CN111503168A - 等速接头的针保持器以及确定轴颈形状的方法 - Google Patents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/202—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members one coupling part having radially projecting pins, e.g. tripod joints
- F16D3/205—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members one coupling part having radially projecting pins, e.g. tripod joints the pins extending radially outwardly from the coupling part
- F16D3/2055—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members one coupling part having radially projecting pins, e.g. tripod joints the pins extending radially outwardly from the coupling part having three pins, i.e. true tripod joints
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- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/22—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts
- F16D3/223—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts the rolling members being guided in grooves in both coupling parts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
- F16C33/60—Raceways; Race rings divided or split, e.g. comprising two juxtaposed rings
- F16C33/605—Raceways; Race rings divided or split, e.g. comprising two juxtaposed rings with a separate retaining member, e.g. flange, shoulder, guide ring, secured to a race ring, adjacent to the race surface, so as to abut the end of the rolling elements, e.g. rollers, or the cage
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- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
- F16C19/44—Needle bearings
- F16C19/46—Needle bearings with one row or needles
- F16C19/466—Needle bearings with one row or needles comprising needle rollers and an outer ring, i.e. subunit without inner ring
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/202—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members one coupling part having radially projecting pins, e.g. tripod joints
- F16D2003/2026—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members one coupling part having radially projecting pins, e.g. tripod joints with trunnion rings, i.e. with tripod joints having rollers supported by a ring on the trunnion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D3/00—Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive
- F16D3/16—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts
- F16D3/20—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members
- F16D3/22—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts
- F16D3/223—Universal joints in which flexibility is produced by means of pivots or sliding or rolling connecting parts one coupling part entering a sleeve of the other coupling part and connected thereto by sliding or rolling members the rolling members being balls, rollers, or the like, guided in grooves or sockets in both coupling parts the rolling members being guided in grooves in both coupling parts
- F16D2003/22303—Details of ball cages
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- Y10S464/904—Homokinetic coupling
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种等速接头、三枢轴式接头和确定等速接头中的轴颈的形状的方法,其中等速接头包括轴颈,其围绕轴颈轴线径向向外地延伸。该接头还包括球,该球环绕该轴颈,并且能够围绕多个滚针相对于轴颈旋转。该接头进一步包括保持器,其是单个整体结构,该单个整体结构联接到轴颈,并被定位成限制球和滚针在平行于轴颈轴线的方向上的移动。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2019年1月30日提交的序列号为62/798,787的美国临时专利申请的优先权权益,其全部内容通过援引并入本文。
技术领域
本公开涉及等速接头的针保持器以及确定轴颈形状的方法。
背景技术
等速接头(constant velocity joints,等速万向节)被广泛用于传递转动能量。等速接头允许驱动轴以恒定的旋转速度通过可变角度传递动力。一种类型的伸缩式等速接头被称为三枢轴式接头(tripot joint)。该三枢轴式接头特别地用于汽车轴向驱动轴,尤其是在前轮驱动车辆中用在驱动桥差速器与驱动轮之间,以及其它应用中。这些伸缩式等速接头在轴构件之间以各种旋转速度、接头角度和伸缩位置传递扭矩。
等速接头在其现有状态下在经受具有过高程度的高扭矩耐久性测试时,具有使滚子保持器或环保持器破裂的风险。这种测试会产生导致部件疲劳的循环负载。
发明内容
根据本公开的一个方面,等速接头包括轴颈(trunnion),该轴颈围绕轴颈轴线径向向外地延伸。该接头还包括球,该球环绕轴颈,并且能够围绕多个滚针(needle rollers,针状滚子)相对于轴颈旋转。该接头进一步包括保持器,该保持器是单个整体结构(single,unitary structure),该单个整体结构联接到轴颈,并且被定位成限制球和滚针沿着平行于轴颈轴线的方向上的移动。
根据本公开的另一方面,三枢轴式接头包括第一轴颈。该接头还包括第二轴颈。该接头进一步包括第三轴颈,其中第一轴颈、第二轴颈和第三轴颈中的每一个均围绕各自的轴颈轴线径向向外地延伸。该接头还进一步包括第一球,其环绕第一轴颈,并且能够围绕多个第一滚针相对于第一轴颈旋转。该接头还包括第二球,其环绕第二轴颈,并且能够围绕多个第二滚针相对于第二轴颈旋转。该接头进一步包括第三球,其环绕第三轴颈,并且能够围绕多个第三滚针相对于第三轴颈旋转。该接头还进一步包括第一保持器环,其是单个整体结构,该单个整体结构环绕第一轴颈的一部分,并且被定位成限制第一球和第一滚针的移动。该接头还包括第二保持器环,其是单个整体结构,该单个整体结构环绕第二轴颈的一部分,并且被定位成限制第二球和第二滚针的移动。该接头进一步包括第三保持器环,其是单个整体结构,该单个整体结构环绕第三轴颈的一部分,并且被定位成限制第三球和第三滚针的移动。
根据本公开的又一方面,一种确定等速接头中的轴颈的形状的方法包括:定义将在参数化方程式中使用的至少三个参数。
附图说明
被视为本发明的主题在作为说明书总结的权利要求书中被特别地指出并被清楚地请求保护。本发明的前述和其它特征以及优点从下面结合附图的详细描述而变得明显,其中:
图1是等速接头的立体图;
图2是用于根据本公开的一个方面的等速接头的滚子保持组件的立体图;
图3是图2的滚子保持组件的正视图;
图4是图2的滚子保持组件的保持器环的立体图;
图5是保持器环的平面图;
图6是根据本公开的另一方面的保持器环的平面图;
图7是用于根据本公开的另一方面的等速接头的滚子保持组件的视图;
图8是具有用于确定滚子保持组件的参数化轴颈形状的笛卡儿坐标的该滚子保持组件的立体图;以及
图9是用于确定该组件的参数化轴颈形状的极坐标的视图。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图,其中将参考特定实施例描述本发明,但不限制本发明,应理解的是,所公开的实施例仅是对本公开的说明,其可以采取各种替代形式实施。所公开的实施例的各种元件可以被组合或者省略,以形成本公开的其它实施例。附图不一定是按比例的;一些特征可能被放大或最小化以显示特定部件的细节。因此,本文公开的特定结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制,而仅作为用于教导本领域技术人员以各种方式使用本公开的代表性基础。
参照附图,示出了等速接头10。等速接头是伸缩式等速接头,其在本文中也被称为三枢轴式等速接头,或简称为三枢轴式接头。三枢轴式接头10配置于诸如卡车、汽车、休闲车(recreational vehicle)、货运车等的车辆。这种三枢轴式接头10可适用于前轮驱动车辆中,并被设置在驱动桥与驱动轮之间,且操作性地联接到驱动桥和驱动轮,或者被用于在两个相对于彼此可能轴向位置或者角位置发生改变的可旋转轴构件之间传递扭矩的其它应用中。三枢轴式接头10在第一轴构件12与第二轴构件14之间传递扭矩。三枢轴式接头10被构造为通过各种旋转速度、接头角度(joint angle,关节角度)或伸缩位置将扭矩从第一轴构件12传递到第二轴构件14。
第一轴构件12沿着第一轴线延伸。第二轴构件14沿着第二轴线延伸。第一轴构件12和第二轴构件14被构造为围绕其各自的轴线相对于彼此铰接(articulate)和/或伸缩。当三枢轴式接头10处于0度的接头角度时,第一轴线和第二轴线重合或共线。当三枢轴式接头10以一角度铰接或弯折时,即当第一轴构件12和第二轴构件14相对于彼此铰接时,第一轴线和第二轴线相交。三枢轴式接头10包括壳体30、星形轮构件(spider members)32和球组34。
壳体30被连接到第一轴构件12,并且沿着第一轴线延伸。壳体30和第一轴构件12的组合能够围绕第一轴线旋转。壳体30限定多个球组轨道或引导通道。各引导通道基本平行于第一轴线延伸。如所示,壳体30限定与第一轴线径向间隔开的三个引导通道。各引导通道彼此在圆周上等距间隔120°。
现在参考图1-图3,每个星形轮构件32均被构造为轴颈72。轴颈72沿着轴颈轴线76以远离第二轴线的方式延伸。轴颈轴线76被设置为基本垂直于第二轴线。轴颈72具有传递扭矩或力的功能性外表面,该功能性外表面邻近于轴颈72的不传递扭矩或力的非功能性外表面。球组34被设置在轴颈72的功能性外表面上。轴颈72能旋转地支撑球组34。如在附图中所示,三个球组件被配置和设置在各自的轴颈上。球组34被设置在轴颈72上,并且能滑动地或滚动地接纳在它们各自的引导通道内。
在本文中公开的实施例通过将两个部件合并为单个部件来解决滚子保持器或环保持器破裂的状况,该单个部件具有支持较高循环负载的能力。
在一个实施例中(图2-图5),单个保持器环100被配置为,既限制多个滚针150的轴向运动,又保持球组34被附接于轴颈72。图2示出了从轴颈72拆卸的保持器环100,并且图3示出了在组装状态下具有轴颈72的保持器环100。
如在图4和图5中所示,保持器环100具有相对于外径切线的切口104,该切口允许保持器环扩张,以便进行安装。这种柔性允许保持器环100扩张,以越过轴颈72的头部160,直至之后收缩以牢固地装配到轴颈72的至少部分地由头部160限定的凹槽162中。切口104还允许滚针150连续移动。在一些实施例中,切口104为大约45度。切口104与滚针150的平坦端部106(图2)组合。平坦端部106允许沿着保持器环100连续运动,而在穿过切口104时不会经历“不连续”。特别地,平坦端部106防止由于环的不连续而产生脉动或波动。
例如,保持器环100以任何合适的方式(诸如通过压配合操作)被组装到轴颈72。保持器环100消除了对单独的保持器的需要。在将保持器环100安装到轴颈72上时,轴向保持特征164(其可以是凸缘、凸片或类似突起)轴向地限制球组34的各自球的运动。
图6示出了具有多个柱状凹部(staked dimples)102的保持器环100。柱状凹部102有助于保持球构件。在一些实施例中,配置有三个柱状凹部,并且各柱状凹部围绕保持器环100的外径101沿周向以大约120度彼此间隔开。
在另一实施例中(图7),盖110被螺接到轴颈72的中心。在一些实施例中,盖110可以由合金钢形成。盖110的螺纹112可以被选择或设计为承受循环负载。盖110的接触滚针的区域具有锥形区段114,类似于在轴颈72的基部处的锥形区域。这有助于滚针上的滚动运动。盖110可以采取用于保持球的柱状凹部或者用作主动止动件(positive stop,正向止动件)以保持球的唇缘为特征。被螺接的盖110代替了现有设计中所需的保持器和环,并且消除了在负载条件期间破裂的风险。
本文中描述的实施例简单并且可以减少制造成本,因为在一些实施例中在轴颈上不需要特别的操作(例如,增加内螺纹)。
现在参考图8和图9,示出了确定轴颈72的参数化形状的方法。虽然所公开的实施例的上述轴颈的横截面可以是圆形的,以形成基本上圆柱形的轴颈,但是本公开还提供了替代的形状。如以上所讨论的,在接头操作期间,滚针150在轴颈表面上进行往复运动。沿着轴颈的周边的针位移的幅度是接头角度的函数,而且针之间的负载分布是所施加的扭矩的函数。负载和往复位移的这种组合在轴颈上产生了间歇性应力场,其将最终导致接触表面由于疲劳而失效。这个现象被称为剥落(spalling)。一旦已经在表面上开始了剥落,其将迅速增长,同时改变摩擦性能并潜在地在动力传动系统中引起振动。星形轮在剥落开始之前能够操作较长的时间周期,或者在剥落开始之前能够以较高负载操作,而星形轮可以提高使用寿命或降低系统中的整体质量。获得较长寿命或以较高负载操作的方式在于,在轴颈中接触的针之间更均匀地分布负载,或者增加承载负载的针的数量,但不增加轴颈直径。这种负载分布可以通过改变轴颈的标称形状,例如如果观察轴颈的横截面,通过从圆柱形或圆形到椭圆形来实现。
本文中公开的设计和制造方法允许在大规模生产环境中从非圆形到圆形(反之亦然)轴颈的无缝过渡和柔性,并且允许在同一台设备中通过简单的形状参数变化来制造不同的轴颈轮廓。本文中提供了一种设计和制造方法,其基于笛卡尔(Cartesian)或极坐标格式的一组参数化方程式来改变轴颈形状。这些方程式与定义轴颈直径的最小外接圆相关联(图9)。
笛卡尔格式的参数化方程式可以被转换为极坐标形式,反之亦然。由这些方程式定义的几何形状是参数数量以及其关系的函数。例如,圆形形状仅需要一个参数,该参数是半径;椭圆形需要两个参数,这两个参数是短半轴和长半轴(minor and major semi-axes)。增加参数可以增加复杂度。具有三个或更多个参数的形状在本文件中被定义为“参数化”。一旦已经建立了基础参数化方程式,其参数就能够基于给定的一组操作条件(诸如接头角度和传递的扭矩)来调整,以改变在轴颈上的负载分布特征。(一个或多个)参数化方程式可以被编程到CNC研磨机的控制器中。然后,改变轴颈形状就变成为改变方程式的参数的问题。代表性方程式如下:
r(θ)=a1+a2 cos(2θ)+a3 cos(4θ)+a4 cos(6θ)+a5 cos(8θ)+a6 cos(10θ)+…+ancos(2(n–1)θ)
其中,
θ=角位置(定向)
r(θ)=轴颈径向值
ai=参数,其中i=1,…,n。
3-参数柔性方程式允许参数3等于零,并且以椭圆形结束,或者使参数2和参数3等于零,并且以圆形结束。
参数化方程式还可以拟合(fit with,适配)相移ε,其可以被表示如下:
r(θ-ε)=a1+a2 cos(2(θ-ε))+a3 cos(4(θ-ε))+a4 cos(6(θ-ε))+a5cos(8(θ-ε))+a6 cos(10(θ-ε))+…+an cos(2(n–1)(θ-ε))。
尽管在以上的方程式中示出了余弦三角函数,但应理解的是,可以根据正弦函数或某个其它的三角函数来表示参数化方程式。
虽然仅结合有限数量的实施例已经详细描述了本发明,但应容易理解的是,本发明并非限制为这些公开的实施例。而是,本发明可以被修改为结合此前并未描述但与本发明的精神和范围相当的任意数量的变型、改变、替换或等同设置。另外,虽然已经描述了本发明的不同实施例,但应该理解的是,本发明的多个方面可以仅包括所描述的多个实施例中的一些。因此,本发明不应被视为被前面的描述所限制。
Claims (19)
1.一种等速接头,包括:
轴颈,围绕轴颈轴线径向向外地延伸;
球,环绕所述轴颈并且能够围绕多个滚针相对于所述轴颈旋转;以及
保持器,所述保持器是联接到所述轴颈、并且被定位成限制所述球和所述滚针在平行于所述轴颈轴线的方向上移动的单个整体结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的等速接头,其中所述轴颈是从星形轮延伸以形成三枢轴式接头的三个轴颈中的一个。
3.根据权利要求1所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器是环绕所述轴颈的一部分的保持器环。
4.根据权利要求3所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器环在组装状态下设置在所述轴颈的凹槽内。
5.根据权利要求3所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器环包括限制所述球在平行于所述轴颈轴线的方向上的运动的轴向保持特征。
6.根据权利要求5所述的等速接头,其中所述轴向保持特征是凸缘、唇缘和凸片中的至少一者。
7.根据权利要求3所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器环包括从滚子保持器环的外径延伸的多个柱状凹部。
8.根据权利要求7所述的等速接头,其中所述滚子保持器环具有三个柱状凹部。
9.根据权利要求3所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器环包括相对于滚子保持器环的外径的切线成角度的切口部。
10.根据权利要求9所述的等速接头,其中所述切口部相对于所述滚子保持器环的外径的切线成大约45度角。
11.根据权利要求1所述的等速接头,其中所述保持器是机械地紧固到所述轴颈的盖。
12.根据权利要求11所述的等速接头,其中所述盖由合金钢形成。
13.根据权利要求11所述的等速接头,其中所述盖的一部分接触所述滚针,所述盖的该部分是锥形的。
14.根据权利要求1所述的等速接头,其中所述轴颈具有由至少三个参数定义的参数化横截面形状。
15.一种三枢轴式接头,包括:
第一轴颈;
第二轴颈;
第三轴颈,其中所述第一轴颈、所述第二轴颈和所述第三轴颈中的每一者均围绕各自的轴颈轴线径向向外地延伸;
第一球,环绕所述第一轴颈,并且能围绕多个第一滚针相对于所述第一轴颈旋转;
第二球,环绕所述第二轴颈,并且能围绕多个第二滚针相对于所述第二轴颈旋转;
第三球,环绕所述第三轴颈,并且能围绕多个第三滚针相对于所述第三轴颈旋转;
第一保持器环,所述第一保持器环是环绕所述第一轴颈的一部分、并且被定位成限制所述第一球和所述第一滚针移动的单个整体结构;
第二保持器环,所述第二保持器环是环绕所述第二轴颈的一部分、并且被定位成限制所述第二球和所述第二滚针移动的单个整体结构;
第三保持器环,所述第三保持器环是环绕所述第三轴颈的一部分、并且被定位成限制所述第三球和所述第三滚针移动的单个整体结构。
16.根据权利要求15所述的三枢轴式接头,其中各保持器环在组装状态下被设置在所述轴颈的各自的凹槽内。
17.一种确定等速接头中的轴颈的形状的方法,包括:定义将在参数化方程式中使用的至少三个参数。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述参数化方程式是
r(θ)=a1+a2 cos(2θ)+a3 cos(4θ)+a4 cos(6θ)+a5 cos(8θ)+a6 cos(10θ)+…+an cos(2(n–1)θ)
其中,θ=角位置(定向),r(θ)=轴颈径向值,并且ai=参数,其中i=1,…,n。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述参数化方程式是
r(θ-ε)=a1+a2 cos(2(θ-ε))+a3 cos(4(θ-ε))+a4 cos(6(θ-ε))+a5cos(8(θ-ε))+a6cos(10(θ-ε))+…+an cos(2(n–1)(θ-ε))
其中,θ=角位置(定向),r(θ)=轴颈径向值,并且ai=参数,其中i=1,…,n。
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| DE102020211049A1 (de) | 2020-09-02 | 2022-03-03 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Tripodegelenk |
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