CN111024843B - 用于诊断帕金森病的联合标志物及检测试剂盒 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及血浆样品中小分子代谢物咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸,作为联合标志物在制备用于诊断受试者中帕金森病患者的试剂盒中的新应用。本发明还涉及检测受试者中的帕金森病患者的试剂盒,通过检测来自受试者的血浆中上述联合标志物各自的相对浓度,基于二元逻辑回归方程计算所述联合标志物变量,并基于确定的截点值,判断所述受试者是否患有帕金森病。所述试剂盒可实现对本发明涉及的几种代谢物的高灵敏检测,并且具有检测成本低、重复性好的特点。上述几种小分子代谢物的联合使用,可应用于辅助帕金森病的临床诊断,具有较高的开发应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新的小分子联合标志物在帕金森病诊断中的应用,并且涉及检测受试者中的帕金森病的检测试剂盒和方法,属于分析化学及临床医学及医学领域。
背景技术
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是第二常见的神经退行性疾病,多发于老年人群。随着人口老龄化的加剧,PD的发病率日益升高。目前,PD的临床诊断主要依据病史、临床症状及对左旋多巴治疗的反应,存在较高的漏诊率和误诊率。由于PD的发病机制尚不明确,传统的药物治疗只能暂时减轻或缓解症状,而不能有效阻止或逆转PD的进程,并且长期用药会相继引起多种并发症[参考文献1:Oxenkrug G,Van dHM,Roeser J,SummergradP.Endocrinology Diabetes&Metabolism Journal 2017;1]。因此,发现灵敏度高、特异性好的生物标志物对于改善PD的临床诊断与治疗具有重要意义。
目前不少学者已致力于PD生物标志物的研究,主要集中在临床症状评价、功能神经影像学、遗传和生化指标检测等领域。由于临床症状表现存在波动、不同患者间具有个体差异等原因,单纯依靠临床症状的诊断灵敏度和特异性较低。功能神经影像学主要有大脑PET/SPECT成像、磁共振成像和经颅超声等技术,操作方便但购置设备费用昂贵、操作技术要求高、特异性有限,从而限制了其临床应用。此外,90%~95%的PD患者都是散发的,家族性PD仅占5%~10%,因此,基因仅能解释少数PD的发病原因[参考文献2:Delenclos M,Jones DR,McLean PJ,Uitti RJ.Parkinsonism&Related Disorders 2016;22:S106-S10]。由于生化指标检测创伤小、成本相对较低,成为PD生物标志物研究的热点。体液特别是外周血具有取材方便、侵袭性小、再生速度快等优点,是生物标志物研究的理想来源之一。
针对PD的血液生物标志物,研究较多的有α-突触核蛋白(α-Synuclein)、DJ-1、氧化应激相关因子(尿酸、谷胱甘肽、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷等)、炎症因子和神经营养因子等。由于结果的不一致性和不同研究机构使用的检测方法间存在较大的差异,目前临床上尚无明确的PD生物标志物诊断的相关标准。相比基因和蛋白质的表达易受表观遗传和翻译后修饰等生命过程的调控而具有存在形式的不均一和不确定性,代谢物作为上游基因表达的最终产物,其含量的变化可以反映生物体对基因或外界环境变化所做出的最终响应,因而更易于与生物表型相关联。研究表明,PD的发生与神经递质、磷脂、固醇和氨基酸等多条代谢通路的紊乱及线粒体功能异常密切相关,血液中氨基酸、脂质分子、神经递质等多种小分子代谢物的含量在帕金森病患者和正常人之间存在显著差异[参考文献3:Zheng H,Zhao L,XiaH,Xu C,Wang D,Liu K,Lin L,Li X,Yan Z,Gao H.Molecular Neurobiology 2016;53:6690-7.]。本发明通过采用超高效液相色谱质谱联用的代谢组学技术检测血浆中的小分子代谢物,并结合生物信息学和统计学分析等手段筛选出目标差异代谢物,以期辅助帕金森病的临床诊断。超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术为小分子代谢物的检测提供了快速、高灵敏、低成本、高稳定性的检测方法。
本发明涉及到的联合标志物中咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸都是人体内重要的代谢物,参与多种病理生理过程。研究表明,人体血液中咖啡因的含量与PD的患病风险之间存在显著负相关,咖啡因代谢可能参与神经系统疾病的病理机制[参考文献4:Hatano T,Saiki S,Okuzumi A,Mohney RP,Hattori N.J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry,87:295-301]。肌酐是肌酸的代谢产物,而肌酸是一种具有神经保护作用的麦角素类化合物。有临床试验研究表明肌酸可改善PD患者的情绪,并且可辅助PD的临床治疗[参考文献5:Bender A,Koch W,Elstner M,Schombacher Y,Bender J,MoeschlM,Gekeler F,Muller-Myhsok B,Gasser T,Tatsch K,&Klopstock T.Neurology 67,1262-1264]。脂肪酰胺是哺乳动物神经系统中重要的信号分子,可与多种药物受体结合并调控睡眠、运动、血管生成等多种生理过程[参考文献6:Farrell EK,Chen Y,Barazanji M,Jeffries KA,Cameroamortegui F,Merkler DJ.J Lipid Res,53:247-256]。苯乙酰谷氨酰胺是由一种氨基酸发酵而来的肠道微生物代谢产物,由苯乙酸与谷氨酰胺结合而成,而苯乙酸几乎完全来源于肠道微生物对苯丙氨酸的转化[参考文献7:Poesen R,Claes K,Evenepoel P,de Loor H,Augustijns P,Kuypers D,et al.Journal of the AmericanSociety of Nephrology:JASN,27:3479-3487]。脂肪酸是构成细胞膜、细胞信号分子、多种生化途径的代谢底物以及免疫调节剂的重要组成部分。癸酸是一种中链脂肪酸,有研究表明癸酸对猪小肠上皮细胞中环磷酰胺诱导的肠损伤和化应激具有保护作用[参考文献8:Lee SI,Kang KS.F Sci Rep,7:16530]。吲哚乳酸是色氨酸代谢的产物之一,血液中吲哚乳酸的水平可反映肠道微生物和肝脏的代谢过程[参考文献9:Burr RL,Gu H,Cain K,Djukovic D,Zhang X,Han C,et al.J Neurogastroenterol Motil,25:551-562]。目前为止,尚无研究将咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸作为联合标志物应用于帕金森病的临床诊断。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对目前帕金森病诊断准确度和灵敏度有限、缺乏有效生物标志物的临床问题,提供一种组合的小分子代谢物以辅助帕金森病的临床诊断,并提供可用于检测上述组合的小分子代谢物的检测方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
利用超高效液相色谱质谱联用的代谢组学技术,对帕金森病患者、正常人(Ctrl)和非PD神经系统疾病对照(NDC,包括脑血管疾病、癫痫、周围性眩晕、周围性神经病、睡眠障碍、晕厥和重症肌无力)患者的血浆进行代谢组学指纹分析。
分离系统为Waters ACQUITY UPLC系统,采用两种分离模式。正离子模式下,采用C8色谱柱;流动相A为体积浓度0.1%甲酸的水溶液,流动相B为体积浓度0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液;洗脱梯度:0~0.5min为5%B相,0.5min~2min线性变化到40%B相,2min~8min线性变化到100%B相,保持2min,10min~10.1min线性变化为5%B相并平衡1.9min;流动相流速为0.40mL/min;柱温为60℃;进样量为5μL。负离子模式下,采用T3色谱柱;流动相C为6.5mM的碳酸氢铵水溶液,流动相D为6.5mM的碳酸氢铵甲醇水溶液(甲醇/水=95/5,v/v);洗脱梯度:0~0.5min为2%D相,0.5min~2min线性变化到40%D相,2min~8min线性变化到100%B相,保持2min,10min~10.1min线性变化为2%D相并平衡1.9min;流动相流速为0.40mL/min;柱温为60℃;进样量为5μL。
质谱仪为tripleTOFTM 5600plus系统。参数设置如下,GS1,50psi;GS2,50psi;CUR,35psi;离子源温度,500℃;离子源电压为5500V(正离子模式下),-4500V(负离子模式下)。
血浆样本预处理方法:
血浆在4℃下解冻,取60μL血浆样本,加入240μL包含内标的提取液(即,包含内标D3-亮氨酸、D5-色氨酸、D5-苯丙氨酸、D4-鹅脱氧胆酸、D3癸酰基肉碱和十三烷酸的甲醇溶液,具体浓度参见表1)沉淀蛋白;震荡后,14000g,4℃,离心15分钟;取上清液冷冻干燥,保存于-80℃冰箱中。进样前,样品用60μL甲醇/水=1/4(v/v)溶液复溶;震荡后,14000g,4℃,离心15分钟;取上清5μL用于分析。
通过总离子流图以及峰提取和峰匹配软件得到内标峰和联合标志物中的六种代谢物咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸的峰面积,以确定这六种代谢物的相对浓度。
使用数据处理软件SPSS对所获得的数据进行二元逻辑回归分析,回归为联合标志物变量,然后用受试者工作(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价联合标志物的灵敏度和特异性。所建模型的回归方程如下:
X=-1.128*A-558.097*B-6.343*C+0.520*D-91.487*E-2.082*F+5.920
Pi(PD)=1/(1+e-X)
其中,A、B、C、D、E、F分别为咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸的相对浓度,e为欧拉数,即自然对数的底数。所得变量Pi(PD)在PD患者中增高,该变量的值可用于辅助判定PD。基于本试验涉及的临床样本,根据诊断灵敏度和特异性最佳的原则,变量Pi(PD)的截点值设为0.511,即当Pi(PD)值大于0.511时,则有可能为PD患者,否则为非帕金森病患者。
所建立的联合标志物模型对于区分PD患者和Ctrl具有很好的判别能力,联合标志物的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.821、灵敏度为67.2%、特异性为81.9%。此外,当加入NDC组时,联合标志物模型区分PD患者与Ctrl+NDC时,其曲线下面积为0.797、灵敏度为67.2%、特异性为78.4%(见图1)。以上结果表明,本发明建立的联合标志物模型具有应用于PD临床诊断的潜力。此外,我们还对标志物的组合方式进行了分析,结果表明只有当联合使用这六种代谢物时,才能达到最优的效果。以其中三个代谢物(咖啡因,肌酐和吲哚乳酸)和四个代谢物(咖啡因、肌酐、吲哚乳酸和苯乙酰谷氨酰胺)的组合为例,所建模型的回归方程为:
X1=-1.312*A-242.35*B-3.428*F+3.541
X2=-1.253*A-437.569*B+0.552*D-2.362*F+2.698
Pi(PD)=1/(1+e-X)
其中,A、B、D、F分别为咖啡因、肌酐、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺和吲哚乳酸的相对浓度,e为欧拉数,即自然对数的底数。
在区分PD患者和Ctrl组时,联合使用六种代谢物时的AUC值(0.821)高于联合使用三种代谢物(AUC=0.724)和联合使用四种代谢物(AUC=0.748)时的AUC值(图1)。在区分PD患者与Ctrl+NDC组时,同样表现出了类似的结果(图2)。
本发明具有的效果是:血浆样品中小分子代谢物咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸可以联合用于PD病人的判别。通过本发明涉及的上述几种小分子代谢物的检测试剂盒,可实现快速、高灵敏、低成本、高稳定性的检测。上述几种小分子代谢物的联合使用有望应用于PD的辅助诊断。
附图说明
1.图1(A)显示联合标志物在用于判别帕金森病患者和正常人的ROC曲线;(B)显示联合标志物在用于判别帕金森病和正常人以及神经系统疾病对照患者的ROC曲线。
2.图2显示咖啡因(A)、肌酐(B)、癸酸(C)、二十烯酰胺(D)、吲哚乳酸(E)和苯乙酰谷氨酰胺(F)在正常对照组、神经系统疾病对照组和帕金森病组血浆样本中的含量变化。
3.图3显示联合标志物在正常对照组、神经系统疾病对照组和帕金森病组之间的差异。
具体实施方式
实施例1
1.血浆样本的收集
收集122例帕金森病患者(PD)、94例正常人(Ctrl)和68例患有非PD神经系统疾病(NDC,包括27例脑血管疾病、9例癫痫、9例周围性眩晕、8例周围性神经病、8例睡眠障碍、5例晕厥和2例重症肌无力)的患者血浆样本。血浆采集前,试验需获得单位伦理委员会的审批和所有受试者的知情同意。所有受试者均是在禁食8小时以上后,次日早晨采血,采集的血样静置30分钟,3000rpm/min离心5分钟后,取血浆,置于-80℃冰箱保存备用。
2.分析方法
2.1血浆样本的预处理
表1.提取液中的内标及其浓度
从-80℃冰箱取出血浆样品并在4℃条件下解冻,涡旋使其充分混匀,定量取60μL血浆样本于1.5mL离心管。冰浴条件下定量加入240μL包含内标的提取液(含内标的甲醇溶液)(提取液中所含内标及具体浓度参见表1),涡旋2分钟使其充分混匀。14000g,4℃条件下离心15分钟,定量取上清液于1.5mL离心管,并在真空条件下冷冻干燥,保存于-80℃冰箱中备用。进样前,样品用60μL甲醇/水=1/4(v/v)的复溶试剂复溶样品,涡旋2分钟混匀,14000g,4℃条件下离心10分钟;取上清液5μL用于进样分析。
2.2超高效液相色谱质谱分析
(1)液相条件:色谱仪为Waters ACQUITY UPLC超高效液相色谱(Waters,Ireland)。
正离子模式下,采用C8色谱柱;洗脱液A相为0.1%(v/v)甲酸的水溶液、B相为0.1%(v/v)甲酸的乙腈溶液。洗脱梯度如下:0~0.5min保持5%B相,0.5min~2min,B相从5%线性升到40%,2min~8min,B相线性变化到100%,保持2min,然后在0.1min之内线性变化为5%B相并平衡1.9min。
负离子模式下,采用T3色谱柱;洗脱液C相为6.5mM的碳酸氢铵水溶液、D相为6.5mM的碳酸氢铵甲醇水溶液(甲醇/水=95/5,v/v)。洗脱梯度:0~0.5min为2%D相,0.5min~2min,D相由2%线性变化到40%,2min~8min再线性升到100%,保持2min,然后在0.1min之内回到初始比例2%,平衡1.9min。正负离子模式下,流动相流速均为0.40mL/min,柱温为60℃,进样量为5μL。
(2)质谱条件:使用tripleTOFTM 5600plus质谱仪。参数设置如下,GS1,50psi;GS2,50psi;CUR,35psi;离子源温度,500℃;离子源电压为5500V(正离子模式下),-4500V(负离子模式下)。
2.3血浆测试结果及辅助诊断方法
根据内标,计算得到咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸的相对浓度。计算公式如下:
相对浓度咖啡因=峰面积咖啡因/峰面积D5-苯丙氨酸*3.00μg/mL;
相对浓度肌酐=峰面积肌酐/峰面积D3-癸酰基肉碱*0.10μg/m;
相对浓度二十烯酰胺=峰面积二十烯酰胺/峰面积D4-鹅脱氧胆酸*0.80μg/mL;
相对浓度苯乙酰谷氨酰胺=峰面积苯乙酰谷氨酰胺/峰面积D3-亮氨酸*4.00μg/mL;
相对浓度癸酸=峰面积癸酸/峰面积十三烷酸*2.00μg/mL;
相对浓度吲哚乳酸=峰面积吲哚乳酸/峰面积D5-色氨酸*4.00μg/mL。
将上述六个代谢物在每个临床样本中的相对浓度值导入PASW Statistics(version 18.0.0)软件,以样本类型(Ctrl和NDC为1,PD为2)为因变量,以上述六个代谢物的相对浓度值为协变量进行二元逻辑回归分析,得到回归方程如下:
X=-1.128*A-558.097*B-6.343*C+0.520*D-91.487*E-2.082*F+5.920
Pi(PD)=1/(1+e-X)
其中,A、B、C、D、E、F分别为咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸的相对浓度,e为欧拉数,既自然对数的底数。
相对于正常人和神经系统疾病对照患者,PD患者中咖啡因、肌酐、癸酸、二十烯酰胺和吲哚乳酸水平显著降低,而苯乙酰谷氨酰胺水平显著升高(见图2)。带入二元逻辑回归方程,联合标志物在正常人、神经系统疾病对照患者和PD患者之间的差异如图3所示。当联合标志物使用0.511的截点值时,对PD的判别效果如表2所示。我们所建立的联合标志物对于区分正常人与PD患者以及神经系统疾病对照组与PD患者,均具有较好的判别效果。
本发明所述检测试剂盒具有快速、高灵敏、低成本、高稳定性的特点。同时,本发明可应用于辅助PD的临床诊断,具有较高的开发应用价值。
表2.联合标志物区分PD组与Ctrl组及NDC组中的灵敏度和特异性
本发明还涉及检测受试者中的帕金森病患者的试剂盒,通过检测来自受试者的血浆中上述联合标志物各自的相对浓度,基于二元逻辑回归方程计算所述联合标志物变量,并基于确定的截点值,判断所述受试者是否患有帕金森病。所述试剂盒可实现对本发明涉及的几种代谢物的高灵敏检测,并且具有检测成本低、重复性好的特点。上述几种小分子代谢物的联合使用,可应用于辅助帕金森病的临床诊断,具有较高的开发应用价值。
Claims (4)
1.联合标志物在制备用于诊断受试者中的帕金森病患者的试剂盒中的用途,其中所述联合标志物由咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸共同组成。
2.一种检测受试者中的帕金森病的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包括:
(1)化学标准品:咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸;
(2)用于预处理来自受试者的血浆样品的提取液:包含内标物D3-亮氨酸、D5-色氨酸、D5-苯丙氨酸、D4-鹅脱氧胆酸、D3-癸酰基肉碱和十三烷酸的甲醇溶液;
(3)用于洗脱色谱柱的洗脱液;
正离子模式下,采用C8色谱柱;流动相A为0.1% v/v 甲酸的水溶液,流动相B为0.1% v/v 甲酸的乙腈溶液;负离子模式下,采用T3色谱柱;流动相C为5~10mM的碳酸氢铵水溶液,流动相D为5~10mM的碳酸氢铵的甲醇水溶液,其中甲醇/水=95/5,v/v。
3.按照权利要求2所述的试剂盒,其中所述用于洗脱色谱柱的洗脱液是用于洗脱ACQUITY UPLC BEH C8,2.1 × 100 mm色谱柱或ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3,2.1 × 100 mm色谱柱的洗脱液;
所述标准品分别用于对应血浆中小分子代谢物咖啡因、肌酐、二十烯酰胺、苯乙酰谷氨酰胺、癸酸和吲哚乳酸的定性。
4.按照权利要求2所述的试剂盒,内标物D3-亮氨酸、D5-色氨酸、D5-苯丙氨酸、D4-鹅脱氧胆酸、D3-癸酰基肉碱和十三烷酸于甲醇溶液中的浓度分别为4.00 μg/mL、4.00 μg/mL、3.00 μg/mL、0.80 μg/mL、0.10 μg/mL和2.00 μg/mL。
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