出到溶液中进行催化。
表2 Pd/C@Tab在各种脱保护反应中的适用性
实验例5:Cu@tab的应用
如图5所示,室温下,在干燥的Schlenk反应管中加入苯乙炔(20.4mg,0.2mmol)、双(频哪醇)二硼(76.2mg,0.3mmol)以及Cu@Tab(1片,0.25mg,3.9μmol,Cu占Cu@Tab的摩尔百分比为2%),并在氩气保护下加入乙醇(2mL),搅拌反应6小时,反应结束后取出Cu@Tab并用EtOAc洗涤3次;然后向反应体系中加入水,水相用乙酸乙酯(5mL×3次)萃取,合并有机层后经Na2SO4干燥并真空浓缩得粗产物,然后将粗产物经硅胶柱色谱法纯化(洗脱液:石油醚/乙酸乙酯体积比为10:1),得到白色固体(42.8mg,质量百分含量纯度为93%)。Cu@Tab可以循环使用8次(如图5a所示),除了第一次金属浸出量为4.8ppm,之后每次循环金属浸出量均在1ppm以下(如图5b所示)。
Claims (10)
1.一种多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体,其特征在于,其为多孔的固体块状结构;优选的,所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体为药片样圆柱结构、球形结构或立方体结构;进一步优选的,所述固体块状结构是药片样圆柱结构,其孔容为0.3~0.6ml/g,且其总孔隙面积为20~25m2/g,其平均孔径为70~80nm,其在0.5~1psi下的体积密度0.5~1.0g/ml,其孔隙率为20~30%;更优选的,所述的药片样圆柱结构多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体规格为:内径5.1~9mm且高2.5~4mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体,其特征在于,所述多孔塑料为超高分子量多孔聚乙烯、超高分子量多孔聚丙烯、超高分子量聚四氟乙烯、超高分子量聚偏四氟乙烯中的任一种或几种。
3.一种权利要求1~2任一项所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:将上述多孔塑料粉末加入到圆柱状不锈钢磨具中,在常压下加热至140~155℃,然后迅速降温至室温,退模后即得;优选的,所述多孔塑料粉末的直径为5~100μm,其分子量大于100万;优选的,所述圆柱状不锈钢磨具的内径为5.1~9mm,高为2.5~4mm。
4.一种权利要求1~2任一项所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的应用,其特征在于,将其用于负载非均相催化剂,形成多孔聚合物催化剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于,所述应用的具体操作方法包括以下步骤:
首先将所述非均相催化剂研磨成粉末,然后将所述非均相催化剂粉末悬浮于有机溶剂中,然后边搅拌边加入上述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体,充分搅拌使非均相催化剂充分负载至所述载体,然后取出负载后的催化剂载体再在干净的、同样的有机溶剂中以同样的速率和温度继续搅拌10~24h,以洗去所述载体表面未负载的非均相催化剂,即得;优选的,所述非均相催化剂粉末的粒径≤5μm;优选的,所述有机溶剂包括但不限于乙醇、石油醚、甲苯、四氢呋喃,二氯甲烷;进一步优选的,所述有机溶剂的质量为所述载体质量的8~20倍。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.01%~40%;优选的,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.1%~10%。
7.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述搅拌速率为300~600r/min,且所述搅拌温度为0~30℃,且所述搅拌时间为1~24h。
8.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述非均相催化剂为不溶性非均相催化剂;进一步优选的,所述非均相催化剂为Pd/C,Pd/Al2O3,Ru/C,Ru/TiO2,Ru/Al2O3,Pt/Al2O3,Pt/C,Rh/C,Cu,Au/TiO2,Au/Al2O3,Ag/分子筛中的任意一种。
9.一种多孔聚合物催化剂,其特征在于,包括权利要求1~2任一项多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体以及负载在所述载体上的不溶性非均相催化剂;优选的,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.01%~40%;进一步优选的,所述不溶性非均相催化剂占所述多孔塑料非均相催化剂载体的质量百分比为0.1%~10%。
10.一种权利要求9所述多孔聚合物催化剂的用途,其特征在于,将其用于有机催化化学反应;进一步的,所述有机催化1化学反应为氢化反应或脱保护反应。
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