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CN111144029A - A Modeling Method for Thermoelectric Coupling Characteristics of Li-ion Power Batteries - Google Patents

A Modeling Method for Thermoelectric Coupling Characteristics of Li-ion Power Batteries Download PDF

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CN111144029A
CN111144029A CN202010001936.1A CN202010001936A CN111144029A CN 111144029 A CN111144029 A CN 111144029A CN 202010001936 A CN202010001936 A CN 202010001936A CN 111144029 A CN111144029 A CN 111144029A
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heat
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熊瑞
陈泽宇
杨瑞鑫
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种针对锂离子动力电池热电耦合特性的建模方法，该方法在锂离子动力电池的电模型与热模型之间建立了联系，考虑到了电池大电流放电及外部短路情况下影响温度变化的具体参数，能够较好的适用于动力电池极速自加热过程，显著提高了电池大电流放电及外部短路时电池温度预测的精确性。

Figure 202010001936

The invention provides a modeling method for the thermoelectric coupling characteristics of a lithium-ion power battery. The method establishes a connection between the electric model and the thermal model of the lithium-ion power battery, and takes into account the influence of the large current discharge of the battery and the external short circuit. The specific parameters of temperature change can be better applied to the rapid self-heating process of the power battery, which significantly improves the accuracy of battery temperature prediction when the battery is discharged with high current and external short-circuit.

Figure 202010001936

Description

Modeling method for thermoelectric coupling characteristics of lithium ion power battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power battery safety, in particular to a modeling technology for thermoelectric coupling characteristics of a lithium ion power battery, and particularly relates to a thermoelectric coupling characteristic modeling technology in an extremely-fast self-heating process.
Background
The extremely-fast self-heating technology realized by the external short circuit of the power battery is an important solution for overcoming the poor low-temperature performance of the power battery and realizing the all-weather application at present. Because the lithium ion battery systems used in electric vehicles contain hundreds of lithium ion battery cells, a single battery failure can generate a large amount of heat, triggering thermal runaway of adjacent batteries, and causing the entire battery pack to fail. Particularly, when the battery is in an external short circuit, the temperature of the power battery rises rapidly, and the phenomena of air leakage, liquid leakage, even combustion and the like can occur in a short time, thus threatening the safety of the electric carrying tool. Therefore, the external short circuit behavior of the power battery needs to be accurately depicted, an accurate hot spot coupling model is established, the temperature of the battery with the external short circuit is accurately predicted, and the safety of the battery in the extremely-fast heating process is further improved.
At present, the research on the prediction of the battery temperature is mostly focused on the normal working state, and the research on the external short circuit of the battery is insufficient. The battery thermoelectric coupling model applied to the battery management system not only needs to have higher precision, but also needs to be convenient to operate and simple in parameter setting as much as possible. The existing electrochemical thermal coupling model based on partial differential equation has higher accuracy for predicting the battery temperature, but real-time calculation and parameterization are not easy to realize due to fussy parameter setting and larger calculation amount. Therefore, to balance complexity and temperature accuracy, lumped parameter thermal models based on equivalent circuit models are widely used in battery management systems. These models are applied to temperature prediction in a normal operating state, and have good accuracy in a certain temperature range, but are not applicable because the temperature span is large and the distribution is uneven when the external short circuit occurs in the battery. Therefore, how to establish a thermocouple die type specially aiming at the external short circuit characteristic of the power battery has important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a modeling method for the thermoelectric coupling characteristics of a lithium ion power battery, which is suitable for the extremely-fast self-heating process of the power battery. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
establishing a power battery model considering the bidirectional coupling effect of an electric model and a thermal model of a lithium ion battery aiming at the power battery;
secondly, identifying the internal resistance, the polarization internal resistance and the polarization capacitance of the power battery based on the electric model, and calculating the heat generation of the power battery by combining the identification result with the thermal model;
respectively constructing a radial uniformly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model and an axial linearly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model of the cylindrical battery with the convection boundary condition by using the obtained heat production result of the power battery;
and step four, establishing a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the power battery according to the radial uniformly distributed one-dimensional thermal model and the axial linearly distributed one-dimensional thermal model, thereby completing the modeling of the thermoelectric coupling characteristic.
Further, the electrical model employs a first order RC cell model. The battery is heated by a plurality of heating sources, activation, concentration and ohmic loss. Under the external short circuit condition of battery, the battery heat production condition is complicated, and except the joule heat that battery internal resistance produced under normal conditions, it produces heat to have a large amount of utmost point ears still. The heat production of the tabs is generated by the current passing through the battery tabs, and the tabs are made of metal materials and have certain resistance. When the ESC occurs in the battery, a large current passes through the tabs, which generates a large amount of heat. Therefore, in this first order RC cell model, tab heat generation is also considered. The temperature and SOC of the battery change greatly in a short time when an external short circuit occurs, so the battery internal resistance, polarization internal resistance, and polarization capacitance can be regarded as functions related to the temperature and SOC.
Further, the power battery heat generation is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002353804210000021
wherein Q isavgAverage heat production rate of battery, QtabFor the heat production rate of the battery tab, I is the current, ROIs the ohmic internal resistance, R, of the battery1For polarizing internal resistance, C1Is polarization capacitance, t is time, t0For the moment when the battery starts to discharge, RtabThe resistance of a tab, T the temperature of the battery and SoC the state of charge of the battery; f. ofRO、fR1、fC1Respectively representing functions corresponding to ohmic internal resistance, polarization internal resistance and polarization capacitance.
Of course, the electrical and thermal models described above are equally applicable to many different forms known in the art.
Constructing a one-dimensional thermal model of a radially uniformly distributed, axially linear distribution of cylindrical cells with convective boundary conditions details the thermal distribution at external short circuits of the cell. Through the disassembly of the battery structure and the test results, the model is properly simplified, and the battery reasonably and uniformly generates heat along the radial direction and linearly generates heat along the axial direction under the influence of the lugs. Due to the fact that the thermal conductivity is one or two orders of magnitude higher in the axial direction than in the radial direction. The heat conduction of the battery in the axial direction is neglected.
Therefore, further, the established one-dimensional thermal model with radially uniform distribution and the one-dimensional thermal model with axially linear distribution are based on the following assumptions on the physical properties of the battery:
(1) the internal material of the battery has uniform isotropic physical properties and consistent density;
(2) the internal heat transfer of the cell is mainly through heat conduction, neglecting thermal radiation and thermal convection effects;
(3) the specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of the battery are constants and do not change with temperature and SOC.
Further, establishing a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the power battery specifically comprises:
control equation based on three-dimensional temperature distribution T (z, r, T) and boundary conditions:
Figure BDA0002353804210000022
Figure BDA0002353804210000023
Figure BDA0002353804210000024
wherein z and r are the position coordinates of a certain point on the battery under the cylindrical coordinate system, and ktIs the radial thermal conductivity of the cell, rho is the cell density, CpIs the average specific heat capacity of the battery, R is the radius of the battery, h is the surface convection heat transfer coefficient, T∞Is the temperature of the fluid surrounding the battery, VbIs the cell volume;
assuming that the battery generates heat in the axial direction and linearly changes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, the heat generation rate Q (z, t) of the battery is expressed as:
Figure BDA0002353804210000031
wherein QavgFor average heat production inside the cell, QtabHeat is generated for the tab part in the battery;
due to uniform heat generation, neglecting axial heat transfer, the temperature distribution of the battery cell in any axial r direction is assumed to satisfy the following polynomial equation:
Figure BDA0002353804210000032
wherein a (t) b (t) d (t) is a time-varying constant;
the cell center temperature Tc, the surface temperature Ts, the volume average temperature
Figure BDA0002353804210000033
And temperature gradient
Figure BDA0002353804210000034
Can be expressed as:
Tc＝a(t)
Ts＝a(t)+b(t)+d(t)
Figure BDA0002353804210000035
Figure BDA0002353804210000036
through a series of calculations, a temperature distribution model of the form:
Figure BDA0002353804210000037
Figure BDA0002353804210000038
where τ is the time constant, and the matrices A, B, C, D are defined as follows:
Figure BDA0002353804210000039
the method provided by the invention establishes a relation between the electric model and the thermal model of the lithium ion power battery, considers the specific parameters influencing the temperature change under the condition of external short circuit of the battery, can be better suitable for the extremely-fast self-heating process of the power battery, and obviously improves the accuracy of battery temperature prediction during external short circuit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a thermoelectric coupling model established according to a method provided by the present invention;
figure 2 is a comparison of a model constructed according to the method provided by the present invention with a temperature rise curve for a test cell.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The method provided by the invention specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, establishing a power battery model considering the bidirectional coupling effect of an electric model and a thermal model of a lithium ion battery aiming at a power battery, as shown in figure 1;
secondly, identifying the internal resistance, the polarization internal resistance and the polarization capacitance of the power battery based on the electric model, and calculating the heat generation of the power battery by combining the identification result with the thermal model;
respectively constructing a radial uniformly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model and an axial linearly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model of the cylindrical battery with the convection boundary condition by using the obtained heat production result of the power battery;
and step four, establishing a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the power battery according to the radial uniformly distributed one-dimensional thermal model and the axial linearly distributed one-dimensional thermal model, thereby completing the modeling of the thermoelectric coupling characteristic.
In one example, for the proposed method for constructing the external short-circuit thermocouple model of the battery, the model is applied at the ambient temperature of 20 ℃, and the surface and center temperature data of the external short-circuit test of the power battery with three different initial SOCs and the corresponding model surface and center temperature data are compared and analyzed.
Because the center of the power lithium battery is limited by space and only one thermocouple can be placed, the center temperature of the model cathode is compared with the test. The result of the comparison between the experiment and the model is shown in fig. 2, the surface temperature of the power battery obtained by the model is basically consistent with the actually measured temperature and is influenced by uneven heat transfer, the experimental temperature curve has certain postposition, and the positive electrode is influenced more obviously.
As can be seen from the temperature rise errors in the following table, the maximum error is 2.315%, and the accuracy is reliable. Therefore, the established thermoelectric coupling model applied to the external short circuit condition of the cylindrical lithium ion battery is closer to the actual temperature change rule of the power battery after external short circuit, the effectiveness of the model is verified, and the model can be used for predicting the external short circuit temperature of the power battery.
Figure BDA0002353804210000041
It should be understood that, the sequence numbers of the steps in the embodiments of the present invention do not mean the execution sequence, and the execution sequence of each process should be determined by the function and the inherent logic of the process, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of the present invention.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (5)

1. A modeling method for thermoelectric coupling characteristics of a lithium ion power battery is suitable for a power battery rapid self-heating process, and is characterized in that: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
establishing a power battery model considering the bidirectional coupling effect of an electric model and a thermal model of a lithium ion battery aiming at the power battery;
secondly, identifying the internal resistance, the polarization internal resistance and the polarization capacitance of the power battery based on the electric model, and calculating the heat generation of the power battery by combining the identification result with the thermal model;
respectively constructing a radial uniformly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model and an axial linearly-distributed one-dimensional thermal model of the cylindrical battery with the convection boundary condition by using the obtained heat production result of the power battery;
and step four, establishing a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the power battery according to the radial uniformly distributed one-dimensional thermal model and the axial linearly distributed one-dimensional thermal model, thereby completing the modeling of the thermoelectric coupling characteristic.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the electric model adopts a first-order RC battery model, and heat generation of the tabs is considered; the internal resistance of the battery, the internal polarization resistance and the polarization capacitance are functions related to temperature and SoC.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the heat production of the power battery is calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0002353804200000011
wherein Q isavgAverage heat production rate of battery, QtabFor the heat production rate of the battery tab, I is the current, ROIs the ohmic internal resistance, R, of the battery1For polarizing internal resistance, C1Is polarization capacitance, t is time, t0For the moment when the battery starts to discharge, RtabThe resistance of a tab, T the temperature of the battery and SoC the state of charge of the battery; f. ofRO、fR1、fC1Respectively show the ohmic internal resistance and the polarization internal resistanceA function corresponding to the polarization capacitance.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the established radial uniformly distributed one-dimensional thermal model and the axial linearly distributed one-dimensional thermal model are based on the following assumptions on the physical properties of the battery:
(1) the internal material of the battery has uniform isotropic physical properties and consistent density;
(2) the internal heat transfer of the cell is mainly through heat conduction, neglecting thermal radiation and thermal convection effects;
(3) the specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of the battery are constants and do not change with temperature and SOC.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the establishment of the two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the power battery specifically comprises the following steps:
control equation based on three-dimensional temperature distribution T (z, r, T) and boundary conditions:
Figure FDA0002353804200000012
Figure FDA0002353804200000013
Figure FDA0002353804200000021
wherein z and r are the position coordinates of a certain point on the battery under the cylindrical coordinate system, and ktIs the radial thermal conductivity of the cell, rho is the cell density, CpIs the average specific heat capacity of the battery, R is the radius of the battery, h is the surface convection heat transfer coefficient, T∞Is the temperature of the fluid surrounding the battery, VbIs the cell volume;
assuming that the battery generates heat in the axial direction and linearly changes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, the heat generation rate Q (z, t) of the battery is expressed as:
Figure FDA0002353804200000022
wherein L is the axial length of the battery, QavgFor average heat production inside the cell, QtabHeat is generated for the tab part in the battery;
due to uniform heat generation, neglecting axial heat transfer, the temperature distribution of the battery cell in any axial r direction is assumed to satisfy the following polynomial equation:
Figure FDA0002353804200000023
wherein a (t) b (t) d (t) is a time-varying constant;
the cell center temperature Tc, the surface temperature Ts, the volume average temperature
Figure FDA0002353804200000024
And temperature gradient
Figure FDA0002353804200000025
Can be expressed as:
Tc＝a(t)
Ts＝a(t)+b(t)+d(t)
Figure FDA0002353804200000026
Figure FDA0002353804200000027
through a series of calculations, a temperature distribution model of the form:
Figure FDA0002353804200000028
Figure FDA0002353804200000029
where τ is the time constant, and the matrices A, B, C, D are defined as follows:
Figure FDA00023538042000000210
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CN112798971A (en) * 2020-12-30 2021-05-14 浙大城市学院 A Coupling Electrical-Thermal Model of a Soft-Packed Li-ion Battery
CN113190950A (en) * 2021-01-18 2021-07-30 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 Power battery heat transfer model, power battery cooling channel design method and power battery heat management system control method
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111610450A (en) * 2020-06-09 2020-09-01 武汉理工大学 A method for estimating the heat generation source of lithium-ion battery charging
CN112380785A (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-02-19 江西江铃集团新能源汽车有限公司 Battery thermal management optimization method and device, readable storage medium and computer equipment
CN112798971A (en) * 2020-12-30 2021-05-14 浙大城市学院 A Coupling Electrical-Thermal Model of a Soft-Packed Li-ion Battery
CN113190950A (en) * 2021-01-18 2021-07-30 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 Power battery heat transfer model, power battery cooling channel design method and power battery heat management system control method
CN113190950B (en) * 2021-01-18 2022-08-30 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 Battery cooling channel design method and battery thermal management system control method
CN113238149A (en) * 2021-03-17 2021-08-10 科大国创新能科技有限公司 Method for building thermoelectric coupling power battery model
CN113238149B (en) * 2021-03-17 2024-02-23 科大国创新能科技有限公司 Method for constructing thermoelectric coupling power battery model
CN119116777A (en) * 2024-11-14 2024-12-13 成都市技师学院(成都工贸职业技术学院、成都市高级技工学校、成都铁路工程学校) A battery monitoring method for new energy vehicles
CN119116777B (en) * 2024-11-14 2025-02-14 成都市技师学院(成都工贸职业技术学院、成都市高级技工学校、成都铁路工程学校) Battery monitoring method for new energy automobile
CN119849167A (en) * 2024-12-26 2025-04-18 天津大学 Multi-physical field coupling modeling simulation method for soft package lithium battery puncture process
CN119849167B (en) * 2024-12-26 2025-10-31 天津大学 A Multiphysics Coupled Modeling and Simulation Method for the Puncture Process of a Pouch Lithium Battery

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