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CN110203904B - 用于制备纳米结构碳材料的前体材料及方法 - Google Patents

用于制备纳米结构碳材料的前体材料及方法 Download PDF

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CN110203904B
CN110203904B CN201910489282.9A CN201910489282A CN110203904B CN 110203904 B CN110203904 B CN 110203904B CN 201910489282 A CN201910489282 A CN 201910489282A CN 110203904 B CN110203904 B CN 110203904B
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carbon
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conductive rod
molten salt
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卡马里阿里
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Northeastern University China
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Priority to PCT/CN2019/097491 priority patent/WO2020244039A1/en
Priority to EP19922251.4A priority patent/EP3765405A4/en
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Abstract

本发明属于碳材料领域，提供用于制备碳纳米结构的前驱体材料及方法。本发明直接使用岩石或者将碳原料与金属或金属氧化物催化剂混合制备前体材料。然后用金属丝包裹前体材料，并在熔融盐体系中阴极极化，制备纳米结构碳材料。分散在碳相中的金属或金属氧化物能够起到催化剂的作用，促进纳米结构碳材料的生成；该前体材料可为自然界中的岩石或者人工合成，易于获得。纳米结构碳材料由纳米炭颗粒、碳纤维和碳纳米管组成。制备工艺简单，易于实施，所得到的纳米结构材料具有高导电性，可作为储能装置的活性材料或添加剂。

Description

用于制备纳米结构碳材料的前体材料及方法
技术领域
本发明属于碳材料领域，具体涉及一种用于制备纳米结构碳材料的前体材料及方法。
背景技术
碳纳米结构,包括碳纳米纤维、碳纳米管和碳纳米颗粒，具有独特的性能，包括高表面积、化学和物理稳定性以及导电性。这些特性使得碳纳米结构在储能设备、复合材料和水净化等诸多领域的应用显得尤为重要。碳纳米结构的制备方法多种多样。这些方法主要是在催化剂体系中引入气相中的碳。
第一种方法是在惰性气体中，在两个碳质电极上施加电流，从而使碳纳米管和碳纳米颗粒的产量达到合理的水平。这种方法叫做等离子电弧放电。它包括一个电极作为阳离子损耗，然后在另一个电极上沉积。石墨棒的激光汽化和金属催化剂上碳纳米结构的生长也可以产生碳纳米结构。
电弧放电和激光汽化是目前获得高质量碳纳米管的主要方法。但是,这两种方法都有缺点。这两种方法都涉及碳源的损耗,因此通过这些方法大规模生产碳纳米结构是困难的,也是能源消耗较大的。
化学气相沉积法也用于制备碳纳米结构。在这种方法中，碳氢化合物气体在金属催化剂上分解，温度通常在600-1000℃之间，生成各种碳材料，如碳纤维和长丝。但化学气相沉积方法效率低，成本高。
因此，将固相碳直接转化为碳纳米结构对于大规模生产低成本、低能耗的碳纳米结构具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明提出了一种将固体碳直接转化为纳米结构碳材料的前体材料。本发明将碳原料与金属或金属氧化物催化剂混合制备前体材料。然后用金属丝包裹前体材料，并在熔融盐体系中阴极极化，制备纳米结构碳材料。
本发明的技术方案为：
用于制备纳米结构碳材料的前体材料，包括碳相和非碳相，非碳相分散在碳相中，所述非碳相的特征元素包括Fe、Ni、Co、Si、Na、Mg、Al、K和Ca元素中的一种或两种以上，前体材料中非碳相的特征元素质量百分比为0.1～5％，所述非碳相的特征元素的存在形式为单质或其氧化物；碳相为非晶态碳或者晶态碳；非碳相中特征元素的单质或其氧化物的粒径为1nm～100μm。
采用上述前体材料制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，包括步骤如下：
步骤1，将前体材料(1)用Mo、W或Ni做的导线(2)包裹，根据前体材料(1)的尺寸,导线(2)的直径为0.5-12mm，将导电棒A(3)的一端固定在前体材料(1)中，导线(2)在缠绕过程中与导电棒A(3)连接，导电棒A(3)的直径为5-6mm；
步骤2，将带有导电棒A并包裹导电线的前体材料，放置于反应容器(4)底部的陶瓷圆盘(5)上，反应容器(4)中填充熔盐(6)，所述熔盐为LiCl、NaCl、CaCl2或KCl中的一种或两种以上的混合物；所述反应容器(4)由石墨、Mo或W制成；
步骤3，熔盐的温度为350℃～900℃；将导电棒B(7)连接到反应容器(4)上，导电棒B(7)与导电棒A(3)的材质相同；导电棒A(3)与电源的负极相连，导电棒B(7)与电源的正极相连；
步骤4，根据前体材料的尺寸，通过1～10000A的直流电，通电10min～20h；生成碳纳米结构；待熔盐冷却后，将熔盐溶解、过滤回收纳米结构碳材料。
上述陶瓷圆盘(5)由Al2O3、MgO或ZrO2制成。
上述导电棒B(7)与导电棒A(3)的材质为Mo、W、Ni或不锈钢中的一种。
上述前体材料在反应容器中的气氛为氩气、空气、氮气和氦气中的一种或两种以上的混合气氛。
上述步骤4得到的纳米结构碳材料包括1nm～1000nm大小的碳纳米粒子、直径为1nm～1000nm的碳纳米纤维和外径为1nm～1000nm的碳纳米管。
在前体材料阴极极化的情况下,碳相中的金属氧化物可以还原为相应的金属,新形成的金属可以作为催化剂将碳相转化为碳纳米结构。
Fe、Ni、Co、Si、Na、Mg、Al、K或Ca等金属用于前体材料。在前体材料的阴极极化过程中,金属颗粒周围的薄氧化层被还原为金属,由此产生的金属颗粒起到高效催化剂的作用,将碳相转移到碳纳米结构中。
本发明的有益效果为，这种前体材料是由元素碳和金属氧化物或随机分散在碳相中的金属组成的，分散在碳相中的金属或金属氧化物能够起到催化剂的作用，促进纳米结构碳材料的生成；该前体材料可为自然界中的岩石或者人工合成，易于获得。纳米结构碳材料由纳米炭颗粒、碳纤维和碳纳米管组成。制备工艺简单，易于实施，所得到的纳米结构材料具有高导电性，可作为储能装置的活性材料或添加剂。
附图说明
图1为用于制备碳纳米结构的前体材料示意图。
图2为前体材料制备纳米结构碳材料的工艺示意图。
图3为岩石的SEM图像；
图4为图3SEM图像的EDX图；
图5为纳米结构碳材料的SEM图像；
图6为图5中碳纤维的EDX图；
图7为纳米结构碳材料的拉曼光谱；
图8电流密度为75mAg-1纳米结构碳材料在100次循环后的电容量；
图9电流密度为187mAg-1纳米结构碳材料在100次循环后的电容量；
图10为净化后纳米结构碳材料的SEM图；
图11为实施例5的纳米结构碳材料的SEM图像；
图12为实施例6的纳米结构碳材料的SEM图像；
图13为实施例7的纳米结构碳材料的SEM图像。
图中：A碳相；B非碳相；1前体材料；2导线；3导电棒A；4反应容器；5陶瓷圆盘；6熔盐；7导电棒B。
具体实施方式
实施例1
天然岩石被用作前体材料。图3显示了岩石的扫描电镜形态。岩石中含有1-60um的颗粒.图4显示了图3所示的SEM图像的EDX图。可以看出,该材料包含了由C、O、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe等各种元素组成的相对均匀分布。岩石的化学成分见表1。
表1用作前体材料的岩石成分
元素 wt％
C 80.47
O 9.71
Na 0.14
Mg 0.09
Al 2.52
Si 3.78
K 0.31
Ca 0.13
Fe 2.85
总量: 100.00
将一块岩石用钼丝包裹,钼棒被拧紧到岩石中。本实施例中使用了图2所示的反应容器。含有LiCl(80wt％)、NaCl(10wt％)、KCl(5wt％)和CaCl2(5wt％)混合物作为电解质。在750℃熔盐中,岩石被阴极极化。30A的电流在岩石和用作阳极的石墨反应容器之间传递。浸入熔盐的岩石与Pt参考电极之间的电位在1-10V范围内。熔盐电解过程为2小时。熔盐过程是在N2下进行的。然后将系统冷却下来,用清水清洗盐,并对渗滤液进行过滤。纳米结构碳材料在80℃下干燥2小时。
图5显示了纳米结构碳材料的扫描电子显微镜图像,其中可以看到碳纤维、碳纳米管和碳纳米颗粒的混合物,其大小在10nm至2μm之间。该产品的另一个SEM映像如图6所示。图所示的碳纤维EDX成分分析见表2。
表2图6中碳纤维的化学成分
元素 wt％ 原子百分比
C 87.32 93.37
O 4.95 3.98
Na 0.12 0.07
Al 0.12 0.06
Si 0.96 0.44
Cl 3.43 1.24
K 1.10 0.36
Ca 0.27 0.09
Fe 1.73 0.40
总量: 100.00 100.00
图7显示了纳米结构碳材料的拉曼光谱,其中D、G和2D波段的存在是显而易见的。拉曼结果与显示纳米结构碳材料形成的微观结果一致。
实施例2
以实施例1中制备的纳米结构碳材料作为锂离子电池的阳极材料。该工作电极采用90％纳米结构碳材料和10％的聚偏氟乙烯和正甲基丙酮(NMP)作为溶剂制成,然后涂在铜箔上,在50℃真空干燥,24小时内进行真空干燥。1M LiPF6溶于按摩尔比1:1配比的碳酸亚乙烯(EC)和碳酸二乙酯(DEC)用作电解质。不使用导电碳。图8和图9显示了电流密度分别为75mAg-1和187mAg-1纳米结构碳材料在100次循环后的容量。在75mAg-1,材料的容量约为250mAhg-1。在187mAg-1的较高电流密度下,纳米结构复合材料的容量为150mAhg-1。
这种性能是在不添加导电添加剂的情况下实现的。结果表明,制备的纳米结构碳材料具有较高的导电性,可作为锂离子电池、铝离子电池、超级电容器或其它储能装置(如Na离子电池、K离子电池、Al离子电池)中电极的活性材料或添加剂。在表2中,样品的氯含量是由于材料中存在残留盐。通过进一步用水清洗样品和过滤悬浮液,可以很容易地回收这种盐。通过在HCl、H2SO4或HNO3等酸中洗涤制备的纳米结构碳材料,可以获得超纯碳纳米结构。
实施例3
使用实施例1中方法生产的10g纳米结构碳材料在质量浓度50％的50ml HCl中进行清洗,并使用平均孔尺寸约为5μm的滤纸对悬浮液进行过滤。然后将浸漏液在250℃干燥2小时。图10显示了净化后纳米结构碳材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)。纯化纳米结构碳包含体积百分比50％直径为10-200nm的碳纳米管和纤维，还包含50％直径为10-200nm的球状碳颗粒。经纯化的纳米结构材料的化学成分见表3。
表3纳米结构碳材料纯化后的化学成分
元素 wt％
C 95.27
O 3.2
Na 0.12
Al 0.10
Si 0.87
Cl 0.2
K 0.1
Ca 0.12
Fe 0.02
总量: 100.00
实施例4
用10ml质量浓度5％HF溶液清洗实施例3中生产的1g纯化纳米结构碳材料30分钟。对悬浮液进行过滤，过滤产物在250℃下干燥2小时。额外纯化的纳米结构碳材料的化学成分见表4。
表4纳米结构碳材料经过额外纯化后的化学成分。
元素 wt％
C 99.46
O 0.5
Al 0.01
Si 0.02
Cl 0.01
总量: 100.00
实施例5
前体材料由无定形碳粉、3.2wt％Fe2O3和3.2wt％SiO2组成。将混合物料用球磨机球磨，球磨后无定形碳粉、Fe2O3和SiO2的粒径分别为2μm、620nm和850nm。粉末通过使用冷等静压机被压实成固体的前体材料。然后将该前体材料包裹在直径为1.5毫米的钼长丝中。然后将前体材料放置于熔盐中，与实施例1相同的条件下持续30min。所获得的产品的微观结构如图11所示。可以看出,该产品的形状是大小为20nm～100nm的碳纳米管和直径为10nm～200nm的球形碳颗粒的复合混合物。
实施例6
重复实施例5，不同的是前体材料由结晶石墨粉、5wt％的CoO和1.3wt％的Al2O3制成的。前体材料中的结晶石墨粉、CoO和Al2O3的平均粒径分别为3.2μm、2.3μm和1.5μm。最终产品的SEM形态如图12所示。该产品包括碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和球形碳颗粒的混合物。
实施例7
重复实施例5，其中前体材料由非晶态碳加3wt％Ni和2wt％Fe和1.5wt％Al组成。该工艺在850℃下使用氯化钠盐进行了40min。该产品的扫描电子显微镜形态如图13所示。该产品包括碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和碳纳米粒子。

Claims (6)

1.采用前体材料制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，其特征在于，该前体材料包括碳相和非碳相，非碳相分散在碳相中，所述非碳相的特征元素包括Fe、Ni、Si、Co、Na、Mg、Al、K和Ca元素中的一种或两种以上，前体材料中非碳相的特征元素质量百分比为0.1～5％，所述非碳相的特征元素的存在形式为单质或其氧化物；碳相为非晶态碳或者晶态碳；非碳相中特征元素的单质或其氧化物的粒径为1nm～100μm；用金属丝包裹所述前体材料，并在熔融盐体系中阴极极化，制备纳米结构碳材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，包括步骤如下：
步骤1，将前体材料(1)用Mo、W或Ni做的导线(2)包裹，根据前体材料(1)的尺寸,导线(2)的直径为0.5-12mm，将导电棒A(3)的一端固定在前体材料(1)中，导线(2)在缠绕过程中与导电棒A(3)连接，导电棒A(3)的直径为5-6mm；
步骤2，将带有导电棒A并包裹导电线的前体材料，放置于反应容器(4)底部的陶瓷圆盘(5)上，反应容器(4)中填充熔盐(6)，所述熔盐为LiCl、NaCl、CaCl2或KCl中的一种或两种以上的混合物；所述反应容器(4)由石墨、Mo或W制成；
步骤3，熔盐的温度为350℃～900℃；将导电棒B(7)连接到反应容器(4)上，导电棒B(7)与导电棒A(3)的材质相同；导电棒A(3)与电源的负极相连，导电棒B(7)与电源的正极相连；
步骤4，根据前体材料的尺寸，通过1～10000A的直流电，通电10min～20h；生成碳纳米结构；待熔盐冷却后，将熔盐溶解、过滤回收纳米结构碳材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，其特征在于，陶瓷圆盘(5)由Al2O3、MgO或ZrO2制成。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，其特征在于，导电棒B(7)与导电棒A(3)的材质为Mo、W、Ni或不锈钢中的一种。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，其特征在于，前体材料在反应容器中的气氛为氩气、空气、氮气和氦气中的一种或两种以上的混合气氛。
6.根据权利要求2所述的制备纳米结构碳材料的方法，其特征在于，步骤4得到的纳米结构碳材料包括1nm～1000nm大小的碳纳米粒子、直径为1nm～1000nm的碳纳米纤维和外径为1nm～1000nm的碳纳米管。
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