CN110229813B - 具有疫苗佐剂作用和肿瘤治疗作用的寡核苷酸 - Google Patents
具有疫苗佐剂作用和肿瘤治疗作用的寡核苷酸 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了两种单链脱氧寡核苷酸,它们可以被用作微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,表现抗感染和抗肿瘤的作用,可以单独应用或和其它抗肿瘤制剂联合应用治疗肿瘤。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及两种寡核苷酸以及其作为疫苗佐剂和治疗肿瘤的用途。
背景技术:
转化生长因子-β2(transforming growth factor beta 2,TGF-β2)是转化生长因子-β细胞因子 超家族(TGF-β Cytokine Superfamily)的成员。TGF-β超家族有40个细胞因子,在这些细胞因子中, 以TGF命名有TGF-β1,TGF-β2和TGF-β3[Rider CC,etal.Molecules.2017 Apr 29;22(5).pii:E713;Travis MA,et al.Annu RevImmunol.2014;32:51-82],它们也是通常所指的TGF-β。翻译合成后的TGF-β1,TGF- β2和TGF-β3均为前体分子,由信号肽,N末端片段(latency-associated peptide,LAP)和C-末端片 段(short C-terminal fragment)组成。释放出的C-末端片段形成二聚体,为成熟的有生物学活性细胞 因子TGF-β。在氨基酸水平,TGF-β1,TGF-β2和TGF-β3有71-79%的同源性[Travis MA,et al.Annu Rev Immunol.2014;32:51-82]。
能转导TGF-β信号的TGF-β受体(TβR)是四聚体,含2个TβRI和2个TβRII分子,TβRI和TβRII 是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。四聚体复合物一旦形成,TβRII激酶活化,识别TβRI的特定丝氨酸残基,使其 激活[Ahmed S,et al.J Clin Med.2017 Jan 5;6(1).pii:E5]。TGF-β2激活的信号转导依赖β-聚糖 (β-glycan),β-聚糖也被称为TGF-βRIII。β-聚糖协助TGF-β2结合TGF-βRII[Travis MA,et al.Annu Rev Immunol.2014;32:51-82]。TGF-β受体激活后通过Smad蛋白转导信号。Smad蛋白有三类,受体调节Smads (receptor-regulated Smads,R-Smad),common mediator Smad(co-Smad)和抑制性Smad(inhibitory Smad, I-Smad)。Smad2和Smad3是R-Smads,为TβRI的直接底物。TGF-β结合激活TGF-β受体,激活的TGF-βRI的细胞内端募集Smad2和Smad3,并直接将其磷酸化。磷酸化的Smad2/3和Smad4(co-Smad)形成三聚 体(Smad复合物)。Smad复合物转位到细胞核,调控多种基因的表达。激活的I-Smad(Smad6/7)通过促 进TβRI降解,抑制Smad2/Smad3磷酸化,抑制Smad复合物结合染色质来负调控TGF-β的信号转导[Ahmed S,et al.J Clin Med.2017 Jan 5;6(1).pii:E5;TravisMA,et al.Annu Rev Immunol.2014;32:51-82]。TGF-β 可通过经典途径(canonicalpathway)和非经典途径(noncanonical pathway)转导激活信号[Huang JJ,et al.Biochem Soc Trans.2016 Oct 15;44(5):1441-1454]。在人和小鼠,TβRIII主要表达在巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、 巨核细胞、树突细胞和T细胞[Ortega-Francisco S,et al.BiochemBiophys Res Commun.2017 Dec 9;494(1-2):82-87], 提示,这些细胞也是TGF-β2的靶细胞。
TGF-β对免疫应答有负调节作用,调节多种适应性免疫应答细胞和固有免疫应答的细胞,包括树突细 胞,T细胞,B细胞,NK细胞,固有免疫淋巴样细胞(innate lymphoidcells)和粒细胞[Kelly A,et al. Adv Immunol.2017;134:137-233]。TGF-β2下调主要组织相容复合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC) 分子的表达。在体外培养条件下,TGF-β2(1,5,or 10ng/ml)显著下调马间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)表面的MHC-I类分子和MHC-II类分子,也可部分拮抗IFN-γ-对MSCs MHC-I类分子和 MHC-II类分子的上调作用[Berglund AK,et al.Front Vet Sci.2017 Jun 12;4:84]。在实验性变应性脑炎 (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠,TGF-β2显著下调小胶质细胞表达MHC-II类分子[De Feo D,et al.J Clin Invest.2017Nov 1;127(11):3937-3953]。TGF-β2可拮抗IFN-γ和TNF-d对大鼠星型细胞表达MHC-II类分子的诱导作用[Schluesener HJ.J Neuroimmunol(1990)27:41-7]。TGF-β2干扰抗原提呈细胞的功能。骨髓来源的树突状细胞(BMDCs)表达TβR。在体外培养条件下,TGF-β2显著抑 制CD40L刺激BMDCs表达、分泌IL-23[De Feo D,et al.J Clin Invest.2017Nov 1;127(11):3937-3953]。这种 抑制几乎能被TGFBRI或TGFBRII酪氨酸激酶抑制剂SB431542完全消除[De FeoD,et al.J Clin Invest.2017 Nov 1;127(11):3937-3953]。IL-23是一种黏膜免疫诱导剂。在小鼠,添加了IL-23的全流感病毒疫苗(whole influenza virus vaccine,WIV)(IL-23-WIV)经黏膜免疫诱生病毒特异性鼻腔IgA的效力显著提高。 IL-23-WIV免疫小鼠的血清和鼻腔洗出液中可出现高水平的抗流感病毒IgA。这提示,抑制TGF-β2可能 通过解除IL-23分泌的抑制来发挥佐剂作用。TGF-β2抑制细胞因子的表达。在基础和炎症条件下,TGF-β2抑制角质细胞表达IL8,CXCL5,CXCL1,chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 20(CCL20),IL1A,IL1B[Li D,et al.J Clin Invest.2015 Aug 3;125(8):3008-26]。在未成熟的小肠,TGF-β2减弱LPS-诱导IL-6,IL-1β和 TNF-α的生物学活性[Nguyen DN,et al.Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol.2014Oct 1;307(7):G689-99]。 TGF-β2诱导抑制性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)。粘膜和眼组织中表达TGF-β2的抗原提呈细胞(antigenpresenting cells,APCs)可诱导Treg[Mir FA,et al.Immunology.2015 Dec;146(4):547-56]。用抗 -TβRIII封闭实验证明,TβRIII介导的信号促进TGFβ-依赖的CD4+ T细胞向分化[Ortega-Francisco S,et al.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2017 Dec 9;494(1-2):82-87]。
TGF-β2是促瘤因子。95%高分级胶质瘤细胞表达高水平的TGF-β2,其表达水平和胶质瘤细胞的侵袭 力正相关[Zhang C,et al.J Exp Clin Cancer Res.2017 Nov 16;36(1):162]。TGF-β2被命名为胶质瘤来源的T 细胞抑制因子(glioblastoma-derived T-cellsuppressor factor)。在胶质瘤病人,TGF-β2诱导免疫 抑制状态和免疫监视功能缺失。血中TGF-β2水平高的胶质瘤病患者疾病的进展加快、预后差[Hau P,et al.Curr PharmBiotechnol.2011Dec;12(12):2150-7]。膀胱癌组织中的TGF-β2水平和膀胱癌的肌肉浸润程度正相关。TGF-β2可作为肿瘤早期诊断的生物标志物[Mahdavinezhad A,etal.Investig Clin Urol.2017 Mar;58(2):140-145]。在口腔癌,癌症相关成纤维细胞(Cancer-associated fibroblasts)分泌的TGF-β2 可能通过减弱胶质细胞间的粘附维持口腔癌细胞恶变表型[Cirillo N,et al.Carcinogenesis.2017 Jan;38(1):76-85]。TGF-β-2诱导上皮细胞间质转化。上皮细胞间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是肿瘤细胞侵袭[Cirillo N,et al.Carcinogenesis.2017 Jan;38(1):76-85]和移行的关键过 程。
发明内容:
1、本发明提供了两种单链脱氧寡核苷酸(简称寡核苷酸),其序列如序列表<400>1和<400>2所示。 它们可减少转化生长因子-β2(transforming growth factor beta 2,TGF-β2)的mRNA,抑制TGF-β2 蛋白的表达而减弱、抑制TGF-β2介导的免疫抑制作用,进而增强个体对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞的的免疫 应答,表现抗感染和抗肿瘤的效力。
2、这两种寡核苷酸可以经过各种化学修饰或被改构。
3、这两种寡核苷酸可被用作致病微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,具有抗感染和抗肿瘤作用。
4、这两种寡核苷酸可被用于肿瘤治疗。
5、这两种寡核苷酸可以和其它的佐剂或固有免疫增强剂联合应用来增强个体对致病微生物和肿瘤细 胞的保护性免疫应答。
6、这两种寡核苷酸可以和其它抗肿瘤制剂和肿瘤治疗细胞联合应用来治疗肿瘤。
发明中的术语:
除非特别强调,本发明中的术语具有可以被本发明所属领域内技术人员所理解的通常意义。若出现含 义上的冲突,应遵从本发明中的解释、界定或说明。
“寡核苷酸”:寡核苷酸是由多个核苷酸组成的分子,其核苷酸的数量可以是几个或几十个。核苷酸 (nucleotide)是核酸、也是寡核苷酸的基本组成单位。核苷酸由核苷(nucleoside)和磷酸组成。核苷 由戊糖(pentose)和碱基(base)组成。戊糖包括核糖和脱氧核糖。戊糖分子和碱基连接形成核苷 (nucleoside)。核苷由磷酸基团连接形成核苷酸。核苷酸通过磷酸二酯键连接形成寡核苷酸。组成核苷 的碱基包括嘧啶和嘌呤。嘧啶包括胸腺嘧啶(thymine,缩写为T或t)和胞嘧啶(cytosine,缩写为C或 c)。嘌呤包括腺嘌呤(adenine,缩写为A或a)和鸟嘌呤(guanine,缩写为G或g)。寡核苷酸中的碱基可以是稀有碱基。稀有碱基包括但不限于5-羟甲基胞嘧啶、7-甲基鸟嘌呤和5-羟甲基胞嘧啶。寡核苷酸可以是单链、双链、环形或具有环形结构的分子。在本发明中,寡核苷酸(Oligonucleotide,ODN)可以用 它的英文缩写ODN来代替。寡核苷酸中的核苷酸排列序顺序构成其一级结构,这种顺序也称核苷酸序列。 核苷酸序列可用碱基顺序代表,因此,核苷酸的序列也称为碱基序列。脱氧寡核苷酸的序列可用碱基的英 文缩写表示,T或t代表胸腺嘧啶,C或c代表胞嘧啶,A或a代表腺嘌呤,G或g代表鸟嘌呤。
“本发明提供的寡核苷酸”:是指如实施例1所述的两个寡核苷酸,被命名为TIO1和TIO3。TIO1具 有如序列表<400>1所示的序列,TIO3具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列。本发明提供的寡核苷酸是单链 脱氧寡核苷酸,简称为寡核苷酸(ODN)。
“化学修饰”:与自然的DNA相比,本发明提供的寡核苷酸可被化学修饰(chemicalmodification)。 寡核苷酸的化学修饰是通过引入或除去任何化学基因而使其共价结构发生改变的现象或方法。寡核苷酸的 化学修饰部位可发生在磷酸二酯键、核糖和碱基。寡核苷酸的化学修饰可发生在5’端或3’端,可在合 成时或合成后进行。本发明涉及的化学修饰包括但不限于对寡核苷酸骨架的修饰,如硫代修饰(核苷酸间 磷酸二酯键中磷酸的非桥性氧原子被硫原子取代)和取代修饰(包括烷基、芳香基或其它任何化学基团的 取代)。寡核苷酸的化学修饰还包括碱基替代和碱基修饰,替代的碱基可以是稀有碱基或各种碱基的衍生 物。寡核苷酸的化学修饰还包括在其5’端和/或3’端连接一或多个核苷酸和/或其它任何化学基团。
“UTR”:是指mRNA分子的非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR),位于mRNA分子编码区的两端, 位于5’端的被称为5’端UTR,位于3’端的被称为3’端UTR。
“TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可抑制、减弱TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用。TGF- β2介导免疫抑制作用是指TGF-β2对致病性微生物诱导的免疫应答的抑制作用,也指对肿瘤细胞免疫应 答的抑制作用。减少、干扰TGF-β2mRNA能抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用;抑制、减少TGF-β2蛋白 的产生也能抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用。TGF-β2是免疫抑制因子。抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用 能增强个体对致病性微生物的免疫应答,产生抗感染作用。抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用可打破个体对 肿瘤细胞的免疫耐受,增强个体的抗肿瘤能力。通过抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用而减弱、抑制TGF- β2介导免疫抑制作用可产生抗肿瘤作用[Kim S,et al.Tumour Biol.2016Aug;37(8):11397-407]。
“降低TGF-β2mRNA的水平”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可降低免疫细胞TGF-β2mRNA的水平。“降低” 和“减少”具有相同的含义。降低TGF-β2mRNA的水平可减弱、抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用,因而 表现对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞免疫应答的增强作用。具有降低TGF-β2mRNA的水平的制剂可成为致病微生物疫苗或肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,也可被单独用于肿瘤的治疗。
“抑制TGF-β2蛋白的表达”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可抑制TGF-β2蛋白的表达。抑制、减少TGF-β2 蛋白的产生有相同的含义,抑制TGF-β2mRNA的翻译和抑制TGF-β2蛋白的表达也有相同的意义。TGF-β2 蛋白的减少可减弱、抑制TGF-β2介导免疫抑制作用,因而表现对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞免疫应答的增强作用。具有抑制TGF-β2的表达的制剂可作为致病微生物疫苗或肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,也可被单独用于肿瘤的 治疗。
“免疫应答”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可通过增强对致病微生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的免疫应答。免疫应 答(immune response)和免疫反应具有相同的意义。免疫应答是个体的免疫细胞包括B淋巴细胞、T淋 巴细胞、NK细胞、γδT细胞、NKT细胞、树突细胞、巨噬细胞和粒细胞等对抗原或其它刺激[如病原体相 关的模式分子(pathogen associated molecularpattern,PAMP)和损伤相关的模式分子(damage associated molecular pattern,DAMP)]做出的反应。免疫应答的结果是选择性破坏或清除入侵的致病微生物或内生的肿瘤细胞。免疫应答包括固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答。适应性免疫应答括细胞免疫应答 和体液免疫应答。采用致病微生物抗原制成的疫苗所激发的免疫应答可以使被免疫的个体获得抵抗致病微 生物感染的能力。采用肿瘤抗原制成的疫苗所激发的免疫应答可在被免疫的个体发生肿瘤治疗作用。促进 个体对致病微生物的免疫应答可发生抗感染作用。促进个体对肿瘤细胞的免疫应答可发生抗肿瘤作用。在免疫应答过程中会产生具有免疫抑制作用的细胞因子。TGF-β2是一种具有免疫抑制作用的细胞因子。 TGF-β2可抑制免疫应答。降低TGF-β2mRNA的水平、抑制TGF-β2的表达可促进对致病微生物抗原或肿 瘤抗原的免疫应答,表现免疫预防或免疫治疗作用。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可通过增强对微生物抗原和肿 瘤抗原的免疫应答而被用做微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂或被用于肿瘤的治疗。
“淋巴细胞”:淋巴细胞(lymphocyte)指在血液、淋巴液和淋巴组织中存在的没有吞噬能力的单个 核白细胞,包括B淋巴细胞(也称B细胞)和T淋巴细胞(也称T细胞)。T细胞可被分为表面表达CD4分 子的T细胞(CD4+ T细胞)和为表面表达CD8分子的T细胞(CD8+ T细胞)。
“CD4+ T细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增多引流淋巴结中特异性CD4+ T细胞的数量。CD4+ T细胞 是表面表达CD4分子的T细胞,为辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)。Th辅助B细胞产生抗体,也辅助CD8+ T细胞 去杀伤病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞。刺激CD4+ T细胞增生(表现为细胞数增多)的制剂可增强个体对致病微 生物和肿瘤细胞的免疫应答。
“CD19+淋巴细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增多引流淋巴结中特异性CD19+淋巴细胞的数量。CD19+淋巴细胞是表面表达CD19分子的淋巴细胞,也被称为是CD19+ B淋巴细胞或CD19+细胞。刺激CD19+淋巴 细胞增生(表现为细胞数增多)的制剂可增强个体对致病微生物的的体液免疫应答而被用做致病微生物疫苗的佐剂。
“抗原提呈细胞”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增多引流淋巴结抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cells,APC)的数量。APC是可将来自微生物抗原或肿瘤抗原的肽段呈现在其表面来激活抗原特异性T细 胞的一类免疫细胞,包括树突细胞(dendritic cell,DC)、巨噬细胞和B淋巴细胞等。CD11c是DC的表面标志。增多引流淋巴结APC的数量促进抗原特异性T细胞的激活,进而增强对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞的 免疫应答。
“CD86”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可上调、维持树突细胞表达CD86。CD86是一种表达在抗原提呈细胞 (antigen presenting eells,APC)或肿瘤细胞表面的共刺激分子(costimulatory molecules)。在免 疫应答的过程中,CD86可启动激活T淋巴细胞的第二信号。T淋巴细胞激活是激发个体对致病微生物和肿 瘤细胞免疫应答的关键条件。T淋巴细胞激活需要获得两个激活信号。第一激活信号来自T淋巴细胞通过 T细胞抗原受体(T cellantigen receptor,TCR)识别APC或靶细胞表面的抗原肽-MHC复合物。第二激 活信号来自T淋巴细胞通过CD28分子识别、结合APC或靶细胞表面的包括CD86在内的共刺激分子。第二激活信号也称为共刺激信号(costimulatory signals)。仅获得第一激活信号的T淋巴细胞不能充分激活,甚至会进入免疫耐受状态。只有同时获得第一和第二激活信号后,T淋巴细胞才能被充分激活而行使功能 [Sharma P.et al.Science.2015Apr 3;348(6230):56-61;Greenwald RJ,et al.Annu Rev Immunol.2005;23:515-48]。 TGF-β2可减少APC的共刺激分子,因而减弱T淋巴细胞激活的第二信号。TGF-β2mRNA的水平、抑制TGF-β2的表达可维持或提高CD86的水平,增强T细胞激活的第二信号,进而促进对致病微生物和肿瘤 细胞的免疫应答,增强个体的抗感染和抗肿瘤的能力。
“CD28”:CD28是表达在T细胞表面的蛋白,可识别抗原呈递细胞表面的CD86分子。在识别CD86分 子后,CD28向T细胞提供共刺激信号(co-stimulatory signals),也称第二信号。
“T细胞受体”:T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)是表达在T细胞表面的抗原受体,为异二聚体 跨膜蛋白。TCR由可变(V)区和恒定(C)区组成。V区是TCR识别抗原表位的结构域。TCR不能直接识别 抗原表位,只能识别抗原递呈细胞或靶细胞表面的抗原肽-MHC(主要组织相容复合体)分子复合物。
“MHC分子”:MHC分子是主要组织相容复合体(major histocompatibiltiycomplex,MHC)基因编 码的蛋白类分子。MHC分子包括MHC I类分子和MHC II类分子。
“T淋巴细胞的激活”:T淋巴细胞的激活需要来两个信号。第一信号通过其TCR识别APC或靶细胞 (可被CD8+T细胞杀伤的细胞)表面的抗原肽-MHC分子复合物获得;第二信号,也称共刺激信号,通过其 CD28分子识别APC或靶细胞表面的B7分子获得。在双信号的作用下,T细胞启动激活信号转导通路,进 而增殖、分化行使功能。仅有第一信号而无第二激活信号可使T细胞进入不应答状态。T淋巴细胞激活后 发生T淋巴细胞反应。
“T淋巴细胞反应”:T淋巴细胞反应(T lymphocyte response)和“T淋巴细胞活性”(T lymphocyte activity)或“T淋巴细胞行使的功能”在本发明中是可以互换的术语。T淋巴细胞反应包括T淋巴细胞 增生和/或分化成辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Tc)或调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg),也 包括由Th向B淋巴细胞提供信号辅助其产生抗体、由Tc杀伤靶细胞和释放可溶性因子如细胞因子来调节 其它免疫细胞的功能。Th是CD4+ T细胞,Tc是CD8+ T细胞。在激活后,CD4+T细胞辅助B细胞产生抗体, 辅助CD8+T细胞杀伤靶细胞如病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞。在激活后,CD8+T细胞可杀伤病毒感染细胞和肿瘤 细胞。促进、维持T细胞激活会增强个体对微生物抗原的免疫应答而产生抗感染作用,也会促进个体免疫 细胞对肿瘤细胞的免疫应答产生肿瘤治疗作用。降低TGF-β2mRNA的水平、抑制TGF-β2的表达可增强T 淋巴细胞反应。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可通过增强T淋巴细胞反应增强对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞的免疫应 答而被用做致病微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂或被用于肿瘤的治疗。
“个体”:在本发明中的个体(subject或individual)指人和非人类的脊椎动物。
“靶细胞”:靶细胞(Target cell)指个体可被免疫细胞攻击、杀伤或作用的细胞,可以是肿瘤细胞、 病毒感染细胞,也可以指被本发明提供的寡核苷酸作用的细胞。
“肿瘤”:本发明中的“肿瘤”即现代医学定义的肿瘤,可以分为良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤。肿瘤(tumor) 和癌症(cancer)可以互换使用,具有相同的含义。肿瘤包括实体瘤、软组织肉瘤和髓样或淋巴样系统肿 瘤。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增强个体对肿瘤抗原的免疫应答产生抗肿瘤作用,涉及的肿瘤包括但不限于: 食道癌、胆囊癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结直肠癌、肾上腺皮质肿瘤、肾癌、肝癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、子宫颈癌、子宫癌、阴道癌、胰腺癌、直肠癌、前列腺癌、胃癌、皮肤癌、黑色素瘤、脑肿瘤、胶质瘤、 骨肿瘤、肉瘤、阴茎癌、视网膜母细胞瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤和骨髓瘤。
“治疗”:包括应用本发明提供的寡核苷酸来阻止或延缓疾病(如肿瘤)的症状和并发症的出现。治 疗也可以是预防性。对肿瘤的治疗也指在个体控制肿瘤的进展,延长肿瘤患者的生存期,改善生活质量, 减轻症状,使肿瘤缩小甚至消除,使肿瘤转移受到遏制。在本发明中“肿瘤治疗”和“抗肿瘤作用”或“治 疗肿瘤”有相同的含义。抗肿瘤作用包括对肿瘤的治疗,也包括对肿瘤发生、复发和转移的预防。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可被用于肿瘤的治疗。
“抗原”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增强个体对抗原的免疫应答。抗原是能被B细胞受体或T细胞受体 识别而激发个体适应性免疫应答(adaptive immune response)的物质或分子。抗原可以来自个体的外部, 如微生物抗原;也可来自个体的内部,如肿瘤抗原。微生物抗原是微生物上可被B细胞受体或T细胞受体 识别而激发个体适应性免疫应答(adaptive immune response)的物质或分子。采用微生物抗原制备成的 疫苗在给个体应用后能使其获得对该微生物的免疫力,使其在再次接触到同样或相似病原体时受到保护。采用肿瘤抗原制成的疫苗在给个体应用后能激发其对肿瘤细胞的适应性免疫应答进而产生肿瘤治疗作用。 抗原可以从微生物或肿瘤细胞提取、也可以采用重组DNA技术生产或其它方法合成。肿瘤细胞裂解物含多 种肿瘤抗原,可被用作肿瘤疫苗中的抗原。
“疫苗”:疫苗(vaccine)是用减毒或杀死的病原生物或其组份为抗原制成的用于人工主动免疫的 生物制品。抗原和佐剂是疫苗的主要成分。接种疫苗的目的是使个体获得对病原体的免疫力进而使其再接 触到相应的病原体时受到保护。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和人用疫苗联合应用增强其免疫效力,这些疫 苗包括但不限于可预防下述传染性疾病的疫苗[Stanley A.Plotkin,Walter A.Orenstein,Paul A.Offit, Vaccines,SixthEdition,An imprint of Elsevier Inc.2013,ISBN-13:9781455700905]:白喉、破伤风、黄热病、 百日咳、流感嗜血杆菌b感染、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、斑疹伤寒、狂犬病、轮状病毒感染、 甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、戊型肝炎、流感、结核、疟疾、霍乱、水痘、流行性乙型脑炎、森林脑炎、霍乱、 莱姆病、肺炎球菌感染、脑膜炎球菌感染、伤寒、天花、炭疽、埃博拉病毒感染、绿猴病毒(Marburg viruses, MARV)感染和委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒(Venezuelanequine encephalitis virus,VEEV)感染。本发明涉及的 疫苗也包括肿瘤疫苗。肿瘤抗原和佐剂是肿瘤疫苗的主要成分。肿瘤疫苗可治疗或预防肿瘤。肿瘤疫苗中的抗原可以是肿瘤抗原、提呈肿瘤抗原的细胞、表达肿瘤抗原的细胞或肿瘤细胞裂解物。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和肿瘤疫苗联合应用增强其预防和/或治疗肿瘤的效力,这类疫苗包括但不限于:子宫颈癌预 防的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗、用于治疗前列腺癌的Provenge疫苗、用各种肿瘤抗原制成的疫苗、用各种肿瘤 细胞制成的疫苗和用肿瘤细胞裂解物制成的疫苗。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和动物用疫苗联合应用增强 其免疫效力,这些疫苗包括但不限于可预防下述传染性疾病的疫苗:猪口蹄疫、猪蓝耳病(猪繁殖与呼吸 综合征)、猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪圆环病毒感染、猪细小病毒感染、猪链球菌、猪传染性胃肠炎、猪气喘 病、副猪嗜血杆菌感染、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、猪萎缩性鼻炎、猪传染性胃肠炎、猪乙脑、猪流感、猪布鲁氏病、仔猪腹泻、猪副流感病毒感染、猪流感、猪肺炎支原体感染、仔猪水肿病、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、猪流行 性腹泻、猪肺疫;牛气肿疽、牛炭疽、牛流行热、牛巴氏杆菌病、牛布鲁菌感染、牛破伤风、牛魏氏梭菌 感染、牛肉毒梭菌感染、牛口蹄疫、牛副伤寒、牛痘、牛腹泻;羊快疫、羊猝疽、羊肠毒血症、羔羊痢疾、 羊黑疫(传染性坏死性肝炎)、山羊痘病、羊破伤风、羊炭疽病、羔羊大肠杆菌病、羊流产衣原体感染、 羊口疮、羊传染性胸膜肺炎、羊布氏杆菌病、羊肉毒梭菌中毒症、羊痘、羊链球苗病、羊狂犬病、羊口蹄疫、羊口疮病、羊蓝舌病;马传染性贫血、马流感;猪马牛羊犬脑炎;鸡新城疫、鸡传染性法氏囊炎、鸡 马立克病、禽流感、禽霍乱病、鸡痘、鸡染性支气管炎、鸡病毒性肝炎、鸡减蛋综合征;鸭流感、鸭疫里 默氏杆菌苗、鸭瘟、鸭传染性浆膜炎、鸭大肠杆菌病;小鹅瘟、鹅副黏病毒病、鹅流感;狂犬病、犬温热、 犬细小病毒病、犬钩端螺旋体病、犬传染性肝炎、犬传染性支气管炎、犬副流感病、犬脑炎和犬窝咳疫苗。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增强疫苗的效力。
“肿瘤抗原”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以用作肿瘤抗原的佐剂,增强对肿瘤抗原的免疫应答。在本发 明中,肿瘤抗原(Tumor antigen),肿瘤细胞抗原(tumor cellantigen)和肿瘤相关抗原(tumor associated antigen,TAA)可以交换应用,有相同的含义。肿瘤抗原能激发抗肿瘤免疫应答,针对肿瘤抗原的免疫应答可产生肿瘤治疗作用。瘤抗原包括但不限于:BAGE(B melanoma antigen)、GAGE(G antigen 12B/C/D/E)、 MAGE(melanoma antigen-encoding gene)、NY-ESO-1;CEA(carcinoembryonic antigen)、gp100(glycoprotein 100)、Melan-A(melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1)、PSA(prostate-specific antigen)、酪氨酸酶、HER2(human epidermal growth factorreceptor 2,hTERT (telomerase transcriptase)、p53、survivin、β-catenin-m、HSP70-2/m(heat shock-related 70kDa protein 2mutated)、KRAS、GM2(ganglioside GM2)、MUC1(mucin-1)、乙型肝炎病毒基因编码抗原、 丙型肝炎病毒基因编码的抗原、人乳头瘤病毒基因编码抗原(如L1蛋白、E6蛋白和E7蛋白)和EB病毒 基因编码的抗原(Epstein Barr Viruspeptides)[Zielinski C,et al.Nat Rev Clin Oncol.2014Sep;11(9):509-24;AdamsJL,et al.Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015Sep;14(9):603-22]。肿瘤抗原还包括经灭活处理全肿瘤细胞和肿 瘤细胞裂解物。肿瘤抗原可以是因基因突变而表达的新抗原(neo-antigen),也可以是B细胞肿瘤的独特 型抗原和自肿瘤细胞提取的热休克蛋白肿瘤细胞肽复合物[Suot,R&Srivastava,P(1995)Science 269: 1585-1588;Tamura,Y.et al.(1997)Science278:117-120]。
“肿瘤疫苗”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可被用作肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,增强其肿瘤治疗的效力。肿瘤疫苗是 指能诱生个体产生抗肿瘤适应性免疫应答的生物制品。本发明涉及的肿瘤疫苗包括采用肿瘤抗原、肿瘤细 胞裂解物、肿瘤细胞和提呈肿瘤抗原的细胞以一定的剂型制成的疫苗。这类疫苗包括但不限于下述[Zielinski C,et al.Nat Rev ClinOncol.2014 Sep;11(9):509-24]:治疗前列腺癌的肿瘤疫苗,采用的肿瘤抗 原包括前列腺酸性磷酸酶(用于sipuleucel-T)、和PSA;治疗乳腺癌的的肿瘤疫苗,采用的 肿瘤抗原包括HER2来源的多肽、MUC1和WT1(Wilms tumour protein)抗原;治疗肺癌的肿瘤疫苗,采用 的肿瘤抗原包括MUC1、melanoma-associated antigen-3(MAGE-A3)多肽、telomerase reverse transcriptase和EGF;治疗黑色素瘤的疫苗,采用的抗原包括β-catenin、gp100、MAGE-A3、MART1(melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1)、NY-ESO-1和survivin;治疗胰腺癌疫苗的肿瘤疫苗, 采用的肿瘤抗原包括端粒酶肽、同种异体肿瘤细胞和突变RAS合成肽;治疗结直肠癌的的肿瘤疫苗,采用 的肿瘤抗原包括癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、MUC1和全肿瘤细胞;治疗肾细胞癌的肿瘤 疫苗,采用的肿瘤抗原包括肿瘤细胞RNA;血液肿瘤治疗用疫苗,采用的肿瘤抗原包括WT1、MAGE、MUC1、PRAME(preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma)和独特型抗原。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增强对肿瘤疫苗的免疫应答。
“肿瘤细胞裂解物”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可增强肿瘤细胞裂解物诱导抗肿瘤免疫应答的效力,可被 用作以肿瘤细胞裂解物为抗原的肿瘤疫苗的佐剂。肿瘤细胞裂解物可通过破碎肿瘤细胞获得,含各种肿瘤 抗原。破碎肿瘤细胞的方法包括但不限于反复冻融、超声处理和机械破碎。原发肿瘤、继发或转移肿瘤细胞都可被用来制备肿瘤细胞裂解物。将原发肿瘤和继发或转移肿瘤细胞在体外培养,可获得肿瘤细胞系 (tumor cell line)细胞,这些肿瘤细胞系细胞也可以被用来制备肿瘤细胞裂解物。用于制备肿瘤细胞裂 解物的肿瘤细胞可以来自自体、同种异体或异种的个体。
“佐剂”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和一种或多种佐剂联合使用来增强微生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的免 疫效力。佐剂(adjuvant)是在疫苗中和抗原一起应用的物质,具有下述活性(1)减少疫苗的接种次数; (2)延长疫苗的免疫持续期;(3)通过激动固有免疫应答促进体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答;(4)扩展 抗原诱导的交叉保护免疫应答;(5)增强弱免疫应答个体如老龄个体或免疫缺陷个体对抗原的免疫应答; (6)减少抗原的用量。可以和本发明提供的寡核苷酸联合应用的佐剂[Stanley A.Plotkin,Walter A. Orenstein,PaulA.Offit,Vaccines,Sixth Edition,An imprint of Elsevier Inc.2013,ISBN-13:9781455700905] 包括但不限于:铝盐佐剂(由氢氧化铝或磷酸铝为主要成分的疫苗佐剂)、AS04佐剂[吸附MPL(经化学减毒的革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖)的磷酸铝佐剂]、MF59佐剂(一种油包水型乳化剂,以角鲨烯为油相)、AS03 佐剂(一种以角鲨烯为油相的水包油佐剂)、AF03佐剂(一种以角鲨烯为油相的水包油型乳化剂)、Montanide ISA 51佐剂(以矿物油为油相的油包水乳化剂)、弗氏佐剂、弗氏不完全佐剂、病毒小体佐剂 (virosome adjuvant)、N-氧化聚乙烯对二氮己环衍生物(polyoxidonium)佐剂、Toll样受体激动剂、 病原体相关模式分子及其模拟物(类似物)、损伤相关模式分子及其模拟物(类似物)、环二核苷酸及其模 拟物(类似物)、GM-CSF(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)、IL-12、油性乳化剂 (AS02,AS03,AF03,MF59和MontanideTM ISA-51)、白油佐剂、MontanideTM ISA-206佐剂、QS21、 polylactide co-glycolide、病毒(Adenovirus,vaccinia,fowlpox)载体佐剂、卡介苗(BCG,bacillus Calmette-Guérin)、包括poly(I:C)在内的双链RNA及其类似物(模拟物)、包括MPL在内的类脂A类似物、 鞭毛蛋白、包括Imiquimod和R848在内的Imidazoquinolines、CpG ODN、包括QS21在內的皂素、包括 TDB在内的C-型凝集素配体、包括α-galactosylceramide在内的CD1d配体、AS01(含MPL,QS21和脂 质体)、AS02(含MPL,QS21和乳化剂)、AS15(含MPL,QS21,CpG ODN和脂质体)、GLA-SE(含GLA和乳 化剂)、IC31(含CpG ODN和阳离子多肽)、CAF01(含TDB,和阳离子脂质体)和ISCOMs(含皂素和磷脂)[ReedSG,et al.Nat Med.2013 Dec;19(12):1597-608;Melero I,et al.Nat Rev ClinOncol.2014 Sep;11(9):509-24]。
“固有免疫激活剂”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和固有免疫激活剂联合应用发挥抗感染和抗肿瘤作 用。固有免疫激活剂包括病原体相关的模式分子及其类似物、Toll样受体激动剂及其类似物、损伤相关的 模式分子及其类似物和环二核苷酸及其类似物。类似物和模拟物有相同的含义。
“病原体相关的模式分子”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和病原体相关的模式分子(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)及其类似物联合应用来增强致病微生物抗原和肿瘤 抗原的免疫效力来发挥抗感染和抗肿瘤作用。PAMPs是微生物的各种保守成分,包括细菌和真菌细胞壁成 分和病毒核酸。固有免疫细胞通过模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors,PRRs)识别PAMPs 而被激活。PRR包括Toll-likereceptors(TLRs)、nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(Nod)-, leucine-richrepeat-containing receptors(NLRs)、RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs)、C-type lectinreceptors(CLRs)和AIM-2 like receptors;也包括细胞内识别核酸的细胞内核酸感受器(intracellular sensors of nucleic acids)、OAS蛋白和cGAS[Iwasaki A et al.NatImmunol.2015 Apr;16(4):343-53]。
“Toll样受体激动剂”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和一种或多种Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)激动剂联合应用来增强致病微生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的免疫效果,表现抗感染或抗肿瘤活性。能和本 发明提供的寡核苷酸联合应用的TLR激动剂包括但不限于:包括Imiquimod和imidazoquinolines在内的 TLR7和TLR8激动剂;包括852A在内的TLR7激动剂;包括VTX-2337在内的TLR8激动剂;包括IMO-2055、 CPG 7909、MGN1703和其它CpG ODN(含CpG脱氧寡核苷酸)在内的TLR9激动剂;包括卡介苗(BCG)在内 的TLR2/TLR4激动剂;包括OM-174、monophosphoryl lipid A、aminoalkyl glucosamine phosphates和其它类脂A(lipid A)类似物在内的TLR4激动剂;包括病毒核酸、细菌核酸在内的TLR9激动剂;包括细 菌鞭毛蛋白在内的TLR5激动剂、包括酵母多糖在内的TLR2/TLR6激动剂;包括聚肌苷酸胞嘧啶核苷酸(poly IC)、病毒双链RNA或其模拟物在内的TLR3激动剂和包括病毒单链RNA或其模拟物的TLR7/TLR8激动剂 [Adams JL et al Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015Sep;14(9):603-22]。
“损伤相关的模式分子”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和损伤相关的模式分子(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)及其类似物联合应用来增强微生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的免疫效力。DAMPs是由 损伤细胞释放的、能激发固有免疫应答自身细胞成分。DAMPs能通过PRR激发机体的固有免疫应答。这些 DAMP包括但不限于:热休克蛋白、HMGB1(high-mobility group box 1)、hyaluronan片段、glycans、 glycoconjugates、ATP,(Adenosine 5’-triphosphate)、腺苷酸、尿酸、S100蛋白、heparin sulfate、 Galectins、细胞核DNA、N-formylated peptides、抗微生物肽、线粒体DNA和calreticulin[KryskoDVet al.Nat Rev Cancer.2012 Dec;12(12):860-75;Pouwels SD et al.MucosalImmunol.2014 Mar;7(2):215-26]。
“环二核苷酸”本本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和环二核苷酸及其模拟物联合应用来增强微生物抗原和 肿瘤抗原的免疫效果。环二核苷酸(Cyclic dinucleotides,CDNs)可来源于细菌,也可在哺乳动物细胞 内产生。细菌CDNs包括但不限于环二鸟苷酸(cyclicdi-GMP,cdG)、环二腺苷酸(cyclic di-AMP,cdA) 和环腺苷酸-鸟苷酸(cyclic AMP-GMP,cAMP-GMP)。细菌CDN是一类PAMP,可激动固有免疫应答。在哺乳动物细胞中也可出现CDN,如环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸(cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate,cGAMP)[Wu J et al.Science.2013 Feb 15;339(6121):826-3]。
“抗肿瘤制剂”:抗肿瘤制剂(anti-tumor agent)是应用于个体后可治疗肿瘤的制剂,这些制剂包 括但不限于肿瘤疫苗、免疫卡点抑制物、共刺激受体激活剂、化疗药物、放疗制剂、激素抑制物或激素、 细胞因子、肿瘤治疗用抗体、小分子激酶抑制剂、PARP抑制物、血管生成抑制剂和溶瘤病毒等。
“免疫卡点分子”:免疫卡点分子(immune checkpoint molecules)是表达在免疫细胞上的蛋白分 子,在识别其配体后启动抑制性信号通路因而抑制免疫细胞的激活。免疫卡点分子包括但不限于CTLA-4 分子、PD-1分子、PD-L1/2分子、淋巴细胞激活基因3(lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、TIM-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucindomain-containing 3)、TIGIT(T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobul in andITIM domains)和BTLA(B and T lymphocyte attenuator)。封闭免疫卡点(immunecheckpoint blockade)是指抑制免疫卡点分子在免疫细胞转递抑制信号的功能而促进、维持T细胞激活 的方法。封闭免疫卡点增强个体对微生物抗原的免疫应答,表现抗感染作用,也可促进个体免疫细胞的抗 肿瘤活性,表现肿瘤治疗作用[Melero I,et al.Nat RevCancer.2015 Aug;15(8):457-72]。
“免疫卡点抑制物”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和免疫卡点抑制剂联合应用做微生物疫苗或肿瘤疫 苗的佐剂,也可和免疫卡点抑制物联合应用治疗肿瘤。免疫卡点抑制物(immune checkpoint inhibitor)是能抑制免疫卡点分子功能的物质[Melero I etal.Nat Rev Cancer.2015Aug;15(8):457-72]。抑制免疫卡点分 子的功能使免疫细胞激活的信号得以突显,因而使免疫细胞处于持续的激活状态。处于持续激活状态的 CD4+T细胞会辅助B细胞产生抗体,也辅助CD8+T细胞杀伤靶细胞如病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞。处于持续激 活状态的CD8+T细胞能杀伤病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞。因此,维持T细胞激活状态的制剂如免疫加点抑制 物会提高抗原或疫苗在个体的免疫效力,也会在癌症患者(个体)发生肿瘤治疗作用。免疫卡点抑制剂抑制的免疫卡点分子包括但不限于CTLA4、PD1、LAG3(Lymphocyte activation gene 3)、2B4(CD244)、BTLA (B and T lymphocyteattenuator)、TIM3(T cell membrane protein 3)和A2aR(adenosine A2a receptor)[Pardoli DM.Nat Rev Cancer.2012 Mar 22;12(4):252-64]。能抑制免疫卡点功能的抗体属免疫卡点抑制物,包 括但不限于CTLA-4抗体、CD-1抗体和CD-L抗体。
“免疫卡点分子抗体”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和免疫卡点分子抗体联合应用治疗肿瘤或作为微生 物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂。免疫卡点分子抗体包括但不限于CTLA-4抗体、PD-1分子抗体和PD-L1/2抗体。 CTLA-4抗体是能特异结合CTLA4的抗体,可以封闭CTLA-4转导的抑制信号,使T淋巴细胞被肿瘤抗原充 分激活,能延长肿瘤患者的生存期。Ipilimumab是一种完全人源化的IgG1 CTLA-4单克隆抗体[Lipson EJ.,et al.ClinCancer Res.2011 Nov 15;17(22):6958-62],在2011被美国FDA批准为治疗晚期黑色素瘤的药物[Sharma P.et al.Science.2015 Apr 3;348(6230):56-61]。Tremelimumab是另一种人源化的IgG2 CTLA-4单克隆抗体 [Ribas A.,et al.Oncologist.2007 Jul;12(7):873-83]。在临床试验中,Tremelimumab被用于治疗肝细胞癌 [Sangro B.,et al.JHepatol.2013 Jul;59(1):81-8]、胃癌和食管癌[Ralph C.et al.Clin Cancer Res.2010Mar 1;16(5):1662-72]。PD-1的抗体(Anti-PD-1 Antibodies)是PD1分子的单克隆抗体,具有抑制PD-1介导 的免疫细胞负调节信号转导的功能,为免疫卡点抑制物。2014年,两种PD-1抗体(pembrolizumab和 nivolumab)被美国FDA批准用于肿瘤治疗。Nivolumab是全人源化IgG4单克隆抗体,可结合并抑制PD-1 的功能[Topalian SL et al.Curr OpinImmunol.2012Apr;24(2):207-12],被用于治疗黑色素瘤、非小细胞性肺 癌、卵巢癌和肾癌[Ito A et al.Biomed Res Int.2015;2015:605478]。Pidilizumab(CT-011)是人源化IgG-1κ 单克隆抗体,可结合并抑制PD-1的功能,被用于治疗弥散性大B细胞淋巴瘤和滤泡淋巴瘤。此外,PD-1 的抗体还包括Pembrolizumab(MK-3475),它是可结合并抑制PD-1功能的IgG-4κ单克隆抗体[Ito A et al.Biomed Res Int.2015;2015:605478]。抗-PD-L抗体是识别、结合PD-L1或PD-L2的抗体。在结合PD-L后可阻断其结合免疫细胞表面的PD-1,因而阻断免疫细胞激活抑制信号的转导,维持免疫细胞的激活状态, 进而增强个体对抗原或肿瘤细胞的免疫应答。多种抗-PD-L1抗体(Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies)表现了肿瘤治疗作用,这些抗体包括但不限于BMS-936559、MPDL3280A、MEDI4736和MSB0010718[Ito A,et al.BiomedRes Int.2015;2015:605478]。BMS-936559是全人源化IgG4抗PD-L1单克隆抗体,被用于治疗黑色素瘤、非 小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌和肾癌。MPDL3280A是人源化IgG-1κ抗PD-L1单克隆抗体,被用于治疗黑色素瘤和膀胱癌。MEDI4736是人源化IgG-1κ单克隆抗体,可延长荷瘤个体的生存期。MSB0010718是人源化IgG1 PD-L1单克隆抗体[Ito A,et al.Biomed ResInt.2015;2015:605478]。
“共刺激受体激活剂”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和共受体激活剂联合应用增强个体对疫苗或抗原 的免疫应答,增强个体的抗肿瘤免疫反应。共刺激受体是表达在免疫细胞表面的受体,在受到激活剂激活 后介导免疫细胞激活信号的转导,因而促进个体对抗原或疫苗的免疫反应、增强个体的抗肿瘤免疫活性。共刺激受体激活剂是通过结合共刺激受体后激活免疫细胞的制剂。共刺激受体激活性单克隆抗体 (Co-stimulatory receptoractivating monoclonal antibody)是共刺激受体激活剂,可增强抗原或疫苗的效力、增强个体的抗肿瘤免疫应答。这类激活性单克隆抗体靶向的共刺激受体(Co-stimulatoryreceptor)包括但不限于CD137(41BB)、OX40、CD40、GITR、ICOS和CD27(Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein)[Melero I etal.Nat Rev Cancer.2015 Aug;15(8):457-72; Sanmamed MF et al.SeminOncol.2015Aug;42(4):640-55]。
“化疗药物”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和化疗药物联合应用治疗肿瘤。化疗药物是可以通过抑制、 杀伤肿瘤细胞而治疗肿瘤的化学药物。本发明所指的化学药物包括但不限于烷化剂类、抗代谢类、抗微管 制剂类、拓扑异构酶抑制剂类和细胞毒性抗生素类药物。烷化剂类药物包括氮芥类、亚硝基脲类、四嗪类、氮杂环丙烷类、顺铂及其衍生物类和非经典烷化剂类。氮芥(nitrogen mustards)类药物包括 mechlorethamine、环磷酰胺、chlorambucil、ifosfamide和busulfan。亚硝基脲类包括 N-Nitroso-N-methylurea、carmustine、lomustine、semustine、fotemustine和streptozotocin。四嗪 (tetrazines)类药物包括氮烯唑胺(dacarbazine)、mitozolomide和temozolomide。氮杂环丙烷(aziridines)类药物包括thiotepa、mytomycin和diaziquone。顺铂及其衍生物类包括顺铂(cisplatin)、 卡铂(carboplatin)和奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)。非经典烷化剂类包括甲基苄肼(procarbazine)和 hexamethylmelamine。抗代谢类包括抗叶酸类、氟尿嘧啶类、脱氧核苷类似物和巯嘌呤类药物。抗叶酸类 包括甲氨喋呤(methotrexate)和pemetrexed。氟尿嘧啶类药物包括5-氟脲嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)。脱氧 核苷类似物药物包括cytarabine、吉西他滨(gemcitabine)、decitabine、vidaza、fludarabine、 nelarabine、cladribine、clofarabine和pentostatin。巯嘌呤类(thiopurines)药物包括thioguanine 和mercaptopurine。抗微管制剂药物包括长春花生物碱类、紫杉烷类和足叶草毒素类。长春花生物碱(vinca alkaloids)类包括长春新碱(vincristine)、长春碱(vinblastine)、长春瑞宾(vinorelbine)、vindesine 和vinflunine。紫杉烷类(Taxanes)包括紫杉醇(paclitaxel)和多烯紫杉醇(Docetaxel)。足叶草毒素 (Podophyllotoxin)类包括依托泊苷(etoposide)和teniposide。拓扑异构酶抑制剂(topoisomerase inhibitors)包括topoisomerase I抑制剂和topoisomerase II抑制剂。拓扑异构酶I抑制剂包括irinotecan和topotecan。拓扑异构酶II抑制剂包括topoisomerase II poisons和催化抑制物。 topoisomerase II poisons包括etoposide、doxorubicin、mitoxantrone和teniposide。催化抑制物包括 novobiocin、merbarone和aclarubicin。细胞毒性抗生素包括阿霉素、daunorubicin、表柔比星 (epirubicin)、idarubicin、pirarubicin、aclarubicin、mitoxantrone、gactinomycin、博来霉素 (bleomycin)、plicamycin和mitomycin。
“放疗制剂”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和放疗联合应用治疗肿瘤。放疗制剂是可以产生射线的物 质。采用放疗制剂治疗肿瘤的方法被称为化疗。用于放疗的物质是产生α、β、γ射线的放射性同位素。 用于放疗的射线也可由机器产生,这类机器包括x射线治疗机或加速器。
“激素抑制物或激素”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和用于肿瘤治疗的激素抑制物或激素联合应用治 疗肿瘤。激素抑制物包括但不限于激素合成抑制剂、激素受体拮抗剂和补充用激素。激素合成抑制剂包 括芳香化酶抑制剂和促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)类似物。芳香化酶抑制剂包括Letrozole,anastrozole和Aminoglutethimide。GnRH类似物包括Leuprolide和gosereli。 激素受体拮抗剂包括选择性雌激素受体调节剂和雄激素受体拮抗剂。选择性雌激素受体调节剂包括Tamoxifen、Raloxifene、Toremifene和fulvestrant。雄激素受体拮抗剂包括Flutamide和bicalutamide。 补充用激素是采用补充激素(Hormone supplementation)治疗肿瘤的方法,采用的激素包括孕激素、雄 激素、雌激素、孕酮样药物、睾丸酮样药物、雌激素激动剂和生长激素抑制素类似物。孕酮样药物包括 megestrol acetate和medroxyprogesteroneacetate。睾丸酮样药物包括Fluoxymesterone。雌激素拮 抗剂包括diethylstilbestrol,Estrace和Polyestradiol phosphate。生长激素抑制素类似物包括 Octraotide。
“细胞因子”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和细胞因子联合应用治疗肿瘤、增强疫苗的免疫效果。这些 细胞因子包括但不限于:白细胞介素(IL)-2、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、粒细胞-单核细胞集落刺 激因子(GM-CSF)和干扰素α。
“肿瘤治疗用抗体”本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和肿瘤治疗用抗体(tumortherapeutic antibodies) 联合应用治疗肿瘤。肿瘤治疗用抗体是在给患肿瘤个体应用后能延长其生存期的抗体,这些抗体靶向的分 子包括但不限于CD20、ErbB2、表皮细胞生长因子受体、包括CTLA-4和PD-1在内的免疫卡点分子、血管 内皮细胞生长因子受体、CD30、CD52和CD33。所涉及到的肿瘤治疗抗体这些抗体包括但不限于靶向CD20 的Tositumomab(Bexxar)、Rituximab(Rituxan)和Ofatumumab(Arzerra;Genmab);靶向ErbB2的Trastuzumab(Herceptin);靶向表皮细胞生长因子受体的Panitumumab(Vectibix)和Cetuximab (Erbitux);靶向PD-1的人源化抗体;靶向CTLA-4的人源化抗体;靶向血管内皮细胞生长因子受体的 Bevacizumab(Avastin);靶向CD30的Brentuximab(vedotin);靶向CD52的Alemtuzumab(Campath) 和靶向CD33的Gemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg;Wyeth)[Scott AM et al.Nat Rev Cancer.2012 Mar 22;12(4):278-87]。
“小分子激酶抑制物”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和小分子激酶抑制物(small-molecule kinase inhibitors)联合应用治疗肿瘤。小分子激酶抑制物为一类能通过抑制蛋白激酶活性发挥肿瘤治疗作用的 小分子化合物,包括但不限于下述:靶向Bcr-Abl的Imatinib;靶向EGFR/ErbB2的Afatinib;靶向 VEGFR1/VEGFR2/VEGFR3/PDGFRB/c-KIT的Axitinib;靶向BcrAbl/SRC的Bosutinib;靶向ALK/Met的 Crizotinib;靶向ErbB1的Erlotinib;靶向Syk的Fostamatinib;靶向EGFR的Gefitinib;靶向BTK的 Ibrutinib;靶向ErbB1/ErbB2的Lapatinib;靶向VEGFR2/VEGFR2的Lenvatinib;靶向Bcr-Abl的 Nilotinib;靶向VEGFR2/PDGFR/c-kit的Pazopanib;靶向JAK的Ruxolitinib;靶向突变BRAF的vemurafenib(Zelboraf)和dabrafenib(Tafinlar)和靶向MEK的trametinib(Mekinist)。小分子蛋白 激酶抑制物还包括所有的通过抑制下述蛋白激酶来治疗肿瘤的小分子化合物:Bcr-Ab、EGFR/ErbB2、VEGFR1/VEGFR2/VEGFR3/PDGFRB/c-KIT、BcrAbl/SRC、ALK/Met、ErbB1、Syk、EGFR、BTK、ErbB1/ErbB2、 VEGFR2/VEGFR2、Bcr-Abl、VEGFR2/PDGFR/c-kit、JAK、BRAF和MEK[Adams JL et al Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015 Sep;14(9):603-22]。
“多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制物”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制物 (poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP)联合应用治疗肿瘤或被用于微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂。多聚 腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制物,简称PARP抑制物,是可通过抑制PARP活性治疗肿瘤的制剂。PARP抑制物 包括但不限于:治疗乳腺癌和肺鳞状细胞癌的Iniparib;治疗乳腺癌的Talazoparib(BMN-673);治疗乳 腺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌和晚期前列腺癌的Olaparib;治疗乳腺和卵巢癌的Rucaparib;治疗转移性黑色素 瘤和乳腺癌的Veliparib和治疗非小细胞肺癌的CEP 9722[Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 12,27-41,2015]。
“血管生成抑制剂”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和血管生成抑制剂联合应用治疗肿瘤。血管生成抑制剂 是可以通过抑制血管生成治疗肿瘤的制剂[Albini A et al.Nat RevClin Oncol.2012 Sep;9(9):498-509], 包括但不限于:包括阿瓦斯丁(Avastin或bevacizumab)在内血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的人源化单克 隆抗体;包括恩度(ENDOSTAR)在内的血管内皮抑制素和包括pegaptinib在内的抗血管内皮细胞生长因子 的核酸适体(aptamer)。
“溶瘤病毒”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可和溶瘤病毒联合应用治疗肿瘤。溶瘤病毒是可以通过裂解肿 瘤细胞治疗肿瘤的病毒,包括但不限于新城疫病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、腺病毒、痘病毒、克萨病毒、呼吸道 肠道病毒、麻疹病毒,脊髓灰质炎病毒、滤泡性口炎病毒、塞尼卡谷病毒、细小病毒和逆转录病毒[Kaufman HL et al.Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015Sep 1;14(9):642-62]。
“肿瘤治疗用细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和肿瘤治疗用细胞联合应用治疗肿瘤。肿瘤治疗用 细胞是应用于个体后能行使抗肿瘤效应的细胞,这些细胞包括但不限于树突细胞、T淋巴细胞和NK细胞。
“树突细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和自体树突细胞(DC)联合应用来治疗肿瘤。DC是表达CD11c 的免疫细胞。可提呈肿瘤抗原的DC被应用于个体后可激发抗肿瘤免疫应答,这种细胞可被用作DC疫苗。 肿瘤治疗用DC包括但不限于装载单一的肿瘤抗原(蛋白抗原或抗原肽,如前列腺酸性磷酸酶)的DC、装 载肿瘤细胞裂解物的DC、装载肿瘤细胞RNA的DC和装载自体肿瘤细胞洗脱肽的DC[Nestle,F.et al.(1998) Nature Medicine 4:328-332;Palucka K et al.Nat Rev Cancer.2012 Mar 22;12(4):265-77]。肿瘤治疗用DC也包括基因转染DC。用于转染DC的基因包括但不限于肿瘤抗原编码基因、细胞因子(如IL-2,GM-CSF)编码基因和共刺激分子编码基因。肿瘤治疗用DC也包括DC和肿瘤细胞融合细胞[Kugler,A.et al.(2000)Nature Medicine 6:332-336]。
“肿瘤治疗用T细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和肿瘤治疗用T细胞联合应用治疗肿瘤。肿瘤治 疗用T细胞包括肿瘤浸润T细胞和经遗传改造的T细胞(Geneticallyengineered T cells)。经遗传改 造的T细胞可组装有识别肿瘤抗原的嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR),表达该类受体 的T细胞被称为CAR-T。肿瘤浸润的T细胞和CAR-T可在体外用IL-2扩增后被回输到肿瘤患者体内[Kershaw MH et al.Nat RevCancer.2013 Aug;13(8):525-41]。
“肿瘤治疗用天然杀伤细胞”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以和肿瘤治疗用天然杀伤细胞[Natural killer (NK)cells]联合应用治疗肿瘤。肿瘤治疗用天然杀伤(NK)细胞可以从个体的外周血或脐带血分离,也 可从造血细胞前体细胞、胚胎干细胞或多能干细胞诱导生成。分离或诱导生成的NK细胞可在体外用IL-2 和IL-15扩增后回输给个体[Childs RW,et al.Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015Jul;14(7):487-98]。
“抗感染”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸单独应用或作为疫苗佐剂应用可发挥抗感染作用。抗感染指对致 病微生物引起的疾病的治疗和预防。本发明提供的寡核苷酸对致病微生物有抗感染作用。
“致病微生物”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸单独应用或作为疫苗佐剂应用可发挥抗致病微生物感染的作 用。致病微生物包括致病性病毒和致病性细菌。
“致病性病毒”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可单独应用或作为疫苗佐剂应用发挥抗致病性病毒 (pathogenic viruses)感染的作用。这些致病性病毒包括甲型肝炎病毒,乙型肝炎病毒,丙型肝炎病毒,水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV),I型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1),型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-II),巨细胞病毒(CMV),EB 病毒,腺病毒,流感病毒,虫媒病毒,埃可病毒,鼻病毒,柯萨奇病毒,冠状病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,腮腺炎 病毒,轮状病毒,麻疹病毒,风疹病毒,细小病毒,圆环病毒,口蹄疫病毒,手足口病病毒,人嗜T细胞病 毒(HTLV),登革热病毒,乳头瘤病毒,传染性软疣病毒,脊髓灰质炎病毒,狂犬病毒,多瘤病毒和虫媒病毒 性脑炎病毒。
“致病性细菌”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸可单独应用或作为疫苗佐剂应用发挥抗致病性细菌 (pathogenic bacteria)感染的作用。这些致病性细菌包括衣原体,立克次体细菌,分枝杆菌,葡萄球 菌,链球菌,肺炎球菌,脑膜炎球菌,克雷白氏杆菌,沙雷氏菌,假单胞菌,白喉杆菌,沙门氏菌,霍乱弧菌, 破伤风杆菌,肉毒杆菌,炭疽杆菌,鼠疫杆菌和莱姆病细菌。
“药物组合物”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸药物可与药物学上可接受的载体(pharmaceutically acceptable carrier)组成药物组合物(pharmaceuticalcompositions)。该组合物中的寡核苷酸的使 用剂量为有效剂量(Effective Dosages)。该组合物可和抗原、疫苗、佐剂和具有肿瘤治疗作用的制剂 或细胞联合应。该药物组合物可被制成一定的剂型,这些剂型包括但不限于溶液、乳化液、脂质体和冻干 粉等。
“药物学可接受的载体”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸药物可与药物学上可接受的载体(pharmaceutically acceptable carrier)组成药物组合物(pharmaceuticalcompositions)。药物学可接受的载体 (pharmaceutically acceptable carrier)是指一种或多种固体或液体的填充剂、稀释剂或包封物质。这类载体适合将本发明提供的寡核苷酸应用于个体。该载体可以是有机的、无机的,天然的或合成的。药 物学可接受的载体可以是药学可接受的溶剂(水溶液和非水溶液)、分散剂、悬浊剂、乳化剂、粉剂、稀 释剂、脂质体、抗菌剂、抗真菌剂、等渗制剂、延缓吸收制剂、冻干保护剂和其他的适合本发明提供的寡核苷酸疫苗或抗原的免疫效力、产生治疗肿瘤作用的制剂。水溶液包括单不限于水、生理盐水、PBS缓冲 液、平衡盐溶液和葡萄糖溶液。溶剂或分散剂可包括水、乙醇、多元醇(如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等), 也包括由这些溶剂或分散剂组成的混合物。为了维持药物组合物的流动性可应用包括卵磷脂在内的脂类。为了使药物组合物处于理想的颗粒状态可以应用表面活性剂。为了有合适的渗透压,可在药物组合物中添 加糖、包括甘露醇和山梨醇在内的多元醇和氯化钠等。为了延长作用时间,可在药物组合物中加入缓释剂 如硬脂酸盐和明胶。乳化剂可包括水包油乳化剂、油包水乳化剂或水包油包水乳化剂。药物学可接受的载体也包括药学可接受的抗氧化剂(pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants),这些抗氧化剂包括:水溶性抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸,半胱氨酸盐酸盐,硫酸氢钠,偏重亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸钠等;油溶性抗氧化 剂,如抗坏血酸棕榈酸盐,丁基羟基苯甲醚,丁基羟基甲苯,卵磷脂,没食子酸丙酯和阿尔法麦胚酚等;金 属螯合剂,如枸橼酸,EDTA,山梨糖醇,酒石酸和磷酸。
“有效剂量”:本发明所提供的寡核苷酸的有效剂量(Effective Dosages)包括“增强抗原免疫效 力有效剂量”和“肿瘤治疗有效剂量”。增强抗原免疫效力有效剂量是给个体应用后能显著增强抗原或疫 苗免疫效力的寡核苷酸剂量,也指在给予个体后可产生理想的预防或治疗传染性疾病或肿瘤的寡核苷酸剂 量。肿瘤治疗有效剂量是给个体应用后能产生肿瘤治疗作用的寡核苷酸的剂量。剂量的多少决定于本领域技术熟练人员应知的标准,还要参考其他因素,这些因素包括并不限于个体的大小和健康情况和疾病的严 重程度。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可单次或多次应用于个体,每次的剂量范围可在1μg到1000mg的范围。 为了达到理想的效果,本领域技术熟练人员可以对此寡核苷酸的剂量作调整,其剂量范围可以是前述范围 的10倍到1000倍。在给个体应用时,本发明提供的寡核苷酸可采用剂量单位。每一单位包含定量的可产 生预防或治疗作用寡核苷酸和所需的药学可接受的组合物。剂量单位界定的依据是寡核苷酸产生治疗作用的特有活性特征和个体在接受该寡合甘酸治疗时对该寡核苷酸的敏感性。如果需要,以剂量单位应用的寡 核苷酸每天可以按一定的时间间隔应用2次、3次、4次、5次或多次。本发明提供的寡核苷酸可以按个体 单位体重(host body weight)应用,剂量范围是0.0001到100mg/kg,应用的间隔可以是每两周一次或 每月一次或每3到6个月一次或其它适合产生预防、治疗作用的时间间隔。在和抗原或疫苗联合应用时, 该寡核苷酸的剂量可以是1-1000μg/ml。有效剂量包括治疗有效剂量(therapeutically effective dose) 和预防有效剂量(prophylactically-effectivedose)。
“给药途径”:本发明提供的寡核苷酸在单独应用或和其它制剂如抗原、佐剂、固有免疫激活剂和抗 肿瘤制剂联合应用时可采用肠外、外用或吸入的给药途径。肠外给药途径包括经静脉、腹膜、鞘内、肌肉、 皮下、皮内、局部、瘤旁淋巴结、肿瘤组织直接注射和淋巴结内注射。外用给药途径包括经皮肤、口、眼、耳和鼻。吸入可经鼻粘膜和肺。
“治疗装置”:含本发明提供的寡核苷酸的药物组合物可用本领域技术熟练人员应知的治疗装置应用 于个体。治疗装置包括但不限于无针注射装置、植入装置、仓室装置(modules)、植入性微输液泵 (implantable micro-infusion pump)、输液泵和渗透药物递送系统(osmotic drug delivery system)。
“递送载体”:本发明中的寡核苷酸可经递送载体应用。递送载体包括但不限于:类固醇(如胆固醇)、 络和物、乳化物、免疫刺激复合物(ISCOMs)、脂质(如阳离子脂质和阴离子脂质)、脂质体、细菌载体 (如沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、分枝杆菌志贺(氏)杆菌、乳酸杆菌)、病毒载体(如牛痘苗、腺病毒、单纯疱疹 病毒)、病毒小体、病毒样颗粒、微球、核酸疫苗、高分子材料(如羧甲基纤维素、脱乙酰壳多糖)和环 状多聚物。递送载体也可以是特异性受体的配体或细胞的靶向分子。
附图说明:
图1 TIO1和TIO3对重组蛋白疫苗(圆环病毒疫苗)的增效作用
在图1中,CP代表CP-ISA35,TIO1、TIO2和TIO3分别代表CP-ISA35+TIO1、CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸,ns代表无统计学意义,抗体水平的高低用吸光值(A492 OD value)表示,每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号和倒三角符号分别代表一只小鼠。
图2 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠免疫细胞TGFβ-2表达的抑制作用
在图2中,CP代表CP-ISA35,TIO1或TIO3分别代表CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,ODN代表单 链脱氧寡核苷酸,TGF-β2relative expression代表膜结合TGF-β2阳性细胞在引流淋巴结细胞中所占 的百分数,每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号分别代表一只小鼠。
图3 TIO1和TIO3对IL-4诱导的免疫细胞TGFβ-2mRNA水平的降低作用
在图3中,ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸,TGFβ-2mRNA水平的高低用relativeexpression表示,每个 圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号、倒三角符号和菱形符号分别代表一个样品。
图4 TIO1和TIO3对LPS诱导的免疫细胞TGFβ-2mRNA水平的降低作用
在图4中,ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸,TGFβ-2mRNA水平的高低用relativeexpression表示,每个 圆形符号、正方形符号、倒三角符号、菱形符号和正三角符号分别代表一个样品。
图5 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠淋巴结细胞中表达CD86的树突细胞的增多作用
在图5中,CP代表CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2或TIO3分别代表CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸,每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号符号分别代表一只 小鼠。
图6 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠淋巴结细胞中表达CD4的T淋巴细胞的增多作用
在图6中,CP代表CP-ISA35,TIO1或TIO3分别代表CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,ODN代表单 链脱氧寡核苷酸,每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号分别代表一只小鼠,CD4+%代表CD4+细胞在所分 析的引流淋巴结细胞中所占的数量。
图7 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠淋巴结细胞中表达CD19的B淋巴细胞的增多作用
在图7中,CP代表CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2或TIO3分别代表CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸,每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角和倒三角符号分别代表 一只小鼠,CD19+cell%代表CD19+细胞在所分析的引流淋巴结细胞中所占的数量。
图8 TIO1和TIO3对乙型肝炎病毒疫苗的增效作用
在图8中,HBsAg代表HBsAg疫苗;TIO1,TIO2,TIO3分别代表在HBsAg疫苗中加入了TIO1,TIO2或TIO3; ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸;每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角和倒三角符号分别代表一只小鼠;OD Value (A492nm)代表待检血清中HBsAg特异性抗体的水平。
图9 TIO1或TIO3对流感病毒疫苗的增效作用
在图9中,FM1代表FM1流感病毒灭活疫苗;TIO1,TIO2,TIO3分别代表在FM1中加入了TIO1或TIO3; ODN代表单链脱氧寡核苷酸;每个圆形符号、正方形符号、正三角符号分别代表一只小鼠;OD Value(A492nm) 代表待检血清中流感病毒特异性抗体的水平。
图10 TIO1或TIO3对狂犬病毒疫苗的增效作用
在图10中,TIO1,TIO2,TIO3分别代表在狂犬疫苗中加入了TIO1,TIO2或TIO3;ODN代表单链脱氧寡 核苷酸;每个圆形符号,正方形符号,正三角和倒三角符号分别代表一只小鼠。疫苗的效力用IU/ml表示。
图-11 TIO3对胶质瘤细胞裂解物疫苗的增效作用
在图11中,GTL,代表胶质瘤细胞裂解物疫苗;GTL+TIO3,代表含TIO3的胶质瘤细胞裂解物疫苗; days,接种胶质瘤细胞后的天数;Percent survival,代表生存小鼠的百分数。
图-12 TIO3对胃癌的治疗作用
在图12中,PBS,代表注射PBS;PBS+TIO3,代表注射溶于PBS的TIO3;days,代表接种胃癌细胞后 的天数;Percent survival,代表生存小鼠的百分数。
具体实施方法:
实施例1寡核苷酸(TIO1,TIO3)的设计及合成
根据人和小鼠转化生长因子β2(TGF-β2)mRNA 3’UTR的序列,设计了三种单链脱氧寡核苷酸,这 三种寡核苷酸分别被命名为TIO1,TIO2和TIO3,TIO1具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列,TIO3具有如 序列表<400>2所示的序列。
TIO1的序列是5’-tggcaaagtatttggtctcca-3’(序列表<400>1)。
TIO3的序列是5′-ttaccactagagcaccaca-3′(序列表<400>2)。
TIO2的序列是5’-tccttaagccatccatgagttt-3’
TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的序列和TGF-β2mRNA 3’UTR的序列互补。
TIO1,TIO2和TIO3由宝生物工程(大连)有限公司(Takara Bio)合成,其骨架为全硫代修饰。
在应用时,用经无热源处理无菌PBS或其它溶媒溶解TIO1或TIO3。-20℃冻存。
应用鲎变形细胞溶解法检测含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3溶液中的内毒素。
采用分光光度计(260nm波长)确定溶液中的TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的含量,也可采用琼脂糖凝胶(3%) 电泳估算(根据已知含量单链脱氧寡核苷酸标准品估算)含量。
实施例2 TIO1和TIO3对重组蛋白疫苗(圆环病毒疫苗)免疫效力的增强作用:
2.1材料
2.1.1小鼠
ICR小鼠(吉林大学医学部动物室),雌性,体重为17-18克。
2.1.2抗原
采用重组圆环病毒2b衣壳蛋白(CP蛋白或称CP)为抗原[Vaccine.2016 Dec 7;34(50):6358-6366]。
2.1.3佐剂
ISA 35乳化剂(Seppic)
2.1.4寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1所述。
2.2疫苗的配制
用PBS溶解CP,将其和ISA35乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)比例混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为CP-ISA35。 100μl CP-ISA35中含10μg CP。分别配制含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的剂 量均为10μg/100μl。含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的CP-ISA35分别被命名为CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2 或CP-ISA35+TIO3。
2.3免疫小鼠
于第0天对小鼠进行初次免疫。分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1、CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免疫。
2.4.免疫后采血
在加强免疫后第28天采集免疫小鼠血清。尾静脉采血,采血量≥100μl。将采集的全血(1.5mlEP管 中)室温放置30分钟。11000rpm离心15分钟,收集血清,分装,-20℃保存。
2.5.小鼠血清特异性抗体检测
采用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中的圆环病毒(PCV2b)特异性抗体。
2.5.1材料
2.5.1.1灭活圆环病毒(PCV2b)(天津瑞普生物技术股份有限公司,TCID50/ml=7.0)。
2.5.1.2试验器材
酶标条(组合式酶标板),0.5mlEP管,1.5mlEP管,加样器头,移液器,多道移液器,平皿(直径9cm), 刻度玻璃瓶。
2.5.1.3试剂
碳酸钠(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),NaCl(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),KCl(北京化工厂),Na2HPO4·12H2O(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),KH2PO4(天津市永大化学试剂开发中心),吐温20(天津市 光复精细化工研究所),脱脂奶粉(Biotopped),柠檬酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),OPD(上海三浦 化工有限公司),30%H2O2(北京化工厂),浓硫酸(北京化工厂)和戊二醛(天津市福晨化学试剂厂)。
2.5.1.4液体
包被液(25%戊二醛PBS),PBS(7.3mol/L NaCl,3mmol/L KCl,10mmol/L Na2HPO4·12H2O和17.6mmol/L KH2PO4水溶液),洗涤液(0.05%吐温20的PBS),封闭液(5%脱脂奶粉的洗涤液),0.1Mol/L柠檬酸水 溶液,0.2Mol/L Na2HPO4.12H2O水溶液,10×甲乙液[0.1Mol/L柠檬酸水溶液(体积)∶0.2Mol/L Na2HPO4.12H2O水溶液(体积)=94.5∶100],底物缓冲液[含OPD(1μg/ml)和0.045%H2O2的甲乙液]和 终止液(20%浓硫酸)。
2.5.2实验
用灭活PCV2b在包被液中包被酶标条,100μl/孔,4℃过夜。甩干液体,用封闭液于37℃封闭2小 时,200μl/孔。加待测血清(1∶100稀释),37℃,1小时。甩干液体,加洗涤液(300μl/孔),室温3min, 甩干液体,重复洗涤两次。加HRP标记二抗(羊抗小鼠)IgG(用洗涤液做1∶5000稀释)。100μl/孔, 37℃ 1小时。甩干液体,用洗涤液洗涤,300μl/孔,室温3min,甩干液体,重复洗涤两次。加入底物液, 100μl/孔,室温避光(包锡纸)显色15min。加终止液(稀硫酸2mmol/L,50μl/孔。用酶标仪(波长492nm) 检测。
2.5.3结果
TIO1和TIO3可增强重组蛋白疫苗(圆环病毒疫苗)的免疫效力(图-1)。该结果说明TIO1和TIO3可 被用于个体来增强其对包括圆环病毒在内的致病微生物抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答而被用作致病微生物疫苗 的佐剂。
实施例3 TIO1和TIO2对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠免疫细胞TGFβ-2表达的抑制作用
3.1材料
3.1.1抗原
CP蛋白(简称CP),如实施例2中2.1.2所述。
3.1.2寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),T1O3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1 所述。
3.1.3培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司)。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清。
3.1.4荧光抗体
FITC标记的抗小鼠TGF-β2抗体(BD公司)。
3.1.5小鼠
ICR小鼠(吉林大学医学部动物室),雌性,体重为17-18克。
3.1.6疫苗
CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,配制如实施例2的2.2所述。
3.2.主要实验器材
24孔培养板、平皿、毛玻璃片、300目滤网、小镊子、细胞计数板、滴管、加样器。CO2细胞培养孵 箱(日本SANYO公司)、细胞培养倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国Biofuge Fresco)、流 式细胞仪为Accuri C6 flow cytometer(BD Bioscience)、流式细胞仪检测结果分析软件为NovoExpress software(ACEA Biosciences)。
3.3实验
于第0天对小鼠进行初次免疫。分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注 射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免疫。在加强免疫后120 天进行诱导回忆反应(recall)免疫,方法是给各组小鼠分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。6小时后牺牲小鼠。
将牺牲的小鼠浸入70%乙醇中,速取出。采用无菌的外科器材抛开皮肤和其它组织,在无菌条件下取 引流淋巴结,将其放置0.5ml灭菌的4℃预冷的PBS中。置冰上进行下述操作:剪碎淋巴结,用粗糙玻璃 片研磨,过滤网获单细胞悬液。将细胞悬在4℃预冷的PBS或荧光激活细胞分离(fluorescence-activated cell sorting,FACS)缓冲液(含2%胎牛血清,5mM EDTA和1mM叠氮钠的PBS)。
用5ml 4℃预冷的PBS或FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃)洗涤细胞。用4℃预冷的PBS或FACS 缓冲液(200-1,000μl)悬起细胞。记细胞数,调细胞浓度。用台酚蓝排除试验检测细胞的活力。
将1-10X106淋巴结细胞转入5ml圆底聚苯乙烯管中。用FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃) 洗涤细胞。弃上清,将细胞悬在50-100μl含FITC标记的抗小鼠TGF-β2抗体的FACS缓冲液中。每 种荧光抗体的含量为0.5-1μg,冰上作用30-45min。样品避光。用FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃) 洗涤细胞。将细胞悬在50-100μl FACS缓冲液中,做流式分析。
3.4结果
TIO1和TIO3可使诱导免疫回忆反应(recall)小鼠的淋巴结细胞表达的TGFβ-2蛋白显著减少(图 -2),表现为膜结合型TGFβ-2蛋白[Yang ZZ,et al PLoS One.2013;8(3):e59456Miller MM,et al.Virol J.2014 Jan 18;11:7.]显著减少。这说明,TIO1和TIO3可抑制TGFβ-2mRNA的翻译;TIO1和TIO3可通过减少免疫细 胞表达TGFβ-2来抑制、减弱TGFβ-2介导的免疫抑制,因而增强个体对致病微生物和肿瘤细胞的免疫应 答,产生抗感染和抗肿瘤作用。
实施例4 TIO1和TIO2对免疫细胞TGFβ-2mRNA水平的降低作用
4.1材料
4.1.1细胞
RAW 264.7细胞:小鼠巨噬细胞系细胞[Cell 1978 Sep,15(1)261-7],来自ATCC。
4.1.2培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司)。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清。
4.1.3 TGF-β2诱导剂
重组小鼠IL-4(IL-4),购自PeproTech。在体外培养条件下,IL-4刺激RAW 264.7细胞产生大量 TGF-β2[cell Biol Int.2017 Sep;41(9):960-968]。
LPS(lipopolysaccharide),提取自E.coli serotype O111:B4(Sigma,St.Louis,MI,USA)。在体外培养 条件下,LPS刺激RAW 264.7细胞表达TGF-β2[PLoS One.2015 Dec14;10(12):e0144954]。
4.1.4寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列)如实施例1所述。
4.1.5 PCR试剂
TRIzol试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司。EasyScript First-Strand cDNASynthesis SuperMix、Top Green qPCR SuperMix(TransStartTM)试剂盒购自全式金(Transgen)公司;
GAPDH特异性引物(用于扩增GAPDH特异性cDNA,GAPDH为管家基因),上游引物的序列是: 5’-ATCACCATCTTCCAGGAGCGA-3’,下游引物的序列是5’-TCTCGTGGTTCACACCCATCA-3’。
TGF-β2特异性引物(用于扩增TGF-β2特异性cDNA),上游引物的序列为:5’-ttgtgaaaaccagagcggagg-3’下游引物的序列为:5’-agaggtgccatcaatacctgc-3’。
GAPDH特异性引物和TGF-β2特异性引物均由宝生物工程(大连)有限公司(TakaraBio)合成。
4.2.主要实验器材和仪器
24孔培养板、平皿、毛玻璃片、300目滤网、小镊子、细胞计数板、滴管、加样器。CO2细胞培养孵 箱(日本SANYO公司)、细胞培养倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国Biofuge Fresco)、荧 光定量PCR仪(美国Applied Biosystems,型号:ABI Prism 7300)。
4.3实验
采用完全1640培养基,在37℃,5%CO2条件下培养RAW 264.7细胞。5×106RAW264.7细胞/ml加 入到24孔培养板,每孔1ml培养基。加入IL-4(25ng/ml),在加入TIO1,TIO2或TIO3(终浓度10μg/ml), 培养48小时后,收取细胞。用Trizol法提取总RNA。采用EasyScript First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix、Top Green qPCR SuperMix(TransStartTM)试剂盒,以GAPDH特异性引物和TGF-β2特异性引物做qPCR分别扩增GAPDH特异性cDNA和TGF-β2mRNA特异性cDNA。按试剂盒说明书进行荧光定量 分析。
将1ml含RAW 264.7细胞的培养基加入到24孔培养板,每孔细胞数为5×106。加入LPS(2μg/mL), 培养2小时,加入TIO1,TIO2或TIO3(终浓度10μg/ml)。培养48小时后,收取细胞。用Trizol法提 取总RNA。采用EasyScript First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix、Top Green qPCR SuperMix (TransStartTM)试剂盒,以GAPDH特异性引物和TGF-β2特异性引物做qPCR分别扩增GAPDH特异性cDNA和TGF-β2mRNA特异性cDNA。按试剂盒说明书进行荧光定量分析。
4.4.结果
TIO1或TIO3显著减少IL-4刺激的小鼠巨噬细胞表达的TGF-β2mRNA(图-3),也显著减少LPS刺 激的小鼠巨噬细胞表达的TGF-β2mRNA的水平(图-4)。这些结果说明,TIO1或TIO3可显著降低包括巨 噬细胞在内的免疫细胞的TGF-β2mRNA的水平,因而减少TGF-β2的合成释放,进而减弱或抑制TGF-β2 介导的免疫抑制。该结果也说明,TIO1或TIO3可通过减少免疫细胞的TGF-β2mRNA来增强对微生物抗 原(疫苗)或肿瘤抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答,因而可被用作致病微生物疫苗和肿瘤疫苗的佐剂产生抗感染作用和抗肿瘤作用,也可被用于肿瘤治疗。
实施例5 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠抗原提呈细胞表达CD86的影响:
5.1材料
ICR小鼠(吉林大学医学部动物室),雌性,体重为17-18克。
5.1.1.2抗原
采用重组圆环病毒2b衣壳蛋白(CP)为抗原[Vaccine.2016 Dec 7;34(50):6358-6366]。
5.1.1.3佐剂
ISA 35乳化剂(Seppic)
5.1.1.4寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1所述。
5.1.1.5荧光抗体
FITC标记的抗鼠CD11c抗体和PE标记的抗鼠CD86抗体均购自BD公司。
5.1.1.6培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司)。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清。
5.2主要实验器材
平皿、毛玻璃片、300目滤网、小镊子、细胞计数板、滴管、加样器。CO2细胞培养孵箱(日本SANYO 公司)、细胞培养倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国BiofugeFresco)、流式细胞仪为Accuri C6 flow cytometer(BD Bioscience)、流式细胞仪检测结果分析软件为NovoExpress software(ACEA Biosciences)。
5.3实验
5.3.1疫苗的配制
用PBS溶解CP,将其和ISA35乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)比例混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为CP-ISA35。 100μl CP-ISA35中含10μg CP。分别配制含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的剂 量均为10μg/100μl。含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的疫苗分别被命名为CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2和 CP-ISA35+TIO3。
5.3.2免疫小鼠
于第0天对小鼠进行初次免疫。分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1、CP-ISA35+TIO2或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免疫。 在加强免疫后120天进行诱导免疫回忆反应(recall)免疫,方法是给各组小鼠分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、 CP-ISA35+TIO1、CP-ISA35+TIO2或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。
5.3.3.分离引流小鼠淋巴结细胞
在诱导免疫回忆反应免疫后6小时牺牲小鼠,分离小鼠引流淋巴结细胞(如实施例3,3.3所述)。
5.3.4.引流淋巴结细胞的荧光抗体染色及流式分析
将1X106淋巴结细胞转入5ml圆底聚苯乙烯管中。用FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃)洗涤细 胞。弃上清,将细胞悬在50-100μl含FITC标记的抗鼠CD11c抗体和PE标记的抗鼠CD86抗体的FACS缓 冲液中。每种荧光抗体的含量为0.5-1μg,冰上作用30-45min。样品避光。做流式分析。
5.4结果
TIO1或TIO3可使小鼠淋巴结细胞中表达CD86的CD11c阳性细胞(树突细胞)显著增多(图-5)。这 一结果说明,应用TIO1或TIO3可通过减少TGF-β2的表达使使抗原提呈细胞表面的共刺激分子显著增多, 因而使抗原提呈细胞向T细胞提供更多的第二激活信号促进微生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的适应性免疫应答。具 有这一活性的TIO1或TIO3可被用于个体来增强其对微生物抗原(疫苗)、肿瘤抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答, 也可被用于个体来增强其抗肿瘤反应。
实施例6 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠引流淋巴结CD4+T淋巴细胞的增多作用
6.1材料
6.1.1小鼠
ICR小鼠(吉林大学医学部动物室),雌性,体重为17-18克。
6.1.2抗原
采用重组圆环病毒2b衣壳蛋白(CP)为抗原[Vaccine.2016 Dec 7;34(50):6358-6366]。
6.1.3佐剂
ISA 35乳化剂(Seppic)
6.1.4寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列)如实施例1 所述。
6.1.5荧光抗体
FITC标记的抗鼠CD4抗体购自BD公司。
6.1.6培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司)。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清。
6.2主要实验器材
平皿、毛玻璃片、300目滤网、小镊子、细胞计数板、滴管、加样器。CO2细胞培养孵箱(日本SANYO 公司)、细胞培养倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国BiofugeFresco)、流式细胞仪为Accuri C6 flow cytometer(BD Bioscience)、流式细胞仪检测结果分析软件为NovoExpress software(ACEA Biosciences)。
6.3实验
6.3.1疫苗的配制
用PBS溶解CP,将其和ISA35乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)比例混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为CP-ISA35。 100μl CP-ISA35中含10μg CP。分别配制含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的剂 量均为10μg/100μl。含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的疫苗分别被命名为CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3。
6.3.2免疫小鼠
于第0天对小鼠进行初次免疫。分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射 部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免疫。在加强免疫后120天 进行诱导免疫回忆反应(Fecall)免疫,方法是给各组小鼠分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1 或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。
6.3.3.分离引流小鼠淋巴结细胞
在诱导回忆反应免疫后6小时后牺牲小鼠,分离小鼠引流淋巴结细胞(如实施例3,3.3所述)。
6.3.4.荧光抗体染色及流式分析
将1X106淋巴结细胞转入5ml圆底聚苯乙烯管中。用FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃)洗涤细 胞。弃上清,将细胞悬在50-100μl含FITC标记的抗鼠CD4的FACS缓冲液中。荧光抗体的含量为0.5-1 μg,冰上作用30-45min。样品避光。做流式分析。
6.4结果
TIO1或TIO3可使小鼠淋巴结细胞中的表达CD4的淋巴细胞(CD4+细胞)显著增多(图-6)。这一结果 说明,应用TIO1或TIO3可通过减少TGF-β2的表达使抗原特异性的辅助性T细胞显著增多,因而促进微 生物抗原和肿瘤抗原的适应性免疫应答。具有这一活性的TIO1或TIO3可被用于个体来增强其对微生物抗 原(疫苗)、肿瘤抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答,也可被用于个体来增强其抗肿瘤反应。
实施例7 TIO1和TIO3对诱导免疫回忆反应小鼠引流淋巴结中CD19+B淋巴细胞的增多作用
7.1材料
ICR小鼠(吉林大学医学部动物室),雌性,体重为17-18克。
7.1.2抗原
采用重组圆环病毒2b衣壳蛋白(CP)为抗原[Vaccine.2016 Dec 7;34(50):6358-6366]。
7.1.3佐剂
ISA 35乳化剂(Seppic)
7.1.4寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列)如实施例1所述。
7.1.5荧光抗体
FITC标记的抗鼠CD19抗体,购自BD公司。
7.1.6培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司)。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清。
7.2主要实验器材
平皿、毛玻璃片、300目滤网、小镊子、细胞计数板、滴管、加样器。CO2细胞培养孵箱(日本SANYO 公司)、细胞培养倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国BiofugeFresco)、流式细胞仪为Accuri C6 flow cytometer(BD Bioscience)、流式细胞仪检测结果分析软件为NovoExpress software(ACEA Biosciences)。
7.3实验
7.3.1疫苗的配制
用PBS溶解CP,将其和ISA35乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)比例混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为CP-ISA35。 100μl CP-ISA35中含10μg CP。分别配制含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的CP-ISA35,TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的剂 量均为10μg/100μl。含TIO1,TIO2和TIO3的疫苗分别被命名为CP-ISA35+TIO1,CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3。
7.3.2免疫小鼠
于第0天对小鼠进行初次免疫。分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、CP-ISA35+TIO1、CP-ISA35+TIO2或 CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免疫。 在加强免疫后120天进行诱导免疫回忆反应(recall)免疫,方法是给各组小鼠分别注射100μl CP-ISA35、 CP-ISA35+TIO1或CP-ISA35+TIO3,注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。
7.3.3.分离引流小鼠淋巴结细胞
在诱导回忆反应免疫后6小时后牺牲小鼠,分离小鼠引流淋巴结细胞(如实施例3,3.3实验所述)。
7.3.4.荧光抗体染色及流式分析
将1X106淋巴结细胞转入5ml圆底聚苯乙烯管中。用FACS缓冲液离心(277g,5分钟,4℃)洗涤细 胞。弃上清,将细胞悬在50-100μl含FITC标记的抗鼠CD19抗体的FACS缓冲液中。每种荧光抗体的 含量为0.5-1μg,冰上作用30-45min。样品避光。做流式分析。
7.4结果
TIO1或TIO3可使小鼠淋巴结细胞中表达CD19细胞(B淋巴细胞)显著增多(图-7)。CD19是B淋巴 细胞的表面标志,因回忆反应而特异性增多的B淋巴细胞会迅速分化为产生特异性抗体的浆细胞。这一结 果说明,应用TIO1或TIO3可通过减少TGF-β2的表达而增多抗原特异性的B淋巴细胞的数量。具有这一 活性的TIO1或TIO3可被用于个体来增强其对致病微生物抗原(疫苗)的持续时间长的体液免疫应答。
实施例8 TIO1和TIO3对乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效力的增强作用:
8.1材料
8.1.1.小鼠
Balb/c小鼠,雌性,体重为17-18g,购自北京维通利华实验动物有限公司。
8.1.2疫苗
采用铝佐剂配制的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)疫苗(沃森生物技术有限公司),简称HBsAg疫苗或HBsAg。
8.1.3寡核苷酸
寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列)如实施例1所述。
8.1.4含寡核苷酸疫苗的配制
在HBsAg疫苗中加入TIO1,TIO2或TIO3配成含寡核苷酸HBsAg疫苗,分别被命名为HBsAg-TIO1, HBsAg-TIO2和HBsAg-TIO3。每100μl疫苗中含1μg HBsAg。在HBsAg-TIO1,HBsAg-TIO2和HBsAg-TIO3 中,寡核苷酸的含量均为10μg。
8.1.5
重组乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)(沃森生物技术有限公司),简称HBsAg。
8.2.小鼠免疫
于第0天对Balb/c小鼠进行初次免疫,方法是注射100μl HBsAg疫苗、HBsAg-TIO1、HBsAg-TIO2或 HBsAg-TIO3。注射部位是右后肢肌肉,单点注射。于第14天对Balb/c小鼠进行加强免疫,方法同初次免 疫。
8.3.免疫后采血
在加强免疫后第28天采集免疫小鼠血清。尾静脉采血,采血量≥100μl。将采集的全血(1.5mlEP管 中)室温放置30分钟。11000rpm离心15分钟,收集血清,分装,-20℃保存。。
8.4.免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体检测
采用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)特异性抗体。用HBsAg在包被液中包 被酶标条,100μl/孔(每孔HBsAg为0.1μg),4℃过夜。待测血清的稀释度为1∶6400。
血清的其余下操作步骤同实施例2中2.5所述。
8.5.结果
TIO1或TIO3可增强重组蛋白疫苗(乙型肝炎病毒疫苗)的免疫效力(图-8)。这说明,TIO1或TIO3 可被用于个体来增强其对致病微生物抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答而成为一种新型微生物抗原或微生物疫苗的 佐剂。
实施例9 TIO1或TIO3对流感病毒疫苗的增效作用
9.1.材料
9.1.1小鼠
ICR小鼠(吉林大学实验动物中心)。雌性,体重为18克左右。
9.1.2寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1 所述。
9.1.3疫苗
用11天龄鸡胚扩增FM1(小鼠适应流感病毒,来自麻省理工学院生物系),取尿囊液。用血凝抑制试 验(hemagglutination,HA)测定尿囊液的FM1的血凝素单位(HA unit,HAU)。用10%V/V的福尔马林灭活FM1,制备全灭活病毒(whole-inactivated viruses,WIV)[Vaccine 2016 Jan 20;34(4)495-502]。采用ISA 35乳化 剂(Seppic)乳化剂配FM1疫苗(简称FM1)。每100μl FM1疫苗中含700HAU的灭活FM1。在FM1疫 苗中加入TIO1或TIO3配成含寡核苷酸FM1疫苗,分别被命名为FM1-TIO1和FM1-TIO3,其中的寡核苷酸 含量均为10μg。
9.2.免疫及采血
免疫两次,初次免疫后22天加强免疫一次。采用后腿肌肉注射,注射疫苗的体积为100μl。在加强 免疫后第28天经尾静脉采血,50μl/只。采集的血液在37℃环境放置30分钟,4℃放置3小时后使其 血清充分析出,4000r/m离心10分钟,吸出血清,1∶400倍稀释后用于ELISA检测。
9.3.免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体检测
采用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中的流感病毒特异性抗体。以FM1全灭活病毒的抗原作为包被抗原, 用包被液(Na2CO3 1.59g,NaHCO3 2.93g,pH 9.6,定容至1L)1∶2稀释,用100μl/孔包被酶标板, 密封,4℃过夜;用洗涤液(含0.05%Tween-20的PBS)洗涤酶标板,300μl/孔,洗3次;加入封闭液 (含5%FBS的PBS),200μl/孔,37℃ 2小时;用PBS稀释小鼠血清(1∶4000稀释),将稀释血清加入 酶标板,100μl/孔加入,37℃放置1小时;用洗涤液洗涤3次,然后加辣根过氧化酶标记羊抗小鼠二抗 (用封闭液1∶1000稀释),100μl/孔,37℃放置1小时;用洗涤液洗涤3次,加入即配即用底物液(10 mL中柠檬酸0.01M,Na2HPO4 0.02M,超纯水9mL,30%H2O2 15μl,OPD 4mg),100μL/孔,室温避光 显色20分钟;加入终止液(20%硫酸),50μl/孔;于A492测各孔的OD值。
9.4.结果
TIO1或TIO3可增强病毒疫苗(流感病毒疫苗)的免疫效力(图-9)。这说明,TIO1或TIO3可被用于个 体来增强其对包括流感病毒在内的致病微生物抗原(疫苗)的免疫应答而成为一种新型微生物疫苗的佐剂。
实施例10 TIO1或TIO3对狂犬疫苗的增效作用
10.1材料
10.1.1小鼠
ICR/c小鼠,体重18-22克,来自吉林大学医学部动物室。
10.1.2疫苗
狂犬疫苗(长春生物制品研究所)。
10.1.3寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列),TIO2(序列如实施例1所示)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1所述。
10.1.4疫苗
在狂犬疫苗中加入TIO1,TIO2或TIO3配成含寡核苷酸狂犬疫苗,分别被命名为狂犬疫苗-TIO1,狂 犬疫苗-TIO2或狂犬疫苗-TIO3。每500μl含寡核苷酸狂犬疫苗中的寡核苷酸的含量为10μg。
10.2免疫前采血
在初次免疫前两天采集待免疫小鼠血清。经尾静脉采血,50μl/只。采集的血液在37℃环境放置30 分钟,4℃放置3小时后使其血清充分析出,4000r/m离心10分钟,吸出血清,置-20℃保存。
10.3.免疫小鼠
于第0天、3天、7天、14天、28天经小鼠腹腔注射0.5ml狂犬疫苗、狂犬疫苗-TIO1、狂犬疫苗-TIO2 或狂犬疫苗-TIO3。每组小鼠,雌雄各半。
10.4采血
于第35天采集免疫小鼠血清,方法如10.2所述。
10.5血清狂犬病毒中和抗体检测
采用快速狂犬疫苗荧光灶抑制实验(RFFIT)方法检小鼠血清中狂犬疫病毒中和抗体,结果用国际单位 /毫升(IU/ml)表示[Virol Sin.2012 Jun;27(3):187-93]。
10.6.结果
TIO1或TIO3可增强灭活病毒疫苗(狂犬疫苗)的免疫效力(图-10)。这说明,TIO1或TIO3可增强个体 的抗狂犬病毒感染的免疫力,可被用作包括狂犬疫苗在内的致病微生物疫苗的佐剂。
实施例11、TIO3对胶质瘤细胞裂解物疫苗的增效作用
11.1材料
11.1.1小鼠
C57BL/6小鼠,购自北京维通利华实验动物有限公司。
11.1.2GL261细胞
GL261细胞是C57BL/6小鼠来源的胶质瘤细胞(ATCC)。
11.1.3寡核苷酸
TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1所述。
11.1.4培养基
RPMI1640培养基(Gibco公司。完全RPMI1640培养基含10%胎牛血清(FBS)(Gibco公司),2mM L- 谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素,100μg/ml链霉素。无血清RPMI1640培养基不含胎牛血清
11.2.GL261细胞裂解物的制备
采用完全RPMI1640培养基在37℃,5%CO2条件下培养GL261细胞。将1ml生长状态良好的GL261细 胞(1×107/ml)接种于健康C57BL/6小鼠的腹腔。待小鼠腹部膨隆后,处死小鼠,置于75%乙醇浸泡2-3min 消毒。在超净台中打开小鼠腹腔,可见形成的GL261细胞实体瘤。按无菌操作取出GL261细胞实体瘤。用 手术剪将其在平皿中剪成小块,用生理盐水反复冲洗去除肿瘤组织和残留的血液。将洗净的组织块在组织 研磨器中反复研磨,收集研磨液。将研磨液置于液氮和室温反复冻融5次。2000rmp离心10min后收集 上清。此上清为GL261细胞胶质瘤肿瘤细胞裂解物(GTL)。用Bradford法对GTL进行蛋白含量测定。用 SDS-PAGE对GTL做进一步的分析。将GTL置-80℃冰箱保存。
11.3 GTL疫苗及含寡核苷酸GTL疫苗的制备
用PBS将GTL的蛋白浓度调节为4mg/ml。将此GTL和乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为GTL疫苗。在GTL疫苗中加入TIO-3配制的含TIO-3的GTL疫苗,这种疫苗被称为GTL-TIO-3 疫苗,其中TIO-3的浓度为10μg/100μl。
11.4免疫小鼠
于第0天和第9天在小鼠颈部皮下注射100μl GTL疫苗或GTL-TIO-3疫苗。
11.5接种胶质瘤细胞
在第14天,注射1×104GL261细胞到小鼠颅内,注射体积为2μl,使小鼠发生胶质瘤,方法如文献 (Prins RM,et al.Cancer Res.2003 Dec 1;63(23):8487-91)所述。自接种肿瘤后开始观察并记录小 鼠的生存期,在小鼠死亡后做尸解确认小鼠颅内发生了胶质瘤。
11.6结果
TIO3可显著增强胶质瘤细胞裂解物(肿瘤抗原疫苗)的免疫效力(图11),使荷瘤小鼠的生存期显著 延长。该结果表明,TIO3可增强个体的抗胶质瘤免疫应答,可被用作包括胶质瘤疫苗在内的肿瘤疫苗的佐 剂。
实施例12、TIO1或TIO3对肺癌细胞裂解物疫苗的增效作用:
12.1材料
12.1.1小鼠
C57BL/6雄性小鼠(北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司),6周龄。
12.1.2细胞
Lewis肺癌(Lewis lung carcinoma,LLC)细胞(ATCC),起源于C57BL/6小鼠。使用完全RPMI1640 培养基(如11.1.4所述),在37℃,5%CO2的条件下培养该细胞。
12.1.3寡核苷酸
TIO1(具有如序列表<400>1所示的序列)和TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1 所述。
12.2.Lewis肺癌细胞(LLC)裂解物的制备
将体外传代培养的LLC细胞(1×106/0.1ml)接种于C57BL/6J雄性小鼠背部皮下长成实体肿瘤。牺 牲小鼠,取出肿瘤,按实施例11中11.2所述的方法制备、鉴定和保存LLC裂解物(LTL)。每1×106LLC 细胞制备100μl的LTL。
12.3 LTL疫苗及含寡核苷酸LTL疫苗的制备
将制备的LTL和乳化剂按1∶1(体积∶体积)混合制成疫苗,此疫苗被命名为LTL疫苗。在LTL疫苗中 加入TIO1或TIO3配制的含TIO1或TIO3的LTL疫苗,这两种疫苗分别被称为LTL-TIO1疫苗和LTL-TIO3 疫苗,其中TIO1或TIO3的浓度均为10μg/100μl。
12.4小鼠免疫
于第0天和第14天在6周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠,右侧背部皮下注射100μl LTL疫苗、LTL-TIO1疫 苗或LTL-TIO3疫苗。每组10只小鼠。
12.5接种Lewis肺癌(Lewis lung cancer,LLC)细胞
于第21天,小鼠左侧背部皮下注射100μl LLC细胞悬液。LLC细胞悬液的制备方法是:将体外传代 培养的LLC细胞(1×107/100μl)接种于C57BL/6J雄性小鼠背部皮下长成实体肿瘤。牺牲小鼠,按无菌 操作方法取出肿瘤组织,将其用0.25%胰蛋白酶-0.04%EDTA消化30min,制成单细胞悬液。在PBS中调 细胞浓度为每1×106/100μl。在接种肿瘤后的第18天牺牲小鼠,剖出瘤块,称其重量。
12.6结果(表-1)
表-1、TIO1或TIO3对肺癌细胞裂解物疫苗的增效作用
结果表明,TIO-1或TIO-3可增强肺癌细胞裂解物的免疫效力(表-1),使肿瘤缩小(p<0.05)。这说明, TIO-1或TIO-3可增强个体的抗肺癌免疫反应,被用于包括肺癌疫苗在内的肿瘤疫苗的佐剂。
实施例13 TIO3对胃癌的治疗作用:
13.1材料
13.1.1小鼠
Balb/c雌性小鼠(北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司),18-22g。
13.1.2胃癌细胞
MFC细胞(mouse gastric cancer cell)是Balb/c小鼠来源的胃癌细胞(源自美国ATCC)。用完全RPMI1640培养 基(如11.1.4所述),在37℃,5%CO2的条件下培养该细胞。
13.1.3寡核苷酸
TIO3(具有如序列表<400>2所示的序列),如实施例1所述。
13.2主要实验器材和仪器
100ml细胞培养瓶、1ml注射器、细胞计数板。CO2细胞培养孵箱(日本SANYO公司)、细胞培养倒置 显微镜(日本Olympus公司)、离心机(德国Biofuge Fresco)。
13.3实验
将体外培养的MFC皮下移植瘤模型细胞于第0天接种于小鼠左后肢背侧皮下,注射体积为200μl, 其中含1X106MFC细胞。于接种MFC细胞后的第10天开始给小鼠注射TIO3(溶于PBS),然后每两天再注 射一次,共注射6次。注射部位为左后肢接种肿瘤淋巴结引流区皮下。每次的注射体积为100μl,其中含 25μg TIO3。对照组小鼠按同样的程序注射PBS。观察并记录小鼠的生存时间。
13.4结果
单独应用TIO3可使荷瘤小鼠生存期明显延长(图-12)。这说明,TIO3可增强个体的抗胃癌细胞免疫应 答,可被用来治疗包括胃癌在内的肿瘤。
Claims (5)
1.如SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的单链脱氧寡核苷酸在制备增强流感病毒疫苗免疫效力的药物中的应用。
2.如SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的单链脱氧寡核苷酸在制备增强圆环病毒疫苗免疫效力的药物中的应用。
3.如SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的单链脱氧寡核苷酸在制备增强乙型肝炎病毒疫苗免疫效力的药物中的应用。
4.如SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的单链脱氧寡核苷酸在制备增强狂犬病毒疫苗免疫效力的药物中的应用。
5.根据权利要求1-4所述的应用,所述的药物还包括药物学可接受的载体。
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