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CN111315905A - 生产冷拔线材的方法 - Google Patents

生产冷拔线材的方法 Download PDF

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CN111315905A
CN111315905A CN201780096303.XA CN201780096303A CN111315905A CN 111315905 A CN111315905 A CN 111315905A CN 201780096303 A CN201780096303 A CN 201780096303A CN 111315905 A CN111315905 A CN 111315905A
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esr
wire
container
molten metal
melt
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彼得·洛夫罗斯
大卫·桑莱布恩
扬·皮特斯
奥拉·埃里克松
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Suzuki Gafeton Co Ltd
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Abstract

本申请提供一种由颗粒冶金钢生产冷拔线材的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：‑制备大量的熔融金属，该熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：C 0.03‑0.15，Si 0.01‑1.2，Mn 0.1‑1.5，Cr 15‑20，Ni 5‑10，A1 0.5‑1.5，任选地选自以下组中的最多2种元素：N、P、S、Cu、Co、W、Mo、Nb、Ti、Zr、Ta、B、Be、Bi、Se、Mg、Ca、Hf、V和REM，以及使用电渣精炼和雾化以提供金属粉末；‑用金属粉末填充容器并且将容器密封；‑将容器压实以提供全密度坯料；‑将坯料热加工并且通过线材轧制精加工；‑在减少至少30％面积的情况下冷拔退火的线材。

Description

生产冷拔线材的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造可沉淀硬化的不锈钢(特别是被称为17-7PH型号的不锈钢)的冷拔线材和线材弹簧的方法。
背景技术
在20世纪40年代，开发了含有约17％的Cr、约7％的Ni和任何沉淀硬化元素(通常为Al)的沉淀不锈钢。该沉淀不锈钢公开于1950年3月的《铁器时代(Iron Age)》第79-83页的一篇文章中。在该文章中已经提出了将钢作为弹簧材料的适合性。良好的弹簧特征与良好的耐腐蚀性相组合使钢广泛地用作腐蚀性环境中的弹簧材料。那种类型的环境是用于柴油发动机(更具体地为涡轮柴油发动机)的喷射泵。用于此目的的弹簧必须具有17-7PH钢所具有的良好的耐腐蚀性，以及很高的弹簧耐疲劳性。
耐疲劳性在很大程度上取决于弹簧线材的表面。为使弹簧具有高耐疲劳性，线材不应具有可引起疲劳失效的任何可见的缺陷。表面层也不应包含也可引起失效的任何大的夹渣或包含较小夹渣的大累积物的大区域。
US 6,383,316公开了一种用于制造冷拔线材的方法，其中将铸钢重熔并使其经受ESR处理。将ESR铸锭热加工，通过线材轧制对其精加工。将轧制的线材酸洗并且冷拔。采用ESR处理以避免大夹渣和包含较小夹渣的大累积物的大区域。与以前的工艺相比，这是很大的改进。
具体实施方式
本发明提出了一种制造17-7PH弹簧线材和线材弹簧的新途径。该新途径包括铸造大量的熔融金属以提供铸锭；将铸锭电渣精炼以提供ESR熔体；将ESR熔体雾化以提供金属粉末；将粉末热等静压成坯料；以及将坯料加工成线材。该新程序进一步减小了夹杂物的尺寸。此外，它基本上去除了包含较小夹渣的大累积物的大区域。
更具体地，该方法包括制备大量的熔融金属，该熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：
Figure BDA0002467251190000011
Figure BDA0002467251190000021
任选地
选自以下组中的最多2种元素：N、P、S、Cu、Co、W、Mo、Nb、Ti、Zr、Ta、B、Be、Bi、Se、Mg、Ca、Hf、V、REM，和
除杂质外的余量Fe。
根据本发明的一个实施例，有意地将钢与少量的N，优选地0.005重量％-0.15重量％，更优选地0.01重量％-0.15重量％的N合金化。还可有意地将钢与少量的Ti、V或Nb合金化。Ti、V或Nb优选地按重量％计为：
Ti 0.01-0.1
Nb 0.01-0.1
V 0.01-0.1
优选将将Ti、V或Nb的总量限制为0.01重量％-0.2重量％。
优选地，将任选元素限制为(按重量％计)：
Figure BDA0002467251190000022
Figure BDA0002467251190000031
REM包括元素Sc、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Y、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu中的至少一种。
将大量的熔融金属铸造成铸锭的形状，或优选地铸造成被切断的线束。此后，将铸锭或切断的线束电渣精炼，即所谓的ESR重熔优选地在热加工成电极的形状之后。
ESR代表电渣精炼，也称为电渣重熔。在ESR处理中，可使用常规炉渣混合物，该常规炉渣混合物根据已知技术进行使用并且在ESR重熔过程中形成熔体，其中将要重熔的电极逐滴熔化，使得液滴将通过炉渣熔体下沉到下面的熔融金属(ESR熔体)池中。例如，可使用炉渣混合物，该炉渣混合物本身是已知的，并且含有各自为约30％的CaF2、CaO和Al2O3，并且通常含有一定量的石灰级分中的MgO以及百分之一或百分之几的SiO2。
在根据本发明的熔化电极由包含不同尺寸的夹渣的不锈17-7PH钢组成的情况下，ESR熔体将获得与重熔操作之前不同的炉渣图像。在重熔操作之前，ESR炉渣似起到了筛查钢中存在的较大炉渣颗粒的作用。至少这对于已经证明对弹簧线材的疲劳强度具有有害影响的那些炉渣(即CaO、Al2O3和MgO类型的炉渣)似乎是正确的。尽管同时较小夹渣变得更均匀地分布，并且炉渣累积物的可能区域变得更小并且因此变得更加无害，但是重熔材料中这种类型的较小夹渣的量仅受到较小的影响。
在ESR重熔操作期间，可损失一定量的在熔融金属的初始制备时添加的铝。因此，在ESR重熔操作时，应向熔池中供应更多的铝以弥补任何损失，使得在ESR重熔操作后获得的ESR熔体将含有0.5-1.5Al。
将ESR熔体雾化以提供金属粉末。雾化优选地通过气体雾化进行。可通过氮气和/或氩气的射流来实行气体雾化。
优选地，在熔化炉中制备ESR熔体，在这种类型的熔化炉中，通过炉底部中的排放口将液态金属排放到炉下方的雾化腔室。例如，使用来自ALD真空技术有限责任公司(ALDVacuum technologies GMBH)的ESR-CIG，但进行雾化以提供金属粉末，而不是喷射成形。
替代地，可在不将熔体暴露于空气的情况下将ESR熔体输送到在WO2013129996中描述的类型的熔化炉，该文献通过引用的方式在此并入。在这种类型的炉中，也通过炉底部中的排放口将液态金属排放到炉下方的雾化腔室。可通过惰性气体、真空或覆盖熔体表面的炉渣来保护炉中的ESR熔体。
一种替代方案是具有可倾动的ESR炉和单独的中间包，该可倾动的ESR炉和单独的中间包两者均布置在含有保护性气氛的包围腔室中。雾化腔室布置在中间包下方。此外，在该炉和中间包的组合中，熔融金属的氧气暴露得以最小化。
在雾化之后，将雾化的粉末优选地在保护性气氛中冷却以避免再氧化。任选地，可将雾化的粉末筛分到期望的粉末规格。例如，最大250μm。
用金属粉末填充容器。在填充后，将容器密封。此后，任选地在冷等静压机(例如Asea QI 100)中以至少1000巴，优选地大约4000巴的压力将容器压实。此后，将容器任选地放置在预热炉中，在该预热炉中，在不经受任何外部施加的压力的情况下将温度逐步升高至900℃-1250℃(例如1130℃)的温度。此后，将容器转移至热等静压机(例如HIPen AseaQI 80)，在该热等静压机中，在900℃-1250℃(例如1150℃)的温度下施加至少高于500巴(例如1000巴)的压力。在热等静压机中压实容器提供了全密度坯料。优选地，控制温度使得将材料在不存在液相的情况下固结。冷等静压步骤以及随后的预热步骤主要是出于工艺经济的原因而使用，并且很可能将密封的容器直接转移到热等静压机而无需事先进行冷压或预热。
此后，将来自热等静压机的坯料热加工成杆，然后将该杆磨削并热轧成线材。此后，通过机械除鳞和/或化学除鳞(酸洗)将热轧成线材的线材除鳞。
然后将除鳞的线材在900℃-1100℃范围内的温度下退火0.5小时-2小时。在减少至少30％面积的情况下冷拔退火的线材。
可将冷拔线材旋转成弹簧，优选地为螺旋形状的弹簧。将弹簧在450℃-500℃的温度下适当地沉淀硬化0.5小时-2小时，然后在空气中冷却。
成品弹簧中的材料的结构包含50体积％-70体积％的回火马氏体(该回火马氏体在马氏体中含有铝和镍的沉淀相(优选地为AlNi3))、残余奥氏体和最大5％的δ-铁素体。
冷拔弹簧线材的横截面形状可以是圆形的。然而，本发明不唯一地限于具有此类横截面的线材，而是还可应用于具有其他形状的线材，即具有椭圆形横截面的线材，其可在旋转成形为螺旋形状的成品弹簧中提供更有利的张力分布。还可设想矩形横截面。
根据本发明的修改方案，该新途径包括将大量的熔融金属雾化以提供金属粉末；将粉末热等静压成坯料；以及将坯料加工成线材，从而提供一种由颗粒冶金钢生产冷拔线材的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
-制备大量的熔融金属，该熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：
Figure BDA0002467251190000051
任选地
选自以下组中的最多2种元素：N、P、S、Cu、Co、W、Mo、Nb、Ti、Zr、Ta、B、Be、Bi、Se、Mg、Ca、Hf、V和REM，
以及，
除杂质外的余量Fe；
-将熔融金属雾化，从而提供金属粉末；
-用金属粉末填充容器；
-将容器密封；
-任选地在冷等静压机中将所述容器压实；
-任选地将所述容器预热；
-在热等静压机中将容器压实以提供全密度坯料；
-将坯料热加工并且通过线材轧制精加工；
-将所得的轧制线材除鳞；
-将除鳞的线材退火；以及
-在减少至少30％面积的情况下冷拔退火的线材。

Claims (7)

1.一种由颗粒冶金钢生产冷拔线材的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
-制备大量的熔融金属，所述熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：
Figure FDA0002467251180000011
任选地
选自以下组中的最多2种元素：N、P、S、Cu、Co、W、Mo、Nb、Ti、Zr、Ta、B、Be、Bi、Se、Mg、Ca、Hf、V和REM，
以及，
除杂质外的余量Fe；
-将所制备的熔融金属铸造成铸锭的形状，或优选地铸造成被切断的线束；
-将所述铸锭或所述被切断的线束电渣精炼(即所谓的ESR重熔),优选地在热加工成电极的形状之后，从而提供ESR熔体或用于形成ESR铸锭并且将所述ESR铸锭重熔；
-将所述ESR熔体雾化，从而提供金属粉末；
-用所述金属粉末填充容器；
-将所述容器密封；
-任选地在冷等静压机中将所述容器压实；
-任选地将所述容器预热；
-在热等静压机中将所述容器压实以提供全密度坯料；
-将所述坯料热加工并且通过线材轧制精加工；
-将所得的轧制线材除鳞；
-将所述除鳞的线材退火；以及
-在减少至少30％面积的情况下冷拔所述退火的线材。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述大量的熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：
N 0.005-0.15，优选地0.01-0.15。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述大量的熔融金属包含(按重量％计)：
Figure FDA0002467251180000021
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其中所述大量的熔融金属包含以下元素中的至少一种：
Ti 0.01-0.1；
Nb 0.01-0.1；
V 0.01-0.1；
并且满足条件
Ti+Nb+V 0.01-0.2。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述方法进一步包括：
-在ESR炉下方的雾化腔室中将所述ESR熔体雾化。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述方法进一步包括：
-在惰性气体、真空中或通过覆盖所述ESR熔体的所述表面的炉渣保护所述重熔的ESR铸锭；
-通过将所述液态金属通过容纳所述熔体的炉的底部中的排放口排放到雾化腔室来将所述重熔的ESR铸锭雾化。
7.一种用于生产弹簧的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
-根据权利要求1至6中任一项生产冷拔线材；
-由所述冷拔线材旋转成形为弹簧，优选地成形为螺旋形状；
-将所述弹簧沉淀硬化，优选地在450℃-500℃的温度下将所述弹簧沉淀硬化0.5小时-2小时。
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