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CN111306001B - 一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法 - Google Patents

一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法 Download PDF

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CN111306001B
CN111306001B CN202010134626.7A CN202010134626A CN111306001B CN 111306001 B CN111306001 B CN 111306001B CN 202010134626 A CN202010134626 A CN 202010134626A CN 111306001 B CN111306001 B CN 111306001B
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CN111306001A (zh
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苏光辉
张衍
田文喜
张魁
秋穗正
陈荣华
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Abstract

一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法，该系统包括核反应堆系统、风能发电系统、太阳能储能系统和平衡能量系统，其中核反应堆系统采用一体化模块式小堆设计，太阳能储能系统采用塔式太阳能储能系统设计，制氢系统采用铜‑氯制氢技术；反应堆保持额定满功率运行，产生的电量通过功率控制器进行调节分配，大部分电量用于平滑风能发电的波动性，过剩电量用于制氢系统进行储氢。太阳能用来将反应堆产生的饱和蒸汽经过热器加热成为过热蒸汽，并进入到高压缸膨胀做功。由于蒸汽温度升高，反应堆的发电效率在一定程度上得以提高。本发明可将核能、风能和太阳能三种能源结合起来，在解决风力、太阳能等可再生能源发电对电网的扰动问题的同时，达到较高的能源利用率。

Description

一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法
技术领域
本发明涉及新能源与可再生能源应用领域，具体涉及一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法。
背景技术
节能减排是全世界应对气候变化的迫切需求，为了减小能源消费对环境的影响，需要进一步减少化石能源的消耗量，增加清洁可再生能源的开发利用效率。然而，可再生能源如太阳能、风能都具有随机性、间歇性和波动性等特点，在发电入网时存在接入困难、成本高、难以控制等缺点，且会对电网电能质量和可靠性产生不利影响。
核能是一种高效清洁的能源，越来越受到公众的接受，提高核能在电力装机规模中的比重，是减少我国雾霾天气和降低大气环境污染的有效方法之一。但是，由于公众接受度起伏和各国政府政策的摇摆，核能的未来也充满不确定性。
中国专利申请号CN201810962441.8公开了一种核反应堆联合风力和太阳能光伏并网发电系统。该系统包括核反应堆模块、风力发电模块、太阳能光伏发电模块三个发电模块，所发电力汇集于功率控制器，通过变压器变压后输送给电网。该系统的设计目的是解决风力、太阳能发电对电网的扰动问题。该发明中，电网中输入电力的稳定性是通过根据风能和太阳能的波动，使用多个调节器调整反应堆的输出功率实现的，该方法一方面需要平衡三种能源输出，对调节系统的能力要求较高，目前该类型的调节系统还处于初级研究阶段，达到工程应用还需进一步研究；另一方面，该方法中核反应堆的功率需要不断调节，无法长期额定功率运行，对于造价昂贵的核能反应堆来说降低了经济性。
发明内容
为了解决上述现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供一种风光反应堆系统及其工作方法，将核能、风能和太阳能三种能源结合起来，在解决风力、太阳能等可再生能源发电对电网的扰动问题的同时，达到最大的能源利用率。
为了达到上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种风光反应堆系统，包括核反应堆系统、风能发电系统、太阳能储能系统和平衡能量系统；所述核反应堆系统包括反应堆1、过热器2、高压缸3、汽水分离再热器4、低压缸5、冷凝器6、凝结水泵7、低压加热器8、除氧器9、给水泵10、高压加热器11和核能发电机13，所述反应堆1堆芯出口通过管道与过热器2的壳侧蒸汽入口连通，过热器2的壳侧蒸汽出口与高压缸3的进汽口连通，高压缸3的排汽口连通汽水分离再热器4的蒸汽入口，汽水分离再热器4的蒸汽出口与低压缸5的进汽口连通，汽水分离再热器4的液体出口通过疏水泵12与除氧器9的一个进水口连通，低压缸5的排汽口依次连接冷凝器6、凝结水泵7和低压加热器8的入口，低压加热器8的出口与除氧器9的另一个进水口连通，除氧器9的出口依次连接给水泵10和高压加热器11的入口，高压加热器11的出口与反应堆1的入口连通，所述高压缸3和低压缸5分别与核能发电机13通过轴承连接；所述太阳能储能系统由太阳能吸收器18、定日镜19、高温熔盐罐20、低温熔盐罐21和熔盐泵22组成，所述定日镜19布置在太阳能吸收器18的外部，太阳能吸收器18的出口通过熔盐管道与高温熔盐罐20的入口连通，高温熔盐罐20的出口与过热器2的管侧熔盐入口连通，过热器2的管侧熔盐出口依次连接低温熔盐罐21和熔盐泵22的入口，熔盐泵22出口与太阳能吸收器18的入口连通；所述风能发电系统包括风机14、增速器15、风力发电机16和控制系统17，所述风机14与增速器15通过轴承连接，增速器15与风力发电机16通过轴承连接，控制系统17与风机14、增速器15和风力发电机16之间均有信号通路；所述核能发电机13通过电力通路与功率控制器26的入口连接，功率控制器26的两个出口分别与平衡能量系统和变压器27的一个入口连接，风力发电机16与变压器27的另一个入口连接，变压器27的出口与电网28连接。
所述过热器2是一个管壳式换热器，低温熔盐罐21中的熔盐经熔盐泵22驱动进入太阳能吸收器18，被加热后经高温熔盐罐20后进入过热器2的管侧，反应堆1中产生的饱和蒸汽进入过热器2的壳侧，被管侧的高温熔盐加热成为过热蒸汽后进入高压缸3做功，管侧被冷却的熔盐回到低温熔盐罐21；过热蒸汽进入高压缸3中做功后进入汽水分离再热器4，分离出的液态水经疏水泵12进入除氧器9，剩余气体继续进入低压缸5中做功，低压缸5中排出的低压低温蒸汽进入冷凝器6冷凝为液态水，经凝结水泵7驱动进入低压加热器8加热，加热后的液体和汽水分离再热器4中分离出的液体一同进入除氧器9除氧，再经过给水泵10驱动进入高压加热器11中加热到预定温度，进入反应堆1中冷却堆芯，同时被加热为饱和蒸汽进入过热器2；所述高压缸3和低压缸5所做功用于核能发电机13发电；所述风机14由风力驱动做功，经增速器15增速后用于风力发电机16发电，控制系统17用于系统整体调控；所述功率控制器26对核能发电机产生的电力进行分配，大部分用于平滑风力发电机的发电波动，与风力发电合并后经变压器27变压后进入电网28，另一部分余电用于平衡能量系统进行铜-氯循环制氢或海水淡化或生物能源产品生产。
优选地，所述反应堆1采用一体化模块式小堆(SMR)，数量可选用单个或多个，数量越多，经济性可能下降，但平滑风力发电随机波动性效果更好。实际应用中需综合考虑选址一年四季风速情况(对应的风能发电输出功率情况)、一体化模块式小堆SMR机组的建设费用、单台一体化模块式小堆SMR机组额定功率，以及反应堆总发电功率占风电发电需补偿功率的比例等因素。
优选地，所述太阳能储能系统采用塔式太阳能储热系统，塔顶上安装固定一个太阳能吸收器18，塔周围安装预设数量的定日镜19，通过定日镜19将太阳光聚集到塔顶的太阳能吸收器18的墙体内产生高温，加热通过太阳能吸收器18的熔盐。
优选地，所述平衡能量系统为制氢系统23及附属部件或海水淡化装置或生物质储能系统。
优选地，所述制氢系统23采用铜-氯循环制氢技术。
作为本发明的优选实施方式，在该系统中，反应堆1保持额定满功率运行，一部分热量用于推动高压缸3和低压缸5做工，产生的电量既可用于平滑风能发电的波动，也可用于铜-氯循环制氢，提高了核电的有效利用率。太阳能储能系统通过过热器2将吸收的太阳能热量传递给一体化模块式小堆SMR产生的饱和蒸汽，饱和蒸汽经过热器2后成为过热蒸汽，并进入到高压缸3膨胀做功。由于蒸汽温度升高，反应堆的发电效率在一定程度上得以提高。具有随机波动性的太阳能储能系统的引入，使得核能发电不仅提高了发电效率，还可平滑风能发电的随机波动性，核能发电机13产生的电量通过功率控制器26进行调节分配，大部分电量结合风能发电系统产生的电量用于需求方供电，过剩电量用于平衡能量系统进行铜-氯循环制氢或海水淡化或生物能源产品生产。
和现有技术相比较，本发明具备以下优点：
1、本发明中太阳能并非用于直接发电，而是用来将反应堆出口饱和蒸汽加热至过热，不仅提高了核能的发电效率，同时使得功率控制器需控制的能源种类减小，控制难度降低。
2、本发明中反应堆采用一体化模块式小堆，避免了因管道破口引起的失水事故，降低了堆芯熔化的几率，提高了反应堆的固有安全性；同时，还具有成本低、模块化程度高、应用范围广等优点。
3、本发明中反应堆满功率额定运行，所发出电力同时用于平滑风力发电波动和制氢，反应堆经济性大幅度提高。
4、本发明中平衡能量系统采用的是制氢系统，实际上还可依据实际用途，采用海水淡化装置和生物质储能系统等其他热能系统，具有灵活性和适应性高的优点。
附图说明
图1为本发明风光反应堆系统示意图。
图中：1-核反应堆；2-过热器；3-高压缸；4-汽水分离再热器；5-低压缸；6-冷凝器；7-凝结水泵；8-低压加热器；9-除氧器；10-给水泵；11-高压加热器；12-疏水泵；13-核能发电机；14-风机；15-增速器；16-风力发电机；17-控制系统；18-太阳能吸收器；19-定日镜；20-高温熔盐罐；21-低温熔盐罐；22-熔盐泵；23-制氢系统；24-氢气输送管道；25-氧气输送管道；26-功率控制器；27-变压器；28-电网。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作详细的说明：
如图1所示，本发明一种风光反应堆系统，主要包括核反应堆系统、风能发电系统、太阳能储能系统和平衡能量系统。所述核反应堆系统包括反应堆1、过热器2、高压缸3、汽水分离再热器4、低压缸5、冷凝器6、凝结水泵7、低压加热器8、除氧器9、给水泵10、高压加热器11和核能发电机13。所述反应堆1堆芯出口通过管道与过热器2的壳侧蒸汽入口连通，过热器2的壳侧蒸汽出口与高压缸3的进汽口连通，高压缸3的排汽口连通汽水分离再热器4的蒸汽入口，汽水分离再热器4的蒸汽出口与低压缸5的进汽口连通，汽水分离再热器4的液体出口通过疏水泵12与除氧器9的一个进水口连通，低压缸5的排汽口依次连接冷凝器6、凝结水泵7和低压加热器8的入口，低压加热器8的出口与除氧器9的另一个进水口连通，除氧器9的出口依次连接给水泵10和高压加热器11的入口，高压加热器11的出口与反应堆1的入口连通。所述高压缸3和低压缸5分别与核能发电机13通过轴承连接。太阳能储能系统由太阳能吸收器18、定日镜19、高温熔盐罐20、低温熔盐罐21和熔盐泵22组成。所述定日镜19布置在太阳能吸收器18的外部，太阳能吸收器18的出口通过熔盐管道与高温熔盐罐20的入口连通，高温熔盐罐20的出口与过热器2的管侧熔盐入口连通，过热器2的管侧熔盐出口依次连接低温熔盐罐21和熔盐泵22的入口，熔盐泵22出口与太阳能吸收器18的入口连通。风能发电系统包括风机14、增速器15、风力发电机16和控制系统17。所述风机14与增速器15通过轴承连接，增速器15与风力发电机16通过轴承连接，控制系统17与风机14、增速器15和风力发电机16之间均有信号通路。本实施例平衡能量系统由制氢系统23及附属部件组成。所述核能发电机13通过电力通路与功率控制器26的入口连接，功率控制器26的两个出口分别与制氢系统23和变压器27的一个入口连接，风力发电机16与变压器27的另一个入口连接，变压器27的出口与电网28连接。
所述过热器2是一个管壳式换热器，低温熔盐罐21中的熔盐经熔盐泵22驱动进入太阳能吸收器18，被加热后经高温熔盐罐20后进入过热器2的管侧，反应堆1中产生的饱和蒸汽进入过热器2的壳侧，被管侧的高温熔盐加热成为过热蒸汽后进入高压缸3做功，管侧被冷却的熔盐回到低温熔盐罐21。
过热蒸汽进入高压缸3中做功后进入汽水分离再热器4，分离出的液态水经疏水泵12进入除氧器9，剩余气体继续进入低压缸5中做功，低压缸5中排出的低压低温蒸汽进入冷凝器6冷凝为液态水，经凝结水泵7驱动进入低压加热器8加热，加热后的液体和汽水分离再热器4中分离出的液体一同进入除氧器9除氧，再经过给水泵10驱动进入高压加热器11中加热到预定温度，进入反应堆1中冷却堆芯，同时被加热为饱和蒸汽进入过热器2。所述高压缸3和低压缸5所做功用于核能发电机13发电。
所述风机14由风力驱动做功，经增速器15增速后用于风力发电机16发电，控制系统17根据反馈作用部分调节风力发电波动。
所述功率控制器26对核能发电机产生的电力进行分配，大部分用于平滑风力发电机的发电波动，与风力发电合并后经变压器27变压后进入电网28，另一部分余电用于制氢系统23中制氢储氢。
本实例中，反应堆1采用单个一体化模块式小堆(SMR)。太阳能储能系统采用塔式太阳能储热系统，塔顶上安装固定一个太阳能吸收器18，塔周围安装一定数量的定日镜19，通过定日镜19将太阳光聚集到塔顶的太阳能吸收器18的墙体内产生高温，加热通过太阳能吸收器18的熔盐。制氢系统23采用铜-氯循环制氢技术。
本实例实际运行中，SMR保持额定满功率运行，一部分热量用于推动高压缸3和低压缸5做工，产生的电量既可用于平滑风能发电的波动，也可用于铜-氯循环制氢，提高了核电的有效利用率。太阳能储能系统通过过热器2将吸收的太阳能热量传递给SMR产生的饱和蒸汽，饱和蒸汽经过热器2后成为过热蒸汽，并进入到高压缸3膨胀做功。由于蒸汽温度升高，反应堆的发电效率在一定程度上得以提高。具有随机波动性的太阳能储能系统的引入，使得核能发电不仅提高了发电效率，还可平滑风能发电的随机波动性，核能发电机13产生的电量通过功率控制器26进行调节分配，大部分电量结合风能发电系统产生的电量用于需求方供电，过剩电量用于制氢系统23进行制氢储氢。
本实例中平衡能量系统采用的是制氢装置，实际上还可依据实际用途，采用海水淡化装置和生物质储能系统等其他热能系统。
以上内容是结合具体的优选实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认定本发明的具体实施方式仅限于此，对于本发明所属技术领域中的普通技术人员来说，只要在本发明的实质精神范围之内，对以上所述实施例的变化和变型都应当视为在本发明的权利要求书范围内。

Claims (6)

1.一种风光反应堆系统，其特征在于：包括核反应堆系统、风能发电系统、太阳能储能系统和平衡能量系统；所述核反应堆系统包括反应堆(1)、过热器(2)、高压缸(3)、汽水分离再热器(4)、低压缸(5)、冷凝器(6)、凝结水泵(7)、低压加热器(8)、除氧器(9)、给水泵(10)、高压加热器(11)和核能发电机(13)，所述反应堆(1)堆芯出口通过管道与过热器(2)的壳侧蒸汽入口连通，过热器(2)的壳侧蒸汽出口与高压缸(3)的进汽口连通，高压缸(3)的排汽口连通汽水分离再热器(4)的蒸汽入口，汽水分离再热器(4)的蒸汽出口与低压缸(5)的进汽口连通，汽水分离再热器(4)的液体出口通过疏水泵(12)与除氧器(9)的一个进水口连通，低压缸(5)的排汽口依次连接冷凝器(6)、凝结水泵(7)和低压加热器(8)的入口，低压加热器(8)的出口与除氧器(9)的另一个进水口连通，除氧器(9)的出口依次连接给水泵(10)和高压加热器(11)的入口，高压加热器(11)的出口与反应堆(1)的入口连通，所述高压缸(3)和低压缸(5)分别与核能发电机(13)通过轴承连接；所述太阳能储能系统由太阳能吸收器(18)、定日镜(19)、高温熔盐罐(20)、低温熔盐罐(21)和熔盐泵(22)组成，所述定日镜(19)布置在太阳能吸收器(18)的外部，太阳能吸收器(18)的出口通过熔盐管道与高温熔盐罐(20)的入口连通，高温熔盐罐(20)的出口与过热器(2)的管侧熔盐入口连通，过热器(2)的管侧熔盐出口依次连接低温熔盐罐(21)和熔盐泵(22)的入口，熔盐泵(22)出口与太阳能吸收器(18)的入口连通；所述风能发电系统包括风机(14)、增速器(15)、风力发电机(16)和控制系统(17)，所述风机(14)与增速器(15)通过轴承连接，增速器(15)与风力发电机(16)通过轴承连接，控制系统(17)与风机(14)、增速器(15)和风力发电机(16)之间均有信号通路；所述核能发电机(13)通过电力通路与功率控制器(26)的入口连接，功率控制器(26)的两个出口分别与平衡能量系统和变压器(27)的一个入口连接，风力发电机(16)与变压器(27)的另一个入口连接，变压器(27)的出口与电网(28)连接；
在该系统中，反应堆(1)保持额定满功率运行，一部分热量用于推动高压缸(3)和低压缸(5)做工，产生的电量既用于平滑风能发电的波动，也用于平衡能量系统进行铜-氯循环制氢或海水淡化或生物能源产品生产，提高了核电的有效利用率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种风光反应堆系统，其特征在于：所述反应堆(1)采用一体化模块式小堆SMR，数量采用单个或多个。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种风光反应堆系统，其特征在于：所述太阳能储能系统采用塔式太阳能储热系统，塔顶上安装固定一个太阳能吸收器(18)，塔周围安装预设数量的定日镜(19)，通过定日镜(19)将太阳光聚集到塔顶的太阳能吸收器(18)的墙体内产生高温，加热通过太阳能吸收器(18)的熔盐。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种风光反应堆系统，其特征在于：所述平衡能量系统为制氢系统(23)及附属部件或海水淡化装置或生物质储能系统。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种风光反应堆系统，其特征在于：所述制氢系统(23)采用铜-氯循环制氢技术。
6.权利要求1至5任一项所述的一种风光反应堆系统的工作方法，其特征在于：所述过热器(2)是一个管壳式换热器，低温熔盐罐(21)中的熔盐经熔盐泵(22)驱动进入太阳能吸收器(18)，被加热后经高温熔盐罐(20)后进入过热器(2)的管侧，反应堆(1)中产生的饱和蒸汽进入过热器(2)的壳侧，被管侧的高温熔盐加热成为过热蒸汽后进入高压缸(3)做功，管侧被冷却的熔盐回到低温熔盐罐(21)；过热蒸汽进入高压缸(3)中做功后进入汽水分离再热器(4)，分离出的液态水经疏水泵(12)进入除氧器(9)，剩余气体继续进入低压缸(5)中做功，低压缸(5)中排出的低压低温蒸汽进入冷凝器(6)冷凝为液态水，经凝结水泵(7)驱动进入低压加热器(8)加热，加热后的液体和汽水分离再热器(4)中分离出的液体一同进入除氧器(9)除氧，再经过给水泵(10)驱动进入高压加热器(11)中加热到预定温度，进入反应堆(1)中冷却堆芯，同时被加热为饱和蒸汽进入过热器(2)；所述高压缸(3)和低压缸(5)所做功用于核能发电机(13)发电；所述风机(14)由风力驱动做功，经增速器(15)增速后用于风力发电机(16)发电，控制系统(17)根据反馈作用部分调节风力发电波动；所述功率控制器(26)对核能发电机(13)产生的电力进行分配，大部分用于平滑风力发电机的发电波动，与风力发电合并后经变压器(27)变压后进入电网(28)，另一部分余电用于平衡能量系统进行铜-氯循环制氢或海水淡化或生物能源产品生产。
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