CN111838432B - 一种低直链/支链淀粉比值的肉牛育肥饲料 - Google Patents
一种低直链/支链淀粉比值的肉牛育肥饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111838432B CN111838432B CN202010729721.1A CN202010729721A CN111838432B CN 111838432 B CN111838432 B CN 111838432B CN 202010729721 A CN202010729721 A CN 202010729721A CN 111838432 B CN111838432 B CN 111838432B
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种低直/支链淀粉比值范围，直链/支链淀粉比值为0.20～0.50的育肥牛饲料。实验证明，本发明提供的上述直链/支链淀粉比值范围内的育肥牛饲料能够满足育肥牛的生长需要，提高育肥牛的日增重和饲料转化率，提高生产性能；特别是本发明提出的直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的育肥牛饲料，其通过添加蜡制玉米淀粉、玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠取代肉牛育肥饲料配方中常用的玉米颗粒原料，使育肥饲料配方的直/支链淀粉比值可调至低水平，使蜡制玉米淀粉用于育肥牛饲料成为了可能，且该饲料的应用能够确保肉牛生长性能不低于常规育肥日粮饲喂的肉牛，提高动物的瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白含量，并提高肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸，改善牛肉的品质，提高动物的生产性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及畜禽饲料技术领域，具体涉及一种专供育肥期肉牛的低水平直/支链淀粉比值范围的饲料。
背景技术
淀粉是植物多糖的最大储藏库，由于在反刍动物生长代谢过程中具有较高的可利用性，因此被视为反刍动物饲料中的主要能量成分(Ortega和Mendoza,2003)。
淀粉是由多个葡萄糖基单元通过糖苷键结合成的高分子多糖，主要由线性结构的直链淀粉(α-1，4-糖苷键)和分支结构的支链淀粉(α-1，6-糖苷键)构成(Englyst和Hudson，1996)。现有研究发现，支链淀粉能被单胃动物胃肠道中α淀粉酶快速降解，从而具有诱导血糖和胰岛素水平的快速提高和改善生长性能的作用(Deng等，2010；Regmi等，2010；Behall和Scholfield，2005)。脂肪生成的变化可能与葡萄糖流量或胰岛素代谢的差异有关，而肌肉内脂肪的沉积与肉的风味和嫩度密切相关(Piao等，2019)，因此，高支链淀粉饲料可能较利于肌内脂肪的生成。另外，相比支链淀粉，直链淀粉聚合物具有较小的表面积和更多的分子内氢键(Singh等2010)，而且直链淀粉在细胞内可形成紧密堆积的脂质颗粒(Riley等，2004)，因此，部分直链淀粉不能被小肠α淀粉酶降解或降解很慢，未被降解的淀粉进入到后肠后，在微生物发酵的作用下产生大量短链脂肪酸，这将促进乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等有益微生物的数量，降低大肠杆菌等有害菌的数量，这对动物消化道微生物区系起到平衡作用(Bird等，2000；戴等，2010)。
饲料中两种类型淀粉含量之比决定着饲料的理化特性和消化特性(Tester等，2004)。了解淀粉的结构特征、针对反刍动物的瘤胃和肠道中的消化及其影响消化率的因素，对提高反刍类动物的生产性能和经济效益均具有重要意义。
现阶段，也有一些针对饲料中两种类型淀粉含量之比对饲料性能的影响，如Svihus等(2005)称高直/支链淀粉比与淀粉消化呈负相关。Ren等(2015)报道，较高的直/支链比值日粮可促进较高浓度的血浆胆固醇、乳酸脱氢酶和生长激素，并能上调断奶羔羊葡萄糖转运蛋白的基因表达。从饲料的生产性能来说，Camp等(2003)报道，饲喂较低直/支链比值蜡质玉米(100％支链淀粉)的育肥猪的采食量、平均日增重和饲料效率均高于饲喂较高直/支链比值普通玉米(25％直链淀粉、75％支链淀粉)的育肥猪。Wang等(2002)研究发现饲喂高直/支链比值日粮的小鼠的粪便中乳酸菌、双歧杆菌的数量和挥发性脂肪酸的含量均被提高。通过这些文献可以看出，国内已开展了一些有关不同直/支链淀粉比值饲料对动物生产性能影响的试验，但实验动物较多的局限在猪、小鼠这些品种，而且根据文献结果可以看出，根据饲料中直/支链淀粉比值的变化，不同动物的生理反应不同，其生长性能也可能会出现不同的结果。
目前，配制育肥牛饲料的过程中一般只考虑到淀粉源或总淀粉含量，而不涉及到直/支链淀粉比值，鉴于不同直/支链比值日粮对育肥牛生长性能、脂肪分布，糖脂代谢及肉品质可能有影响，且现阶段越来越多的中高收入知情消费者了解到：饱和脂肪酸会导致血清总胆固醇和LDL胆固醇的增加，从而增加心脏病的风险。因此，有必要研究不同直/支链淀粉比值的饲料对牛肉的影响。
而且，现阶段在配制肉牛育肥期饲料配方过程中，最常用的能量饲料原料仍然是以支链淀粉含量较低的玉米颗粒为主，但支链淀粉含量相对较高的蜡制玉米淀粉和直链淀粉含量较高的豌豆淀粉是否能添加到肉牛育肥饲料当中使用、添加量如何尚无研究报道。
因此，研究日粮直/支链比值对反刍动物生长性能的影响，提供一种能够提高育肥牛生产性能的低直链/支链淀粉比值的肉牛育肥饲料，对改善反刍动物的健康、指导肥牛的育肥具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种低直/支链淀粉比值范围，直链/支链淀粉比值为0.20～0.50的育肥牛饲料。
经研究发现，该比值范围的育肥牛饲料可以使育肥牛更科学地利用淀粉成分，提高育肥期肉牛的日增重和饲料转化率，从而有效地改善生产性能。
实验发现，淀粉来源的不同，直链和支链淀粉的比值也各异。采用本领域常见的各种饲料原料，使其直链/支链淀粉比值在0.20～0.50之间(包括端值)，就能够满足育肥牛的生长需要，提高生产性能。
优选的，本发明所述的直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23。
另外，本发明所述的直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的育肥牛饲料，采用蜡制玉米淀粉替代常规淀粉源。
进一步的，所述直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的育肥牛饲料还包括下述有效组分：玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠。其中，玉米蛋白粉可使不能被瘤胃消化的部分蛋白在小肠中更好地消化吸收。另外，蛋白粉在瘤胃中能提供充分的氮元素，与蜡制玉米分解产生的能量有效结合生成微生物蛋白，可供给机体更多蛋白质。
磷酸氢钙主要包含钙和磷，磷酸氢钙添加在牛饲料中的作用是补充牛生长发育及骨骼生长所需要的钙元素和磷元素，可以帮助牛适应蛋白质供应充足的生长情况。
氯化钠的作用主要是促进消化，蛋白质供应增加需要增强牛的消化能力，钠是生成胆汁的重要原料，氯构成胃液中的盐酸，参与蛋白质消化；氯化钠还有调味的作用，能刺激唾液分泌，促进淀粉酶的活动，另外，氯化钠为维持体内渗透压、调节酸碱平衡和控制水代谢起重要作用。缺乏时容易导致消化不良，食欲减退，异嗜，饲料营养物质利用率降低，发育受阻等现象。
实验证明，上述组分可以与玉米蛋白粉配合，增加蛋白的消化，从而提高瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸和肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸含量，能有效提高日增重和饲料转化率、血液能量代谢物以及瘤胃微生物蛋白含量。
特别的，本发明提出一种直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的育肥牛饲料的配方：蜡制玉米淀粉、喷浆玉米皮、DDGS(干酒糟蛋白饲料)、麸皮、豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、稻壳粉、棕榈脂肪粉、石粉、碳酸氢钠、磷酸氢钙、盐、缓释尿素、预混料、玉米青贮和燕麦草。其中除蜡制玉米淀粉之外的各组分的用量均可以参照本领域的常用用量。
实验证明，本发明提供的上述直链/支链淀粉比值范围内的育肥牛饲料能够满足育肥牛的生长需要，提高生产性能；特别是本发明提出的直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的育肥牛饲料，其采用蜡制玉米淀粉替代常规淀粉源，配合其他有效组分：玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠等各原料的组合效应，提高了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸和肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸含量，能有效提高日增重和饲料转化率、血液能量代谢物以及瘤胃微生物蛋白含量。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明，但不用来限制本发明的范围。若未特别指明，实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。
实施例1
1.试验动物与设计
试验采用单因子设计，选取45头平均体重为443±8.67kg的健康秦川育肥公牛，随机分为3组(每组15个重复，每个重复1头牛)，分别饲喂直链/支链淀粉比为0.47(普通玉米原料组，即对照组)、0.23(蜡制玉米淀粉组)和0.60(豌豆淀粉组)的试验日粮。试验持续3个月，至育肥牛平均体重约574kg时结束。
2.试验日粮
试验日粮参照NRC(2001)生长育肥牛营养需要，以高直链豌豆淀粉(含直链淀粉33.2％、支链淀粉54.9％)、高支链蜡质玉米淀粉(含直链淀粉16.5％、支链淀粉71.4％)和普通玉米原料(含直链淀粉20.5％、支链淀粉43.2％)为淀粉源配制而成，试验日粮组成及营养水平见表1(以《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》中的方法测定干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量)。
表1.肉牛育肥试验日粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)
3.饲养管理
试验在固原国家肉牛良种繁育基地进行。试验前清洗料槽和水槽。试验饲料是以TMR(全混合日粮)的形式饲喂，在干物质基础上精粗比为7:3，其中精料是以平均体重的1.5％量来提供。试验期间，试验动物自由饮水，每日饲喂2次(09:00和17:00)，饲喂量以牛吃饱后料槽内略有剩余为度。每天早晨饲喂之前，对剩余的饲料进行称重，记录采食量，各组饲养管理条件保持一致。
4.测定指标与方法
试验期间准确记录每头试验牛每日采食量，试验开始后每隔45天分别空腹称量试验牛体重，计算牛的平均采食量(average daily feed intake)、平均日增重(averagedaily gain)和饲料转化率(gain/feed,G/F)。
血清中的葡萄糖(Glucose)、胆固醇(Cholesterol)、甘油三酯(TG)、肌酸激酶(Creatine kinase)含量采用标准试剂盒(上海科华生物工程股份有限公司)在生化分析仪上(科华ZY KHB-1280全自动生化仪)检测；超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量采用标准试剂盒(南京建成生物公司)在同一个生化分析仪上检测；胰岛素(Insulin)含量采用酶联免疫吸附法测定(仪器为ST-360酶标仪)。
瘤胃液指标测定时解冻5000rpm/min离心后，一份用气相色谱仪测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度，另一份用分光光度计测定氨态氮(NH3-N)和微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度。
5.试验结果
试验结果见表2-5。
表2.不同直支链比值日粮对秦川牛血液代谢产物的影响
n＝8
SEM,standard error of the mean.
a-b Means with different letters within the same row differ(p<0.05).
由表2可知，在试验第45天时，日粮中不同直支链淀粉比例对育肥牛血液中胰岛素、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和总抗氧化能力(TAOC)有显著影响(P<0.05)。与豌豆淀粉组相比，蜡制玉米淀粉组的血液胰岛素含量显著提高(P<0.05)，但对照组与前两个组之间无显著差异。然而，与对照组和蜡制玉米淀粉组相比，豌豆淀粉组的血液中超氧化歧化酶和总抗氧化能力水平显著提高(P<0.05)。另外，试验第45天时，蜡制玉米淀粉组的血糖和胆固醇含量有最高的趋势(0.05<P<0.1)。
表3.不同直支链比值日粮对秦川牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物蛋白的影响
n＝8
SEM,standard error of the mean.
a-b Means with different letters within the same row differ(p<0.05).
由表3可知，在试验第45天时，与对照组和蜡制玉米淀粉组相比，豌豆淀粉组的瘤胃液氨态氮含量显著提高(P<0.05)。然而，与豌豆淀粉组相比，对照组和蜡制玉米淀粉组的瘤胃微生物蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05)。另外，在试验第45天时，蜡制玉米淀粉组的瘤胃内pH值有最低的趋势(0.05<P<0.1)。
通过表3中瘤胃微生物蛋白数据能看出，在低直/支链淀粉比值的饲料中，蜡制玉米淀粉在瘤胃中被快速降解并释放出来的能量与玉米蛋白粉中的氮元素有效结合后生成了更多的微生物蛋白，而这些微生物蛋白在胃肠道中被蛋白酶分解后能被机体吸收利用。
磷酸氢钙和氯化钠则都是矿物质原料，前者可提供钙和磷元素来帮助牛生长发育及骨骼生长，后者可提供钠和氯元素来帮助胆汁和胃液的生成，并参与蛋白质消化。
而对照组的配方中淀粉原料是玉米颗粒，而不是经过加工后提取的纯淀粉，其醇溶蛋白(是谷物中的蛋白质储藏库，每种谷物都有不同的名称，在玉米中可叫做zein蛋白质)基质所包围玉米的淀粉颗粒，使得瘤胃微生物很难接触到淀粉颗粒，从而影响淀粉的消化率，因此导致对照组饲料中的淀粉成分可能在瘤胃中降解比较缓慢或受阻，导致能量利用率相对较低，另外，对照组中未含有玉米蛋白粉，这也有可能导致氮元素提供的相对不足。
豌豆淀粉组中含有较多的直链淀粉。相比支链淀粉，直链淀粉聚合物具有较小的表面积和更多的分子内氢键，而且直链淀粉在细胞内可形成紧密堆积的脂质颗粒，因此直链淀粉不能被瘤胃和肠道alpha淀粉酶快速降解或降解相对较慢，使得能量不能被有效利用于微生物蛋白的合成中。
对于反刍动物来说，由于瘤胃微生物对碳水化合物发酵的终产物与动物内源性消化酶降解淀粉的终产物不同，因此在瘤胃内生成的挥发性脂肪酸是最终产物，而不是葡萄糖。能量供应是挥发性脂肪酸在反刍动物体内存在的最基本的作用。体内代谢所需葡萄糖主要来源于体内肝脏组织的糖异生作用，而挥发性脂肪酸中的丙酸是糖异生的主要前体物质。丁酸在经瘤网胃壁吸收的过程中，大部分转变为beta-羟丁酸而成为几种体组织，尤其是肌肉组织的能量来源。因此，挥发性脂肪酸是反刍动物中最主要的能量来源。由于挥发性脂肪酸的前体物是碳水化合物，因此在上述三种主要原料的组合当中，跟挥发性脂肪酸的生成有直接关系的或者起到最主要作用就是蜡制玉米淀粉，而玉米蛋白粉是在微生物蛋白合成上起到重要作用的原料。挥发性脂肪酸将会进一步参与到肌肉中的脂肪酸组成。
可以看出，基于玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠的协同作用，本发明所述的低直链/支链饲料中可实现氮代谢的改善和氮元素的有效利用，与对照组和豌豆淀粉组相比，直/支链淀粉比值低的饲料提高了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸和瘤胃微生物蛋白含量。
表4.不同直支链比日粮对秦川育肥牛肌肉脂肪酸的影响
n＝6
SEM,standard error of the mean.
由表4可知，蜡制玉米淀粉组育肥牛的背最长肌中月桂酸(lauric acid：C12:0)、亚油酸(linoleic acid：C18:2)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量有最高的趋势(0.05<P<0.1)，其他脂肪酸含量上无显著差异(P>0.05)。，本发明所述的低直链/支链饲料提高了肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸含量。
表5.不同直支链比日粮对秦川育肥牛生长性能的影响
n＝15
SEM:standard error of the mean.
a-b Means with different letters within the same row differ(p<0.05).
由表5可知，日粮中不同直支链比例淀粉对秦川育肥牛的前期平均日增重、前期饲料效率和后期饲料效率有显著影响(P<0.05)。与对照组相比，豌豆淀粉组分别降低了44.1％和39％(P<0.05)。虽然试验全期总平均日增重、饲料转化率和出栏体重在三组间无显著差异(P>0.05)，但是在数值上蜡制玉米淀粉组的数据明显优于豌豆淀粉组，说明直支链比例为0.23的淀粉源可以较好的替代现有的与玉米粒为淀粉源的饲料。另外，日粮中不同直支链淀粉比例对育肥牛的干物质采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。这也显示了在牛的生产上，不同低直支链比例的淀粉所起的作用并不与其他物种上的作用一致。
实验发现，日粮中直/支链淀粉比例对育肥牛的干物质采食量无显著影响，但相对低的直/支链淀粉比例对育肥牛的日增重和饲料转化率有促进作用，由此说明，支链淀粉相对高的日粮比较有利于育肥期肉牛的生长发育。通过血液代谢物数据可以看出，相对低直/支链比值日粮对血液中葡萄糖和胰岛素水平有一定的促进作用，进而在短期内可提供更多能量物质。通过瘤胃发酵参数来看，低直/支链比值日粮具有提高挥发性脂肪酸含量的趋势，同时有利于淀粉的有效利用，并有助于微生物蛋白的合成。最终，通过肌肉中脂肪酸组成来看，最低直/支链淀粉比值日粮比较有利于生产更多的肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸，以至于能降低消费者各种疾病的风险。
另外，就像之前已提到过的，磷酸氢钙和氯化钠都是矿物质原料，都会参与到包括蛋白质代谢在内的整体代谢中。因此，通过这一系列的协同作用，可能导致了氮代谢的改善和氮元素的有效利用，从而影响生长性能的改善。
这也说明，本发明提供的低水平直/支链淀粉比值肉牛育肥饲料，与高水平直/支链淀粉比值饲料相比，其采用蜡制玉米淀粉替代常规淀粉源，配合其他有效组分：玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠等各原料的组合效应，提高了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸和肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸含量，能有效提高日增重和饲料转化率、血液能量代谢物以及瘤胃微生物蛋白含量。
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明、具体实施方式及试验，对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (2)
1.一种育肥牛饲料在饲养提高肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸的育肥牛方面的应用，其特征在于，所述育肥牛饲料中采用直链/支链淀粉比值为0.23的高支链蜡制玉米淀粉为淀粉源，所述育肥牛饲料还包括下述有效组分：玉米蛋白粉、磷酸氢钙和氯化钠。
2.如权利要求1所述的育肥牛饲料在饲养提高肌肉内多不饱和脂肪酸的育肥牛方面的应用，其特征在于，所述育肥牛饲料由下述有效组分组成：蜡制玉米淀粉、喷浆玉米皮、干酒糟蛋白饲料、麸皮、豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、稻壳粉、棕榈脂肪粉、石粉、碳酸氢钠、磷酸氢钙、盐、缓释尿素、预混料、玉米青贮和燕麦草。
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