CN1101088C - Timing adjustment control for efficient time division duplex communication - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for time division duplex communication over a single frequency band wherein guard time overhead is reduced by active adjustment of reverse link transmission timing as a function of round trip propagation delay. Responding to a polling message from the base station, a user station seeking to establish communication transmits a reply message. The base station using a propagation delay calculator (812) calculates the distance of the user station by measuring the propagation delay with respect to receipt of the reply message and a timing control unit (806) and transmitter (807) for sending a timing adjustment command to the user station instructing it to advance or retard its timing. Thereafter, the base station monitors the user station transmissions and periodically commands it to adjust its timing in a like manner. The user station transmits a control preamble at the start of each time slot to allow the base station to perform round trip timing calculations and adjustment of the user station's power or antenna selection.

Description

Timing Adjustment Control for Efficient Time Division Duplex Communication

The field of the invention relates to communications, and more particularly to air interface structures and protocols suitable for use in a cellular communications environment.

The ever-increasing demand for flexible mobile communications has led to the development of various techniques for allocating the available communications bandwidth among a steadily increasing number of cellular service users. Two conventional techniques for allocating communication bandwidth between a cellular base station and a group of cellular subscriber stations (also referred to as "mobile stations") are frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD).

As used herein, FDD refers to the technique used to establish full-duplex communication with forward and reverse links separated in frequency, such as TDD refers to the technique used to establish A technique for full-duplex communication of forward and reverse links to avoid collisions. Other communication techniques are Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which multiple user transmissions are spaced apart in time to avoid collisions, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in which multiple user transmissions are spaced apart in frequency to avoid collisions, and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) where multiple data streams are multiplexed together in time on a single carrier. Various combinations of FDD, TDD, FDMA and TDMA may also be utilized.

In a specific FDD technology, the base station is assigned a set of frequencies, using which the base station can transmit using different frequency slots for each subscriber station, and assigning each subscriber station a different frequency, using which it can transmit to the base station . For each new user associated with a base station, a new pair of frequencies is required to support the communication link between the base station and the new subscriber station, therefore, the number of users that can be supported by a single base station is limited by the number of available frequency slots.

In certain TDD techniques, the same frequency is used for all subscriber stations communicating with a particular base station. Interference between subscriber stations is avoided by requiring a subscriber station to transmit at a different time from another subscriber station and from a base station by dividing a time period into time frames and dividing each time frame into multiple time frames. Typically, a base station communicates with only one subscriber station during a time slot and with all subscriber stations sequentially during different time slots of a single time frame. Thus, the base station communicates with a particular subscriber station once during each time frame.

In one type of the system, the base station is assigned a first portion of each time slot during which the base station transmits to a particular subscriber station, and a subscriber station is assigned a second portion of the slot during which the subscriber station responds. base station. Thus, the base station can transmit to a first subscriber station, wait for a reply and transmit to a second subscriber station after receiving a reply from the first subscriber station, and so on, until the base station has communicated with all subscriber stations sequentially within a specified time frame. up to the communication.

Time division duplexing has the advantage over FDD and FDMA that it only requires the use of a single frequency band. However, a disadvantage of many conventional TDD or TDMA systems is that their efficiency suffers as the cell size increases, and the reduction in efficiency is due to the The relatively unpredictable nature of the propagation delay time of a transmission. Since subscriber stations are constantly moving and can move anywhere within the range of a cell covered by a base station, the base station typically does not know in advance what the propagation delay for communicating with a particular subscriber station will be. To prepare for the worst case, conventional TDD systems typically provide a round trip guard time to ensure that communications with a first user station will be completed before communications with a second user station are initiated. Since the round-trip guard time exists in each time slot regardless of how close or far the user stations are, the required round-trip guard time can add considerable overhead, especially in large cells, where the overhead limits the number of users and The efficiency of the TDD system is thus limited.

Figure 1 is a basic round-trip timing diagram of a TDD system viewed from a base station. The polling loop 101 or time frame of the base station is divided into a number of time slots 103 . Each time slot 103 is used for communication from a base station to a particular subscriber station. Thus, each time slot includes a base transmission 105, a user transmission 107, and a delay period 106 during which the base transmission 105 propagates to the subscriber station, the subscriber station processes and generates a responsive user transmission 107, and the user transmission 107 propagates to the base station.

If the subscriber station is located close to the right of the base station, the base station may expect to hear the subscriber station immediately after completing its transmission and switching to receive mode. As the distance between the subscriber station and the base station increases, the time spent by the base station waiting for a reply also increases. The base station will not be able to hear the subscriber station immediately, but will have to wait for the signal to propagate to the subscriber station and back.

As shown in FIG. 1, user transmission 107 arrives at the base station in the first time slot 110 approximately equal to the time between the end of base station transmission 105 and the start of user transmission 107, indicating that the user station is approximately half the cell radius away from the base station. In the second time slot 111, the user transmission 107 occurs very close to the end of the base station transmission 105, indicating that the subscriber station is very close to the base station. In the third time slot 112, user transmission 107 occurs near the end of time slot 112, indicating that the user station is near or on a cell boundary. Since the third time slot 112 corresponds to a subscriber station at the maximum communication distance of a particular base station, the delay 106 indicated in the third time slot 112 represents the maximum round-trip propagation delay and thus the maximum round-trip guard time.

In addition to propagation delay times, there may also be delays in switching between receive and transmit modes in the subscriber station, base station, or both, these are not shown in Figure 1 for the sake of clarity. The general transmit-receive transition time is about 2 microseconds. However, an additional allocation head can be performed to account for multipath-related channel ringing effects.

As the cell size increases, the TDD guard time must increase to account for longer propagation times. In this case the guard time consumes an increasingly larger fraction of the available time slots, especially for shorter round-trip frame durations. The percentage increase in the time spent in overhead is due to the fact that the TDD guard time is a fixed length determined by the cell radius, whereas the actual round-trip frame duration varies with subscriber station distance. As a result, as the cell becomes larger, the increased amount of time is spent in overhead in guard time formation rather than in the actual transfer of information between the subscriber station and the base station.

A conventional TDD system is the Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) system developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In a DECT system, the base station transmits data in long bursts segmented into time slots, each time slot having data associated with a particular subscriber station. After the guard time, the subscriber stations respond in the assigned set of consecutive time slots in the same order that the base station sent data to the subscriber stations.

Another system currently in use is the Global System for Mobile Communications ("GSM"). Figure 4 shows a timing diagram according to some existing GSM standards. According to these standards, communication between a base station and a subscriber station is divided into eight burst periods 402 . Up to eight different subscriber stations can communicate with a base station, with each subscriber station communicating during each burst period 402.

The GSM standard requires two separate frequency bands. The base station transmits on a first frequency FA and the subscriber station transmits on a second frequency FB. After the subscriber station receives a base station transmission 405 on the first frequency FA during a particular burst period 402, the subscriber station shifts frequency 45 MHz to a second frequency FB and transmits a user transmission 406 after approximately three burst periods 402 have elapsed in response to the base station transmission 405. It is assumed that the three burst period delay is large enough to guarantee the propagation time between the base station and the subscriber station.

Adapting the user transmission 406 received at the base station to a suitable burst period 402 in the GSM system is important. Otherwise, user transmissions from user stations using adjacent burst periods 402 may overlap, resulting in poor transmission quality or even communication loss due to interference between user stations. Therefore, each burst period 402 is surrounded by a guard time 407 to account for uncertain signal propagation delays between the base station and the subscriber station. By comparing the actual received signal time from the subscriber station 302 with the expected reception time, the base station can command the subscriber station to advance or retard its transmission timing to fall within the appropriate burst period 402, a feature known as adaptive frame synchronization. The technical specification for adaptive frame synchronization of the GSM system is TS GSM05.10.

A disadvantage of the above-mentioned GSM system is that it requires two separate frequency bands. It also has a relatively fixed structure, which may limit its flexibility or adaptability to certain cellular environments.

Another system currently in use is the well known Wide Area Coverage System (WACS), ie a narrowband system using both FDMA and TDMA, as in GSM, in the case of WACS two different frequency bands are used. One frequency band is used for subscriber station transmissions and the other frequency band is used for base station transmissions. Subscriber station transmissions are offset from corresponding base station transmissions by one-half of a time slot to allow for propagation time between the base station and the subscriber station. Standard WACS does not support spread spectrum communication (a well known type of communication in which the bandwidth of the transmitted signal exceeds the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted), and has an overall structure that may be characterized as relatively fixed.

In many systems, the channel structure is such that a subscriber station may have to transmit a reply to the base station while receiving information on another channel. The ability to transmit and receive simultaneously generally requires the use of duplexers, which are relatively expensive components for mobile handsets.

Especially in large cells it would be advantageous to provide a flexible system with the benefits of time division duplex communication without the overhead of a full round trip guard time in each time slot. It would also be advantageous to provide such a system requiring only a single frequency band for communication. It would further be advantageous to provide a TDMA or combined TDMAFDMA system in which the subscriber stations are not required to be equipped with duplexers. It would further be advantageous to provide a time frame structure that is easily adaptable to single or multiple frequency bands and used in various communication environments.

The present invention in one aspect provides efficient means for implementing time division multiplexed communications, particularly in large cell environments.

In one embodiment, during the first portion of the time frame, the base station sends out successive base station transmissions directed to each communicating subscriber station. A single collective guard time is allocated while the base station waits for a response from the first subscriber station. Subscriber stations then respond one by one in allocated time slots on the same frequency as the base station with only a minimum guard time between each reception. To prevent interference between user transmissions, the base station commands the user stations to advance or delay the timing of their transmissions.

To initiate communication between a base station and a subscriber station, each base station transmission may have a header indicating whether the slot pair is free or not. If the time slot pair is free, the subscriber station replies with a short message in its designated part of the time slot pair. The user portion of the slot pair includes a full round-trip guard time tolerance to account for the uncertain distance between the base station and the user station during initial communication. The base station compares the actual time the user transmission was received with the expected time of receipt and determines how far away the subscriber station is. In subsequent time frames, the base station can instruct the subscriber stations to advance or retard their timing as necessary so that the full information message can be sent without causing interference between the subscriber stations.

In another aspect of the invention, where base station transmissions alternate with user transmissions utilizing the same frequency band, the base station and subscriber stations may preamble their primary data transmissions, such as when desired for spread spectrum communication signal synchronization or for implementing Add the preamble to the place where the power is controlled. This preamble can be sent at specified time intervals between two data transmissions. The base station can instruct the subscriber station to advance or retard its timing according to the calculated round-trip propagation time.

In other embodiments of the invention, multiple frequency bands may be used. For example, one frequency band may be used for base station transmissions and another frequency band may be used for subscriber station transmissions. The reverse link subscriber station transmissions are offset from the base station transmissions by a predetermined amount. Base stations and subscriber stations can transmit preambles before time slots designated for primary data transmission, and can insert the preambles at designated time intervals between two different time slots. This preamble can consist of multiple bursts, one from each antenna to allow the channel to sound on target. The base station can instruct the subscriber station to advance or retard its timing based on a calculation of the round-trip propagation delay time.

In another aspect of the present invention, a generic frame structure for use in a TDMA or TDMA|FDMA system is provided. A suitable frame structure employing ranging capabilities may be constructed from specified timing components which may include data transmission, preambles, guard times, etc. By selecting an appropriate combination of common timing components, the frame structure can be configured to operate in various embodiments in either high tier or low tier environments.

Dual-mode base station structures capable of multi-band operation may also be provided. Base stations are designed using low IF digital correlators.

Further variations, adaptations, details and improvements of the embodiments generally described above are also disclosed herein.

The various objects, features and advantages of this invention may be better understood by examining the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment found below, together with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Brief description of the drawings

Figure 1 is an illustration of the basic round-trip timing of a prior art TDD system from the base station point of view;

Figure 2 is a graph of round trip guard time as a percentage of actual round trip frame duration in the prior art TDD system of Figure 1;

3A and 3B are diagrams of a cellular environment for communication;

Figure 4 is an illustration of a timing diagram according to the existing GSM standard;

Figure 5A is an illustration of basic round-trip times for a TDD|TDM|TDMA system from the base station's point of view according to one embodiment of the invention;

5B is a timing diagram showing the initial communication link connection between the base station 304 and the subscriber station 302;

Figure 5C is a timing diagram representing the TDD/TDM/TDMA system variation of Figure 5A using an inserted symbol transmission format;

Figure 5D is a graph comparing the performance of the system of Figure 5A without forward error correction to the system of Figure 5C with forward error correction;

Figure 6 is a graph of round-trip guard time as a percentage of actual round-trip frame duration in the embodiment of Figure 5A;

Figure 7 is an illustration of an alternative timing protocol for reducing overall round-trip guard time;

Figure 8A is a hardware block diagram of a base station according to one embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 8B is a hardware block diagram of an alternative embodiment of a base station;

Figure 9 is a hardware block diagram of a subscriber station according to one embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 10A is a diagram of a timing subunit according to another embodiment of the present invention;

10B to 10E are time frame structure diagrams represented by the timing subunit according to FIG. 10A;

Fig. 11A is a timing subunit diagram according to another embodiment of the present invention;

11B to 11D are time frame structure diagrams represented according to the timing subunit of FIG. 10A;

12A-C are tables of preferred message formats for base station and subscriber station transmissions;

13A-B are diagrams representing the structure of a concatenation preamble;

Figure 13C is a graph comparing preamble performance;

13D-E are graphs comparing preamble performance with matched and mismatched filters;

14-17 are graphs comparing various performance aspects of the air interface of high directional antenna elements and low directional antenna elements in conjunction with selected features of the embodiments described herein;

Figure 18 is a block diagram of a low IF digital correlator;

19A is a block diagram of a dual-mode base station capable of operating with multiple frequencies and having spread spectrum and narrowband communication capabilities; and

Figure 19B is a graph showing selected frequencies and other parameters for use in the dual-mode base station of Figure 19A.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiment

The present invention in one aspect provides an efficient means of implementing time division duplex communications and is well suited for large cell environments. Embodiments of the present invention may utilize spread spectrum communication techniques such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques in which communication signals are encoded using a pseudo-random code sequence, or Frequency Division Multiple Access with multiplexing of communication signals on different frequencies (FDMA) technology, or in combination with CDMA, FDMA, or other communication technologies.

3A is a diagram of a cellular environment for a communication system having base stations and subscriber stations.

In FIG. 3A, a communication system 301 for communication between a plurality of subscriber stations 302 includes a plurality of cells 303 each having a base station 304 located generally in the center of the cell 303. In FIG. Each station, including base station 304 and subscriber station 302, generally includes a receiver and a transmitter, and subscriber station 302 and base station 304 may communicate using time division duplexing or any of the other communication techniques disclosed herein.

Figure 3B is a diagram of a cellular environment in which the present invention may operate. As shown in FIG. 3B , geographic area 309 is divided into a plurality of cells 303 . Associated with each cell 303 is an assigned frequency F1, F2 or F3 and an assigned spreading code or code group C1 to C7. In order to minimize interference between adjacent cells 303, in the preferred embodiment three different frequencies F1, F2 and F3 are assigned in such a way that no two adjacent cells 303 have the same assigned frequencies F1, F2 and F3. F2 or F3.

To further reduce the possibility of inter-cell interference, different orthogonal spreading codes or groups of codes C1 to C7 are assigned as shown in adjacent group 310 . Although seven spreading codes or code groups C1 to C7 are shown in FIG. 3B as convenient to form a 7-cell repeating pattern, the number of spreading codes or code groups may vary according to the particular application. Further information on specific cellular communications environments can be found in U.S. Application Serial No. 07/682,050, filed April 8, 1991 in the name of Robert C. Dixon, entitled "Three Cell Wireless Communications System" and in the U.S. Serial No. 08/284,053 in the name of Gary B. Anderson et al., filed August 1, 1994, entitled "PCS Pocket Telephone/Microcell Communications Air Protocol," both of which are hereby incorporated by reference, It's as if it's all presented here.

Although the use of spread spectrum for carrier modulation is not a requirement for implementing the present invention, its use in the cellular environment of FIG. F3 is given to the adjacent cell 303 . The interference between cells 303 using the same carrier frequency F1, F2 or F3 is reduced due to the propagation loss caused by the distance separating the cells 303 (no between two cells 303 using the same carrier frequency F1, F2 or F3 The distance is smaller than the distance between two cells 303 separated from each other), and the gain of the spread spectrum processing by the cells 303 is reduced using the same carrier frequency F1, F2 or F3. TDD or TDMA communication techniques can also be used with the cellular structure of Figure 3B, with CDMA code separation providing additional interference isolation.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing time division duplexing, the same frequency F1, F2 or F3 is used for all subscriber stations 302 communicating with a particular base station 304, by requiring that different subscriber stations 302 are not at the same time or at the same location as the base station 304. Transmissions are made in time to avoid interference between subscriber stations 302 . Base station 304 is assigned a first portion of the time slot during which base station 304 transmits to a particular subscriber station, and each subscriber station 302 is assigned a second portion of the time slot during which the subscriber station replies. Thus, the base station 304 may transmit to the first subscriber station 302, wait for a reply and transmit to the second subscriber station 302 after receiving the reply from the first subscriber station 302, and so on.

As previously noted with respect to FIG. 1, the mobility of subscriber station 302 results in unpredictability of propagation delay times for transmissions from base station 304 to subscriber station 302 and from subscriber station 302 back to base station 304 over the air channel. Accordingly, base station 304 typically does not know in advance what the propagation delay for communicating with a particular subscriber station 302 will be. To account for the worst case, conventional TDD systems provide a round trip guard time in each time slot to ensure that the communication with the first user station 302 is completed before the communication with the second user station 302 is initiated.

A typical round-trip guard time is 6.7 microseconds per kilometer of cell radius; thus, for a cell 303 with a radius of 3 kilometers, a round-trip guard time of 20 microseconds is required. In conventional systems, a round trip guard time is added in each time slot 103 regardless of how far or how close the subscriber station 302 is to the base station 304 . Therefore, the required round-trip guard time increases timing overhead and naturally limits the number of users in such conventional TDD systems.

As the cell size increases, the TDD guard time must increase to account for longer propagation times. The relationship between the mesh radius and guard time is established as follows:

TDD protection time = 2 x (mesh radius) / (speed of light)

2 is a graph of round-trip guard time as a percentage of actual round-trip frame duration (ie, the amount of time actually necessary for base station transmission 105, propagation delay time 106, and user transmission 107) for a conventional TDD system such as that shown in FIG. Add 4 microseconds to account for transmit/receive transition delay. The graph of Fig. 2 shows that since the TDD guard time is a fixed length determined by the radius of the cell, and the actual round-trip transmission time varies according to the distance of the subscriber station 302, the time increase is formalized in the form of the guard time in overhead rather than due to The increase in cell radius focuses on the actual transfer of information between the subscriber station 302 and the base station 304 . The efficiency of conventional TDD systems, especially those with large cells, therefore suffers due to the round-trip guard time.

Figure 5A is an illustration of the basic round trip time for a TDD/TDM/TDMA system for reducing the overall round trip guard time according to one or more aspects of the present invention from the base station point of view.

In the FIG. 5A embodiment, time frame 501 is divided into transmission portion 502 , collective guard time portion 503 and reception portion 504 . The transmit portion 502 includes a plurality of transmit time slots 510 and the receive portion 504 includes a plurality of receive time slots 504 .

In the broadcast portion 502, the base station 304 transmits to a plurality of subscriber stations 302, one subscriber station in each transmit slot 510 of the transmit portion 502 of the time frame 501 . During the concentrated guard time portion 503, the base station 304 waits for the last base transmission from the last time slot 510 to be received by the appropriate subscriber station 302 and the first user transmission from the subscriber station 302 to arrive at the base station. During receive portion 504 of time frame 501 , base station 304 receives user transmissions, one user transmission in each receive slot 511 of receive portion 504 of time frame 501 .

A particular transmit time slot 510 and its corresponding receive time slot 511 may be considered to collectively comprise duplex time slots similar to time slots 110, 111 and 112 shown in FIG. Although eight time slots 510, 511 are shown in Figure 5A, more or less than eight time slots 510, 511 may be used if desired for a particular application.

Base station 304 preferably transmits a message to and receives a message from each subscriber station 302 once during each time frame 501 in a duplex manner. In one embodiment of the present invention, a subscriber station 302 that receives a base station transmission from the first transmit slot 510 is first to transmit a response user transmission in the first receive slot 511, and receives a response from the second transmit slot 510. The base transmission's subscriber station 302 is the second to send a response subscriber transmission in the second receive slot, and so on. In this manner, base station 304 sends a series of consecutive base transmissions, each directed to an individual user station 302, and receives a series of consecutive user transmissions in matching return order.

While the subscriber stations 302 may reply in the same order as the base station transmitted, the base station may optionally include a command in the header otherwise instructing the particular subscriber station 302 to reply at a different location.

The aggregate guard time portion 503 of the time frame 501 is essentially a single aggregate idle time during which the base station 304 waits for a reply from the first subscriber station 302 . The guard time portion 503 of the aggregate is required to allow the base station transmission in the last transmit slot 510 to reach the intended subscriber station 302, which may be located around the cell, before the first subscriber station 302 answers. If the first subscriber station 302 is allowed to respond before the collective guard time portion 503 expires, its transmission may interfere with the final base station transmission. Therefore, the guard time portion 503 of the aggregate needs to be about the same length as the delay 106 shown in the third time slot 112 of FIG. 1 , which represents the maximum round-trip guard time of the system of FIG. 1 , as mentioned above. However, unlike the FIG. 1 system, only one maximum round-trip guard time (ie, aggregated guard time portion 503) is required in the FIG. 5A embodiment.

It should be noted that there is a slight delay time for base station 304 and subscriber station 302 to switch from transmit mode to receive mode or vice versa, such as with the system of FIG. 1 . These latencies are approximately 2 microseconds for each conversion operation. Unlike the conventional FIG. 1 system where the base station needs to switch modes in every time slot 103, the base station 304 in the FIG. 5A embodiment only needs to switch from transmit to receive mode and back again once in a given time frame 501. Also unlike the system of FIG. 1 in which the base station must wait in each time slot 103 for a subscriber station to switch from receive to transmit mode, only the first subscriber station to respond in time frame 501 of the embodiment of FIG. 5A may add receive to the system. /launch transition delay.

In the FIG. 5A embodiment, the timing structure is preferably organized such that user-to-base messages arriving at base station 304 from user station 302 during receive portion 504 do not overlap. If each subscriber station 302 begins its reverse link transmission at a fixed offset from the time of forward link data reception according to its slot number, the base station 304 can occasionally detect overlapping messages and the resulting interference. To prevent such interference from entering user transmissions, each subscriber station 302 uses its transmission start time as a function of its own two-way propagation time to the base station 304, as explained further below. Accordingly, reverse link messages arrive at base station 304 sequentially and without overlap in receive portion 504 of time frame 501 . To allow for timing errors and channel ringing, a shortened guard band 512 is added between each pair of receive slots 511. These shortened guard bands 512 are significantly shorter than the maximum round-trip guard times 106 described with reference to FIG. 1 .

In order to offset its transmission start timing, the base station 304 is equipped, in a preferred embodiment, with means for determining the round-trip propagation delay to each subscriber station 302 . The round trip time (RTT) measurement is preferably performed cooperatively between the base station 304 and the subscriber station 302 and thus includes the communication process between the base station 304 and the subscriber station 302 . RTT processing can be performed upon initial establishment of communication between base station 304 and subscriber station 302 and thereafter periodically as needed, and round-trip times measured from RTT processing can also be averaged over time.

In an RTT transaction, the base station 304 sends an RTT command message instructing the subscriber station 302 to return a short RTT response message for a predetermined delay period ΔT after receipt, which may be sent as part of the RTT command message or may be preprogrammed as System parameters. Base station 304 measures when it receives the RTT reply message, then base station 304 calculates the propagation delay to subscriber station 302 based on the time to send the RTT command message, the predetermined delay period ΔT and the time to receive the short RTT reply message.

Once the base station 304 has calculated the propagation delay to the subscriber station 302, the base station 304 sends an offset time message to the subscriber station 302, either notifying the subscriber station 302 of the propagation delay measured in the RTT transaction or providing a specific timing adjustment command. Subscriber station 302 thereafter schedules its transmission according to the information contained in the offset time message. Once timing has been established in this manner, base station 304 may then periodically command subscriber station 302 to advance or retard its transmission timing to maintain reverse link TDMA slot alignment. The mechanism for adjusting timing in response to a timing adjustment command may be similar to techniques conventionally employed in GSM systems as generally described herein. For example, timing adjustment command control may be implemented according to the techniques described in the GSM Technical Specification TS GSM 05.10, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. After the acknowledgment is received at the base station 304 from the subscriber station 302, the base station 304 can adjust the subscriber station transmission timing in each time frame 501 as needed to maintain closed-loop control of the subscriber station 302 timing.

For precise timing measurements in RTT transactions, communications between subscriber station 302 and base station 304 are preferably implemented using a direct sequence spread spectrum modulation format. Other formats can be used, but may result in less accurate RTT measurements, requiring greater tolerance in the shortened guard band 512 for timing errors in subscriber station 302 transmissions.

5B is a timing diagram illustrating an example of an initial communication link between base station 304 and subscriber station 302 according to the system of FIG. 5A. To effectuate the initial communication between the base station 304 and the subscriber station 302, each base station transmission during the transmit time slot 510 may have a short header 550 preceding the data link message 511 indicating whether the particular time slot pair 510, 511 is available . If the time slot pair 510,511 is available, the subscriber station 302 wishing to establish communication with the base station 304 replies with a short reply message 562 in the receive time slot 511 of the time slot pair 510,511. Receive slot 511 should have a duration of at least one full round trip guard time plus the length of reply message 562 to account for the initial maximum distance uncertainty between base station 304 and subscriber station 302 during initial communication.

The base station 304 compares the actual time of receipt of the reply message 562 to the expected time of receipt and determines how far away the subscriber station 302 is. In a subsequent time frame 501, the base station 304 can instruct the subscriber stations 302 to advance or retard their timing as needed so that full length information messages can thereafter be sent without interference between the subscriber stations 302.

The timing protocol shown in Figure 5B is now explained in more detail. A subscriber station 302 wishing to establish communication with a base station 304 listens to a header 550 transmitted from the base station 304 at the beginning of each transmission slot 510 . When the subscriber station 302 detects the header 550 containing a status message indicating that the corresponding slot pair 510, 511 is available or unoccupied, the subscriber station 302 attempts to reply with a reply message. The header 550 may contain bits defining the delay time ΔT and indicate to the responding subscriber station 302 a predetermined delay time before it should transmit in reply. The delay time ΔT can be measured according to various references, but is preferably measured relative to the start of the corresponding receive time slot 511 . Subscriber station 302 preferably includes means (such as a timer and/or counter) for recording the relative position and timing of time slots 510 and 511 in order to respond accurately.

In the example of FIG. 5B , the delay time ΔT represents the relative delay time measured from the appropriate receive slot 511 . An exploded view of receive slot 511 is shown in FIG. 5B. On the appropriate receive time slot 511, the subscriber station 302 delays for a delay time ΔT before sending the acknowledgment message 562, which delay time ΔT may be used by the subscriber station 302 for error handling or other housekeeping tasks. While FIG. 5B is illustrated from the perspective of base station 304 waiting for receipt of reply message 562, base station 304 will perceive a propagation delay 561 from the time subscriber station 302 transmits reply message 362 to the time reply message 362 is actually received. The base station 304 can determine the propagation delay 561 by measuring the difference in time between the end of the delay time ΔT and the start of the reply message 562 .

Accordingly, the response message 562 can be used as the RTT response message described above, where the base station 304 determines the appropriate timing for the subscriber station 302 by measuring the propagation delay 561 in receiving the response message 562 .

Once the propagation delay 561 is determined, the base station 304 may instruct the subscriber station 302 to advance or retard its timing by a desired amount. For example, base station 304 in the example system of FIG. Therefore, when the subscriber station 302 is at maximum range, the timing advance command will be set to zero (not including the delay ΔT implied in the subscriber station transmission). Conversely, when the subscriber station 302 is very close to the base station, the timing advance command will be set close to the overall guard time provided (ie, the maximum propagation delay time). The timing advance command may be expressed as a number of bits or time slices, so that the subscriber station 302 advances or retards its timing by a specified number of bits or time slices. Alternatively, the timing advance command may be expressed as an amount that is a fraction of a second (eg, 2 microseconds). As noted, subscriber station 302 may advance or retard its timing using techniques developed and conventionally used in the GSM system described above, or by other suitable means.

In one embodiment, it is preferable to set the delay time ΔT equal to the receive/transmit transition time of the subscriber station 302 . Accordingly, delays associated with the subscriber station 302 switching from receive mode to transmit mode are not included in the RTT measurement. The delay time ΔT should also be chosen to be short enough that there is no overlap between the reply message 562 of a particular subscriber station 302 and the subscriber-to-base transmission in the other receive time slot 511 .

If two subscriber stations 302 attempting to establish communication transmit with short reply messages 562 in the same receive slot 511, the reply messages 562 may or may not overlap depending on how far each subscriber station 302 is from the base station 304. In some cases, simultaneous reply messages 562 will cause interference. If the base station 304 receives two reply messages 562 in the same receive time slot 511, the base station 304 may select the subscriber station 302 with the stronger signal for communication.

Alternatively, base station 304 may initiate a backoff procedure or resolve conflicts as appropriate for a particular application. For example, base station 304 may issue a logoff command that causes each subscriber station 302 to logoff for a variable period based on internally programmed parameters unique to each subscriber station 302 (eg, such as a unique subscriber identification number). Alternatively, if the base station 304 can discriminate between the two acknowledgment messages 562, the base station 304 may instruct one or both subscriber stations 302 to relocate to different time slot pairs 510,511.

Thus, the system of FIGS. 5A-5B depicts in one aspect a combined TDD/TDM/TDMA message structure that adjusts reverse link transmission timing so that user-to-base messages transmitted from subscriber station 302 arrive at base station 304 sequentially without overlapping. Base station 304 transmits a single long data burst during transmission portion 502 of time frame 501 using TDM techniques, the data burst comprising multiple base-to-user messages, one base-to-user message per transmit time slot 510 . After the transmission portion 502, the base station 304 transitions to receive mode. Each subscriber station 302 extracts specific data intended for it from the long base station burst. Reverse link transmissions are not allowed to begin until all subscriber stations 302 have had an opportunity to receive their forward link data. Subscriber stations 302 then reply one by one in allocated receive time slots 511 on the same frequency used by base station 304 with only a minimum guard time 512 between each reception. To prevent interference between user transmissions, base station 304 instructs user station 302 to advance or retard the timing of its transmissions as needed.

6 is a graph of the total round-trip guard time (ie, aggregate guard portion 503 plus shortened guard band 512 and transmit/receive transition delay) as a percentage of frame time for the systems of FIGS. 5A-5B. Add 4 microseconds to account for transmit/receive transition delay, and assume that the reverse link TDMA slots are 2 microseconds apart to allow for timing errors. A time frame 501 with a duration of 4 milliseconds is chosen as the example of FIG. 6 . The graph of Figure 6 shows that even with mesh diameters up to 25 miles, there may be relatively modest overhead requirements. Figure 6 also shows that as the number of slots increases, more total time per time frame 501 is allocated for subscriber station timing errors, but that overhead still remains less than 10% for a 25 mile radius cell.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a TDD/TDM/TDMA timing structure with an alternative initial timing protocol for reducing the overall round trip guard time. Like FIGS. 5A-5B , the TDMA aspect of FIG. 7 relates to base station transmissions, while the TDMA aspect relates to user transmissions.

The FIG. 7 embodiment uses the aggregate protection section 503 (as previously shown in FIG. 5A ) for initial setup of communication and RTT measurement. The method of FIG. 7 is the opposite of the method described with respect to FIG. 5B, wherein each receive slot 511, as indicated, preferably has a duration no less than the maximum round trip time (plus the reply message length) due to the initial round trip time uncertainty . In the system of FIG. 5B where time frame 501 includes many receive slots 511 of relatively short duration, for very large cells the initial round trip time uncertainty may then cover several receive slots 511 . In such a case, an attempt by one subscriber station 302 to transmit an acknowledgment message 562 during the initial link may interfere with the other subscriber station's 302 data link transmissions, causing interference or overlapping of messages received by base station 304 during receive slot 511.

To prevent this, as mentioned, each receive slot in the system of FIG. 5B should have a duration no less than the sum of the maximum round trip guard time plus the duration of the reply message 562 . Thus, the maximum round-trip propagation time sets a maximum limit on the number of slots (and thus users) in the system of Figure 5B.

The system of FIG. 7 solves this same problem by using a designated portion of time frame 501 for the initial establishment of communication. In the system of FIG. 7, to prevent the possibility of overlapping or interfering RTT reply messages, and to provide the ability to handle more time slots (especially in larger cells), up to and including time frame 501 receive The initial communication link (including the RTT transaction) is implemented during the aggregate protection section 503 idle time between the end of the transmission section 502 of the first receive slot 511 of the time frame 501 of the section 504 . Collective guard time portion 503 is thus used in the system of FIG. 7 to perform RTT measurements and to assist in establishing an initial communication link between base station 304 and new subscriber station 302 .

In the system of FIG. 7, transmission slot 510 may include a header, similar to the header shown in FIG. 5B. This header may indicate whether a particular time slot pair 510, 511 is free or not. If the time slot pair 510 is free, the subscriber station 302 wishing to establish communication responds with a message indicating the desired communication time slot. If no header is used, the subscriber station 302 replies with a general access request and the base station 304 may instruct the subscriber station 302 in the following time frame 501 to use a specific time slot pair 510, 511 for communication. The general access request of a subscriber station 302 may include a subscriber identifier to allow the base station 304 to specifically locate the subscriber station 302 requesting access.

Header 550 in the system of FIG. 7 may include an instruction indicating a delay time ΔT after which a subscriber station 302 wishing to establish communication may reply. Alternatively, such a delay time ΔT may be preprogrammed as a system parameter such that the subscriber station 302 delays its reply until the delay time ΔT has elapsed. After detecting the end of the base station transmission 502 and waiting for the delay time AT to elapse, the subscriber station 302 transmits an RTT reply message 701 or 702 .

If the subscriber station 302 is very close to the base station 304, then the RTT reply message 701 will appear at the base station 304 immediately after the end of the base station transmission 502 and possibly within the set guard portion 503.

If the subscriber station 302 is close to the cell periphery, then depending on the particular system definition and timing, the reply message 702 occurs at the base station 304 either near the end of the centralized protection section 503 or within the first receive time slot 511 of the receive section 504 of the time frame 501 . The first receive time slot 511 available for established data link communications is the first receive time slot 511 designated after the maximum round-trip propagation delay (including message length) of reply messages from subscriber stations 302 located at the periphery of the largest cell. Some guard time tolerance may also be added to ensure that reply messages from more distant subscriber stations 302 do not interfere with reverse data link transmissions from subscriber stations 302 in established communication.

In an embodiment in which the header 550 contains information about the availability of the time slot pair 510, 511, the RTT reply message 701 or 702 may contain a time slot identifier indicating which available time slot the subscriber station 302 wishes to use for communication. Subscriber station 302 may also determine slot availability by monitoring base station transmission 502 and/or user transmission 504 for a period of time, and accordingly transmit an RTT response message 701 or 702 containing a slot identifier that subscriber station 302 wishes to use for That available time slot pair 510,511 for communication. In response, during the first transmit time slot 510 of the transmission portion 502, the base station 304 may issue an instruction to permit the subscriber station 302 to use the requested time slot pair 510, 511 for communication, instructing the subscriber station 302 to use a different time slot pair 510, 511 are used for communication, or to notify the subscriber station 302 that the base station 304 is busy.

If no header is used, or if the subscriber station 302 has no specific information about the availability of the time slot pair 510, 511, the subscriber station 302 may still transmit the RTT reply message 701 or 702 as a general access request. In response, during the first transmit time slot 510 of the transmission portion 502, the base station 304 may issue an instruction instructing the subscriber station 302 to use a particular time slot pair 510, 511 for communication, or inform the subscriber station 302 that the base station 304 is busy. The generic access request by a subscriber station 302 may include a subscriber station identifier to allow the base station 304 to specifically address the subscriber station 302 requesting access.

In one embodiment of the system of FIG. 7, the first receive time slot 511 of the receiving part 504 is only used to receive the RTT reply message 701 or 702 to establish communication, unless all other time slot pairs 510, 510 are busy, in which case The first receive slot 511 can be used for data link communication. In the latter case, if another time slot pair 510, 511 becomes available due to terminating communication with a different user station 302, the user station 302 occupying the first receive time slot 511 may transfer to the available receive time slot 511, The first receive time slot 511 is thus started for access by a new subscriber station 302 seeking to establish communication with the same base station 304 .

In the described embodiment, wherein the first receiving time slot 511 of the collective guarding part 503 and the receiving part 504 is used to receive the RTT response message 701 or 702, the combined length of the collective guarding time 503 and the first receiving time slot 511 should not Less than the sum of the maximum round-trip propagation time plus the duration of the RTT reply message 701 or 702 .

In a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 7 , only the set protection part 503 is used for initial communication link and for receiving RTT reply message 701 . The first receive slot 511 in this embodiment is not used for such purpose. In this variation, the aggregate protection part 503 length should not be less than the sum of the maximum round-trip propagation time plus the duration of the RTT response message 701 .

After the base station 304 receives the RTT reply message 701 or 702, the manner in which the base station 304 responds depends on the particular system protocol. As noted, the base station 304 may, but is not required to, transmit using the header 550; the subscriber station 302 may use the RTT reply A message 701 or 702 replies, with or without a specific slot request; and the first receive slot 511 may or may not be used to receive the RTT reply message 701 or 702 . Thus, the manner in which base station 304 responds depends on the particular configuration of the system, and the particular embodiments described herein are not intended to limit the possible base/subscriber station initial communication processes that fall within the scope of the present invention.

If the first receive time slot 511 is being used together with the collective guard time 503 to receive the RTT reply message 701, 702, then the base station 304 can utilize the initial The communication reply message responds to the RTT reply message 701 or 702 . Base station 304 can facilitate initialization with a particular transmit slot 510 (eg, first transmit slot 510).

If the RTT response message 701 or 702 identifies the specific time slot pair 510, 511 that the subscriber station 302 wishes to use for communication, the base station 304 may transmit the header 550, digital message portion of the time slot 510 in the next immediately following time frame 510 551 or both in response to the subscriber station 302. If two subscriber stations 302 send an RTT response message 701 or 702 requesting communication start in the same time slot pair 510, 511, the base station 304 may send a message to select one of the two subscriber stations 302 in the header 550 of the assigned transmission slot 510. acknowledgment, and instruct another subscriber station 302 to use a different time slot pair 510, 511 or to back off for a period of time, and the base station 304 may transmit in the same time frame 501 a message destined for the designated transmit time slot 510 of the selected subscriber station 302 Data messages in data message section 551.

If two subscriber stations 302 attempt to access the base station 304 at the same time (ie, in the same time frame 501), the base station 304 can select the subscriber station 302 with the stronger signal.

Alternatively, the base station 304 may initiate a backoff procedure, otherwise resolving conflicts as appropriate for a particular application. For example, the base station 304 may issue a logoff command that causes each subscriber station 302 to logout for a variable amount of time based on each subscriber station 302's unique internally programmed parameters (eg, such as a unique subscriber identification number).

Alternatively, the base station 304 may instruct one or both subscriber stations 302 to reschedule to different time slot pairs 510,511. If the reply messages 701, 702 each contain different time slot identifiers (assuming that the user station 302 already knows information about which time slots are empty, such as from the base station header 550), then the base station 304 may communicate with two user stations 302 at the same time. Communication is started, assuming that the reply messages 701, 702 are not corrupted by mutual interference (eg, mutual interference can occur when different subscriber stations 302 are at the same distance from the base station 304).

As in the FIG. 5B embodiment, in the FIG. 7 embodiment, the RTT response message 701 or 702 can be used by the base station 304 to determine the appropriate timing for the subscriber station 302 by measuring the propagation delay in receipt of the response message 701 or 702. Subscriber station 302 seeking to establish communication delays after receiving base station transmission 502 for a delay time ΔT before sending reply message 701 or 702 . The base station 304 determines the propagation delay from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 by measuring the round-trip propagation delay from the end of the base station transmission 502 to the time the acknowledgment message 701 or 702 is actually received while taking into account the delay time ΔT.

Once the propagation delay time is determined, the base station 304 may instruct the subscriber station 302 to advance or retard its timing by a desired amount relative to the appropriate time slot pair 510, 511 for communication. For example, base station 304 may instruct subscriber station 302 to advance its timing by an amount equal to the round-trip propagation time such that subscriber station 302 transmits substantially near the end of shortened guard band 512 . For example, subscriber station 302 may advance or retard its timing using techniques developed and routinely used in the GSM system described above, or by any other suitable means.

The time delay ΔT in FIG. 7 is preferably set equal to the greater of the base station 304 transmit/receive transition time and the subscriber station 302 receive/transmit transition time. This is to ensure that if the responding subscriber station 302 is extremely close to the base station 304, the delay in the transition of the subscriber station 302 from receive mode to transmit mode will not be included in the RTT measurement and to allow sufficient processing time for the subscriber station 302. Once the subscriber station 302 wishing to establish communication has detected the end of the base station transmission 502, the subscriber station 302 can send its reply message 562 immediately after the delay time ΔT without worrying about interference, because it is practically impossible for the reply message 562 to go beyond the outgoing radiated front. forward link messages causing interference with other subscriber stations 302's forward link reception.

FIG. 8A is a hardware block diagram of base station 304 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The base station 304 in FIG. 8A includes a data interface 805 , a timing instruction unit 806 and a transmitter 807 . Antenna 808 , Receiver 809 , Mode Control 810 , TDD State Control 811 and Propagation Delay Calculator 812 .

The timing control of the system of FIG. 8A is implemented by the TDD state control 811 . TDD state control 811 includes suitable devices such as counters and clock circuits for maintaining synchronous operation of the TDD system. The TDD state control 811 thus accurately times the duration of the time frame 501 and its components, including each transmit slot 510 , receive slot 511 , shortened guard band 512 and collective guard portion 503 .

The TDD state control 811 can be synchronized at any time with a system clock such as may be located in the base station controller, group controller or related network to allow global synchronization between base stations in an area or group.

Mode control 810 selects between transmit mode and receive mode operation. Mode control 810 reads information from TDD state control 811 to determine the appropriate mode. For example, at the end of transmit portion 502, as indicated by a status bit in TDD status control 811, mode control 810 may switch mode from transmit mode to receive mode. At the end of the receive portion 504, as indicated by a status bit in the TDD status control 811, the mode control 810 may switch modes from receive mode to transmit mode.

Data to be transmitted is provided from data bus 813 to data interface 805 during transmit mode. The data interface 805 provides the data to be transmitted to the timing command unit 806 . As explained in more detail herein, timing instruction unit 806 formats data to be transmitted to include timing adjustment instructions 815 if desired. The data output by the timing instruction unit 806 may be in a format such as that of the transmission section 502 shown in FIG. 5A so that data destined for each subscriber station 302 is properly separated.

The output of the timing command unit 806 is provided to a transmitter 807 which modulates the data for communication and transmits the data intended for each subscriber station 302 in the appropriate transmit time slot 510 . The transmitter 807 obtains the necessary timing information either from the mode control 810 or directly from the TDD state control 811 . Transmitter 807 may include a spread spectrum modulator such as is known in the art. The data is transmitted by transmitter 807 from antenna 808 .

Subscriber station 302 receives the transmitted data, formulates a corresponding user-to-base message and sends the user-to-base message in return order. The formulation of the subscriber station 302 structure, reception of transmissions and response messages from the base station 304 is shown in FIG. 9 and described further below. Messages from subscriber station 302 appear at base station 304 in receive time slot 511 .

Antenna 808 is used to receive data from subscriber station 302 after switching from transmit mode to receive mode. Although a single antenna 808 is shown in the FIG. 8A embodiment, different antennas may be used for transmit and receive functions, and multiple antennas may be used for the purpose of antenna diversity benefits. An antenna 808 is coupled to a receiver 809 . Receiver 809 includes a demodulator or a spread spectrum correlator or both. The demodulated data is provided to data interface 805 and then transferred onto data bus 813 . The demodulated data is also provided to propagation delay calculator 812, which calculates the propagation delay time of the RTT transaction.

In operation, timing instruction unit 806 inserts a timing adjustment instruction, such as a time period T (which may or may not include the delay period ΔT used in the initial round-trip timing process) into transmit slot 510, instructing subscriber station 302 to transmit With a response delay equal to an amount of time period T, the timing adjustment command may be placed at a specified location in the base-to-user message sent during the appropriate transmit slot 510 . Timing adjustment instructions may be placed in header 550 or data message portion 551 of transmit slot 510, for example. The timing adjustment command is preferably set to the subscriber station 302 receive/transmit transition delay time at the time of the initial communication link, and is thereafter adjusted based on the calculated propagation delay time.

A subscriber station 302 receiving a timing adjustment command will delay sending its response by the specified amount of time. The reply message sent by subscriber station 302 is received by receiver 809 and provided to propagation delay calculator 812 . Propagation delay calculator 812 obtains accurate timing information from TDD state control 811 so that propagation delay calculator 812 can accurately determine the over-the-air propagation delay of reply messages sent from subscriber station 302 . Specifically, the propagation delay can be calculated as the actual reception time of the reply message from the subscriber station 302 and equal to the time T elapsed at the beginning of the appropriate receive slot 511 (plus the delay if such a delay is programmed into each subscriber reply. The time difference between the time quantities of a period ΔT).

In the preferred embodiment, the propagation delay calculator 812 then calculates a new timing adjustment instruction 815 for the particular subscriber station 302. The new timing adjustment instruction 815 is preferably selected so that the reply message from the subscriber station 302 in the subsequent time frame 501 starts at the end of the shortened guard band 512 and does not overlap with reply messages from any other subscriber station 302 . For example, the new timing adjustment instruction may be equal to the calculated round-trip propagation time for a particular subscriber station 302 .

Timing adjustment instructions 815 may be updated as necessary to maintain a satisfactory quality of communication between base station 304 and all subscriber stations 302 . Therefore, the propagation delay calculator 812 preferably stores the calculated timing adjustment command 815 for each individual subscriber station 302, increments the timing adjustment command 815 as the subscriber station 302 moves closer to the base station 304, and increments the timing adjustment command 815 as the subscriber station 302 moves closer to the base station 304. When away from the base station 304, the timing adjustment instruction 815 is decremented. Thus, the timing of subscriber station 302 is advanced or retarded in a dynamic manner, and continued communication between base station 304 and subscriber station 302 is not interrupted due to overlapping of acknowledged user-to-base messages received from subscriber station 302 .

FIG. 8B is a hardware block diagram of an alternative embodiment of base station 304 . The base station of FIG. 8B is similar to the base station of FIG. 8A, except that the start count command and the stop count command are adopted as follows. When starting the base station transmission from the transmitter 807, the start count command 830 is sent from the transmitter 807 to the TDD state of the target user station 302 Control 811. When the receiver 809 receives a reply from the target subscriber station 302, the subscriber station sends a stop count command 831 to the TDD status control 811 of the target subscriber station 302. The value stored in the particular subscriber station 302 counter represents the round trip propagation delay time, and each subscriber station 302 associated with the base station 304 may use a separate counter.

FIG. 9 is a hardware block diagram of subscriber station 302 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Subscriber station 302 of FIG. 9 includes data interface 905 , timing command interpreter 906 , transmitter 907 , antenna 908 , receiver 909 , mode control 910 and TDD state control 911 .

The timing control of the system of FIG. 9 is implemented by the TDD state control 911, which includes appropriate means such as counters and clock circuits for maintaining synchronized operation of the subscriber stations 302 within the TDD system so that the TDD state control 911 accurately times the time frame 501 The duration of its components, including each transmit slot 510 , receive slot 511 , shortened guard band 512 and collective guard portion 503 .

Mode control 910 selects between a transmit mode and a receive mode of operation. Mode Control 910 reads information from TDD State Control 911 to determine the appropriate mode. For example, mode control 910 may switch the mode to receive mode during the appropriate transmit slot 510 of time frame 501 in response to a status bit in TDD status control 911 . Mode control 910 may switch the mode to transmit mode during the appropriate receive time slot 511 in response to a status bit in TDD status control 911 . At other times, the mode control 910 may remain in a fixed mode, or may remain in a receive mode in order to monitor transmissions from the base station 304 . Activity of other base stations in the vicinity of base station 304 is monitored, or for other purposes.

During transmit mode, data to be transmitted is provided from data bus 913 to data interface 905 . Data interface 905 provides this data to transmitter 907 which modulates and transmits this data in the appropriate receive time slot 511 for communication. The transmitter 907 obtains the necessary timing information either from the mode control 910 or directly from the TDD state control 911. Transmitter 907, which transmits data from antenna 908, may (but need not) include a spread spectrum modulator such as is known in the art.

The base station 304 receives the transmitted data, formulates an acknowledgment base-to-user message as desired and sends the base-to-user message in the appropriate transmit time slot 510 .

In receive mode, antenna 908 is used to receive data from base station 304 . Although a single antenna 908 is shown in the FIG. 9 embodiment, different antennas may be used for transmit and receive functions, or multiple antennas may be used to achieve antenna diversity. An antenna 908 is coupled to a receiver 909 . The receiver 909 may include a demodulator or a spread spectrum correlator or both: the demodulated data is provided to the data interface 905 and then transmitted to the data bus 913 . The demodulated data is also provided to timing command interpreter 906 , which provides timing adjustment commands received from base station 304 .

In operation, timing command interpreter 906 parses data received from base station 304 to determine timing adjustment commands. Assuming that the timing adjustment instruction includes a time T equal to the calculated round-trip travel (RTT) time, the timing instruction interpreter 906 can reset the clocks and and/or a timer in order to achieve its timed global recalibration. If the timing adjustment instruction is one that advances timing by the amount of time T, then the timing instruction interpreter 906 may reset the TDD state control 911 a period of time T just before the current time frame 501 elapses. If the timing adjustment instruction is one that delays timing by an amount of time T, then the timing instruction interpreter 906 may reset the TDD state control 911 for a period of time T just after the current time frame 501 has elapsed.

As noted, the timing adjustment instructions may be expressed in terms of bits or time slices by which the subscriber station 302 should advance or retard its timing. Timing adjustment instructions may also be expressed in fractional timing units (eg, milliseconds).

Alternatively, timing instruction interpreter 906 may maintain internal timing adjustment variables, thereby using delta modulation techniques. The internal timing adjustment variable is updated every time a timing adjustment instruction is received from the base station 304 . If the timing adjustment instruction is an instruction timing ahead, the timing adjustment variable is decremented by an amount T. If the timing adjustment command is a delayed timing command, the timing adjustment variable is incremented by the amount T. Timing adjustment variables can be added to the output of TDD state control 511 to synchronize with base station timing. Alternatively, the timing adjustment variables may be provided directly to the transmitter 907 and receiver 909, which change the timing of their operations accordingly.

Timing command interpreter 906 may include first level tracking circuitry to synthesize requested changes in transmission timing from time period to time period and adjust the timing of subscriber station 302 transmissions accordingly.

FIG. 5C is a timing diagram showing the TDD/TDM/TDMA system variation of FIG. 5A using an interleaved symbol transmission format as viewed from the base station. In FIG. 5C , time frame 570 is divided into transmission portion 571 , collective guard time portion 576 and reception portion 572 , similar to FIG. 5A or FIG. 7 . During transmission portion 571 , base station 304 transmits to a plurality of subscriber stations 302 during a plurality of transmit time slots 574 . In each transmit slot 574, the base station 304 transmits an interleaved message 578 containing a sub-message 589 for each subscriber station 302 (or a sub-message 589 for general polling or other functions if the receive slot is free), while No messages directed to individual subscriber stations 302 are sent. Thus, subscriber station 302 receives a portion of its total incoming message from each transmit slot 574 and must listen during the entire transmission portion 571 in order to obtain its entire message for time frame 570 .

In more detail, as shown in Figure 5C, each transmit slot 574 includes a plurality of sub-messages 589, preferably one sub-message 589 per receive slot 575 (and thus one sub-message 589 per possible subscriber station 302 ). For example, if there are 16 transmit slots 574 and 16 receive slots 575, each transmit slot 574 will include 16 sub-messages 589, represented in the order 589-1, 589-2, . . . 589-16. Each sub-message 589 preferably includes the same number of symbols, for example 40 symbols. The first sub-message 589-1 is intended for the first subscriber station 302, the second sub-message 589-2 is intended for the second subscriber station 302, and so on, until the last sub-message 589-16. Subscriber station 302 reads part of its incoming message from the appropriate sub-message 589 in the first transmission slot 574, the next part of its incoming message from the appropriate sub-message 589 in the second transmission slot, and so on, until The last transmission slot 574, in which the subscriber station 302 receives the last part of its message.

In each transmit slot 574, the interleaved message 578 is preceded by a preamble 577. The preamble 577, which assists the subscriber station 302 in synchronizing and may contain a spreading code, is present in each transmit time slot 574 and is dispersed throughout the transmission portion 574, thus allowing the subscriber station 302 to support the establishment of rake receivers ( For example, synchronization) and/or selection diversity useful channel voice operation. Because subscriber station 302 obtains its information throughout transmission portion 571, the communication path is less sensitive to sudden fading or interference that only affects transmission portion 571 for a relatively short period. Thus, if interference or fading corrupts the information in a particular transmission slot 574 (eg, second transmission slot 574), the subscriber station 302 will still have 15 received partial messages 589 without suffering such interference or fading.

By employing forward error correction techniques, subscriber station 302 can correct one or more sub-messages 589 received in error. A preferred forward error correction technique uses Reed-Solomon codes, which can be generated using algorithms generally known in the art. The number of erroneous sub-messages 589 that can be corrected is given by the equation INT[(R-K)/2], where R=the number of symbols sent to subscriber station 302 in one burst period, K=for traffic information (i.e., non-error-correcting), and INT represents a function that rounds down to the nearest integer. Thus, for a Reed-Solomon code specifying R(N,K)=R(40,31), up to INT[(40-31)/2]=4 erroneous sub-messages 589 can be corrected.

Although a particular symbol interleaving scheme is shown in Figure 5c, other symbol interleaving techniques such as diagonal interleaving may also be used.

Subscriber station 302 generally responds in the reverse link in the same manner as described with respect to Figures 5A or 7. Accordingly, the subscriber station 302 responds with a user transmission during the designated receive slot 575 of the receive section 572 . Receive slots 575, comprising a preamble 579 and a user message 580, are separated by shortened guard times 573, and ranging can be used to instruct subscriber stations to advance or retard their timing, as previously mentioned.

Figure 5D is a graph comparing the specific TDD/TDM/TDMA system performance according to Figure 5A without forward error correction with the specific system performance according to Figure 5C with forward error correction. Figure 5D shows a plot of frame error probability versus signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/No) in dB. The individual graphs for different rake diversity channels L (ie resolvable multipath) for 1, 2 and 4 are shown in Fig. 5D. The solid line in Figure 5D represents the performance of the system of Figure 5A without FEC, while the dashed line represents the performance of the system of Figure 5C with Reed-Solomon FEC. Figure 5D thus shows a significant reduction in the probability of frame errors in the system of Figure 5A utilizing interleaved symbol transmission and forward error correction.

Another embodiment of a time frame structure and associated timing components for conducting communications between a base station and a plurality of subscriber stations is shown in FIGS. 10A-E. Figure 10A is a diagram of timing division components with a predefined format used in a time division duplex system. The three timing components shown in Figure 10A are used to form a time division duplex frame structure, such as the frame structures shown in Figures 10B-E. Although systems constructed in accordance with Figures 10A-E preferably communicate using spread spectrum, spread spectrum is not required. However, the following description assumes the use of spread spectrum techniques. For this example, a chip rate of 5 MHz is best.

In FIG. 10A, a base station timing component 1001, a user data link timing component 1011, and a range timing component 1021 are shown. For each subcomponent 1001, 1011, and 1021, the timing is represented by the subscriber station 302 initial range of the zero-distance timing subcomponent 1021 from the base station, as explained more fully below.

The base timing component 1001 includes a base preamble interval 1002 , a base message interval 1003 and a transmit/receive transition interval 1004 . The base preamble interval 1002 may be 56 chips long and the base message interval 1003 may be 205 bits long (or equivalently, 1312 chips if 32-ary encoding is used). In the preferred 32-ary encoding technique, each sequence of five data bits is represented by a unique 32-chip long spreading code. The number of spreading codes used is 32, and each spreading code is the same number of chips long (eg, 32 chips) to represent all possible combinations of five data bits. The individual spreading codes are selectively combined in series from the set of 32 spreading codes to form the transmission in the base station message interval 1003 . For a total of 205 bits, the base message interval 1003 includes a total of up to 41 5-bit data sequences; thus, for a total of 1312 chips, a transmission in the basic message interval 1003 may include a series of up to 41 spreading codes, each spreading The codes are selected from the set of 32 spreading codes.

While the preferred system of FIGS. 10A-E is described using a 32-ary spread spectrum coding technique, other spreading techniques including their M-ary coding schemes (such as 4-ary, 16-ary, etc.) may be used depending on specific system needs.

The transmit/receive switch interval 1004 is preferably chosen to be a length of time sufficient for the base station 304 to switch from the transmit mode to the receive mode or, in some embodiments, the subscriber station 302 to switch from the receive mode to the transmit mode, and may be, for example, 2 microseconds. seconds long.

Both the user data link timing component 1011 and the range timing component 1021 are typically provided to one or more user stations 302 for transmission. As described in more detail below, each of these timing sub-elements 1011, 1021 is provided to the first user station 302 of the data message or ranging message in the first part of the timing sub-element 1011 or 1021 for transmission and timing division. The second user station 302 of the control pulse preamble in the latter part of component 1011 or 1021 is used for transmission. As described further below, the control burst preamble generally allows the base station 304 to perform certain functions (eg, power control) with respect to the second subscriber station 302 .

User data link timing component 1011 includes data link preamble interval 1012, user message interval 1013, guard frequency band 1014, transmit/receive switching interval 1015, second preamble interval 1016, antenna adjustment interval 1017, second guard band Frequency band 1018 and second transmit/receive transition interval 1019 . Each preamble interval 1012, 1016 can be 56 chips long, and the user message interval 1013 can be 205 bits long or 1312 chips long, if the 32-element spread spectrum coding technique described above according to the base station timing component 1001 is used. Both guard bands 1014 and 1018 may be 102.5 chips long. The transmit/receive transition intervals 1015, 1019 may each have a duration sufficient to allow a correct transition between transmit and receive modes or between receive and transmit modes, as the case may be. Antenna adjustment interval 1017 may be of sufficient duration to allow transmission of data symbols indicative of a particular antenna beam selection, or to allow minimal adjustment of directional antenna angles at base station 302 or to allow one or more antennas if the base station is equipped with multiple antennas selected data symbols for transmission.

The ranging timing component 1021 includes a ranging preamble interval 1022, a user ranging message interval 1023, a ranging guard frequency band 1024, a transmit/receive switching interval 1025, a second preamble interval 1026, an antenna adjustment interval 1027, a second Guard band 1028 and second transmit/receive transition interval 1029 . Each of the preamble intervals 1022 and 1026 can be 56 chips long, and the user ranging message interval 1023 can be 150 bits long or 960 chips long. Technical words. The ranging guard band 1024 may be 454.5 chips long, and the other guard bands 1028 may be 102.5 chips long. The transmit/receive transition intervals 1025, 1029 may each be a duration sufficient to allow a correct transition between transmit and receive modes or between receive and transmit modes, as the case may be. The antenna adjustment interval 1027 may be of sufficient duration to allow for the selection of a particular antenna beam, or to allow small adjustments in the directional antenna angle of the base station 302, or if the base station 302 is so equipped, to allow one or more antenna selection data symbols transmission.

The total length of base station timing component 1001 may be 1400 chips, and the total length of each user data link timing component 1011 and range timing component 1021 may be 1725 chips. For these particular exemplary values, a chip rate of 5 MHz is assumed.

Figure 10B is a timing diagram for a fixed time division duplex frame structure (or alternatively, a zero offset TDD frame structure) using the timing subcomponents described in Figure 10A. The frame structure of FIG. 10B and the frame structures of FIGS. 10C-E described below are shown from the base station 304 .

In FIG. 10B , a time frame 1040 includes a plurality of time slots 1041 . For convenience, the time slots are also designated in the consecutive order of TS1, TS2, TS3, and so on. Each time slot 1041 includes a base station timing component 1001 and either a user data link timing component 1011 or a range timing component 1021 . Although the frame structure of FIG. 10B supports the distance timing component 1021. However, it is considered that the communication in the system of FIG. 10B, which can represent a fixed frame structure, is generally performed using the user data link timing component 1011.

It should be noted that the designated starting points for time slots TS1, TS2, TS3, etc. are somewhat arbitrary in the Figure 10B frame structure, and various other embodiments are further described herein. Thus, the frame structure can be defined such that each slot begins at the beginning of the user timing sub-element 1011 or 1021, or at the beginning of the preamble slot 1016, or at the beginning or end of any particular timing interval, without substantially changing system operation. .

In operation, base station 304 transmits a portion of base timing subcomponent 1001 of each time slot 1041 to subscriber station 302 in the order in which it establishes communication. Thus, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the preamble interval 1002 and transmits a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1003 . During transmit/receive transition interval 1004, base station 304 transitions from transmit mode to receive mode. Likewise, subscriber station 302 transitions from receive mode to transmit mode during transmit/receive transition interval 1004 .

In a first time slot TS1, a base-to-user message transmitted in a base message interval 1003 is sent to a first user station M1, which may be mobile. After the transmit/receive transition interval 1004, the first subscriber station M1 replies with a preamble during the data link preamble interval 1012 and with a user-to-base message during the user message interval 1013. The correct timing is preferably set when communications are initially established, and transmissions from subscriber stations such as first subscriber station M1 may utilize timing adjustment commands from base station 304 such as those described with respect to FIGS. 8-9 and elsewhere herein The time alignment as seen by the base station 304 is maintained. However, a round-trip guard time must be included in each time slot 1041 to allow propagation of base-to-user messages to subscriber station 302 and subscriber-to-base messages to base station 304 . The description generally representing time slot TS1 exploded in FIG. 10B assumes that subscriber station M1 is at zero distance from base station 304; therefore, user-to-base messages appear in FIG. 10B immediately following transmit/receive transition interval 1004 of base station timing component 1001. However, if user station M1 is not in close proximity to base station 304 , then part of guard time 1014 will be consumed in propagating the user-to-base message to base station 304 . Thus, if subscriber station M1 is at the periphery of the cell, the subscriber-to-base message will appear at base station 304 after a time period at most equal to the duration of guard time 1014 has elapsed. Timing adjustment instructions from the base station 304 may allow for a shorter maximum necessary guard time 1014 than possible.

Another transmit/receive transition interval 1015 is followed by a user-to-base message transmission from the first user station M1 , which may consume up to all user message intervals 1013 and guard band 1014 as perceived by the base station 304 . After the transmit/receive switch interval 1015, a control pulse preamble is received during a preamble interval 1016 from the second subscriber station M2. The control pulse preamble function is explained in more detail below. Following the preamble interval 1016 is an antenna adjustment interval 1017 during which the base station 304 adjusts its transmit antenna, if necessary, in order to transmit it to the second subscriber station M2. Following the antenna adjustment interval 1017 is another guard band 1018 , which takes into account the propagation time of the control pulse preamble to the base station 304 . The preamble interval is followed by another transmit/receive switch interval 1019 to allow the base station 304 an opportunity to switch from receive mode to transmit mode and to allow the second subscriber station M2 an opportunity to switch from transmit mode to receive mode.

The control pulse preamble received during preamble interval 1016 preferably serves a number of functions. The control pulse preamble can be used by the base station 304 to determine information about the communication link with the subscriber station 302 . Thus, the control pulse preamble can provide the base station 304 with power measurements indicative of path transmission loss and link quality over the air channel. Base station 304 can determine received signal quality including received power and signal-to-noise ratio. The base station 304 may also determine the direction or distance of the subscriber station 302 for response power, envelope or control pulse preamble phase and the noise level or multipath errors to which the subscriber station 302 communication link may be susceptible.

In response to receiving the control pulse preamble in preamble interval 1016 and determining received signal quality and other operating parameters, base station 304 may send a message instructing subscriber station 302 to adjust its power, if necessary. Depending on the received signal quality, the base station 304 may instruct the subscriber station 302 to change (i.e., increase or decrease) its transmit power relative to its current setting by a discrete amount (i.e., a minimum 3dB step size), until the base station 304 periodically instructs the preamble The control pulse preamble quality received in interval 1016 exceeds an acceptable threshold.

After base station 304 determines the power setting for subscriber station 302, base station 304 may also adjust its own power. The base station 304 can adjust its power for each time slot 1041 individually.

The preferred power control commands from base station 304 to subscriber station 302 may be encoded according to Table 10-1 below:

Table 10-1

Power Control Command Adjustment

000 No change

001 -3dB

010 -6dB

011 -9dB

100 +3dB

101 +6dB

110 +12dB

111 +21dB

Although preferred values are provided in Table 10-1, the number of functional control instruction steps and the difference between them can vary according to specific applications and system requirements. Further details of the mechanism and other pertinent details can be found in the pending documents dated March 21, 1994 and August 1994, respectively, in the names of inventors Gary B. Anderson, Ryan N. Jensen, Bryan K. Petch, and Peter O. Peterson The titles of the application on the 1st are all found in the application serial numbers 08/215,306 and 08/293,671 of "PCS Pocket Phone/Micromesh Communication Air Protocol". Same.

Returning to Figure 10B, in the next time slot TS2 following time slot TS1, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the base preamble interval 1002 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1003, both of which are sent to The second subscriber station M2, so that the base station 304 can quickly respond to the control pulse preamble sent by the subscriber station M2. As with the first time slot TS1, the base message interval 1003 is followed by a transmit/receive switch interval 1004 during which the base station 304 switches to receive mode and subscriber station M2 switches to transmit mode. Subscriber station M2 then replies with a preamble in data link preamble interval 1012 and a user-to-base message in user message interval 1013 . The remaining steps in time slot TS2 are similar to those of the first time slot TS1, except for the preamble interval 1016 as set forth below.

In the example time frame 1040 of FIG. 10B it is assumed that no communication link is established in the third time slot TS3 and therefore the third time slot TS3 is free for communication. Since no subscriber stations 302 were in established communication during time slot TS3, no control pulse preamble is transmitted during the preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2. The base station 304 may indicate that a particular time slot 1041 such as the time slot TS3 is available for communication by eg transmitting a general polling message during the basic message interval 1003 of the time slot TS3.

If the third user station M3 wishes to establish communication with the base station, then in response to the base station 304 transmitting a general polling message during the basic message interval 1003 of the third time slot TS3, the third user station M3 in the user message interval 1013 of the time slot TS3 Send a general poll reply message. When the third subscriber station M3 responds with the general poll reply message, the base station 304 can determine the distance of the subscriber station M3 and thereby determine the timing adjustment required for subsequent transmissions of the subscriber station M3.

For efficiency reasons, the guard times 1014 and 1018 are preferably kept to a minimum, the smaller the guard times 1014, 1018, the more subscriber stations 302 the frame structure of FIG. 10B can support. Generally, therefore, guard times 1014, 1018 do not have a sufficient duration to allow the entire ranging process to occur. In particular, a ranging process (such as may be implemented using timing subcomponent 1021 rather than timing subcomponent 1011) may result in a transmission by a subscriber station 302 seeking to establish communication and a subscriber station 302 that has communicated with the base station 304 in the immediately following time slot 1041 interference between the control pulse preambles. If the guard time is lengthened to allow ranging transactions, fewer subscriber stations 302 can be supported, especially in large cell environments. Alternative architectures with improved efficiency and ranging processing flexibility in large cell environments are shown in Figures 10D and 10E and described in more detail below.

Potential interference between ranging messages and control burst preambles may be minimized by using specially designated spreading codes for ranging messages only or for control burst preambles only. However, code division multiplexing in this manner is unlikely to provide satisfactory isolation between interfering signals.

If ranging transactions are supported in the FIG. 10B environment, the latter portion of time slot TS3 may include the range timing component 1021 as described above in connection with FIG. Ranging transactions between stations M3. In this case, user station M3 transmits a preamble during ranging preamble interval 1022 of time slot TS3 and transmits a ranging message during user ranging message interval 1023 of time slot TS3. Subscriber station M3 delays the transmission of the preamble and ranging message by a time ΔT measurement. The delay time ΔT may be sent by the base station 304 as part of a general polling message, or may be a pre-programmed system parameter. The base station 304 takes the delay into account by measuring the round-trip propagation delay from the end of the base message interval 1003 (i.e., the earliest possible reception of the preamble and ranging message) to the actual time of receipt of the reply preamble and ranging message from the subscriber station M3. Time ΔT determines the propagation delay from subscriber station M3 to base station 304 .

The ranging guard band 1024 in time slot TS3 is preferably long enough to allow the distance transaction between the base station 304 and the user station M3, therefore, the ranging guard band 1024 length is determined in part by the radius of the cell 303 where the base station 304 is located Determined, or may be determined in part by the maximum cell radius of the cellular system.

In response to receiving the ranging message from subscriber station M3 and determining the distance to subscriber station 302 and/or the propagation delay time to subscriber station 302, base station 304 may issue a timing adjustment command to subscriber station M3 in the next time frame 1040, instructing subscriber station M3 to Its timing is advanced or delayed by a specified amount, and for the time frame 1040 immediately after establishing communication with subscriber station M3, the timing adjustment command may be set equal to the round-trip propagation time determined by base station 304 during the ranging transaction. Preferably, the timing adjustment instruction is selected so that a user transmission from subscriber station M3 to base station 304 in a subsequent time frame 1040 is received by base station 304 immediately after the end of transmit/receive transition interval 1004, as described with respect to FIG. 10A of.

In addition to being used for ranging purposes, ranging messages may also contain other information to assist base station 304 in exchanging signals with subscriber station M3. For example, the ranging message may contain as data the user identifier for the user station M3 seeking to establish communication. The ranging message may also indicate a preferred spreading code to be used by base station 304 with a particular subscriber station M3 in subsequent communications.

Base station 304 may use control pulse preamble (or alternatively, user-to-base message) reception time to determine subscriber station 302 distance and issue timing adjustment commands periodically during the base-to-user message interval sent to subscriber station 302 .

FIG. 10C shows a subsequent time frame 1040 after communication has been established between base station 304 and third subscriber station M3, with or without the use of ranging transactions. In FIG. Transactions in time slot TS1 are the same as in FIG. 10B. The transactions occurring in the second time slot TS2 between the subscriber station M2 and the base station 304 are also the same as in FIG. 10B. However, instead of not transmitting a control pulse preamble during the preamble interval 1016 during the second time slot TS2, the third user station M3 transmits a control pulse preamble during the preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2. code. Alternatively, subscriber station M3 may wait until base station 304 acknowledges its measurement signal sent in the previous time frame 1040 before transmitting a control pulse preamble in each time slot TS2 preceding the time slot TS3 in which it assigns user communication. from the message.

The base station 304 can use the control pulse preamble for various purposes, including power control and other purposes. As previously described, in the third time slot TS3 of FIG. 10C, the base station 304 can send an acknowledgment Signaled to subscriber station M3, this acknowledgment signal may be transmitted using the spreading code determined by the subscriber identifier transmitted by subscriber station M3 as part of the ranging message. As part of or in addition to the acknowledgment signal, base station 304 sends a timing adjustment command instructing subscriber station M3 to advance or retard its timing by a specified amount.

In the next time frame 1040, communication between the base station 304 and the third user station M3 may take place in time slot TS3 after establishing communication with the third user station M3 in the above described manner. In each preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2, subscriber station M3 transmits a control pulse preamble that allows base station 304 to perform power control, synchronize with subscriber station M3, or determine the range of subscriber station M3. Base station 304 then transmits a transmission to subscriber station M3 in the first part of third time slot TS3, and subscriber station M3 replies to the transmission to base station 304 in the second part of third time slot TS3. As part of each transmission from base station 304, base station 304 may update the timing adjustment instructions to subscriber station M3.

If subscriber station 302 terminates communication or handoffs to new base station 304 during time slot 1041, base station 304 may begin sending general polling messages during the newly vacated time slot 1041, indicating that time slot 1041 is not being used for communication. The new subscriber station 302 can thus establish communication with the same base station 304 .

Figure 10D is a timing diagram of another embodiment of a frame structure in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. Figure 10D shows a time division duplex frame structure utilizing the timing component interleaving described in Figure 10A. A time frame 1050 includes a number of time slots 1051 . For convenience, time slots 1051 are represented in the sequential order of TS1', TS2', TS3', and so on. Each time slot 1051 includes a base station timing sub-component 1001 and either a user data link timing sub-component 1011 or a user ranging sub-component 1021, as described in more detail below.

The main difference between the frame structure of Figures 10B-C and the frame structure of Figure 10D is that the frame structure of Figure 10D can be considered to be interleaved in such a way that each subscriber station 302 does not immediately respond to a subscription to it from the base station 304. communication, but delays its response until the subsequent slot 1051. The effect of the staggered frame structure of FIG. 10D is that the guard time can be shortened, allowing more slots 1051 per slot frame 1050 and thus more subscriber stations 302 per base station 304 . The staggered frame structure of FIG. 10D also allows efficient use of ranging transactions between base stations and subscriber stations, especially during the initial link of communication. Since the frame structure of FIG. 10D is interleaved, the first time slot TS1' includes a transmission from the base station 304 to the first subscriber station M1 and an acknowledgment transmission not from the first subscriber station M1 but from the last subscriber station MN.

In system operation of FIG. 10D, the base station 304 transmits as part of the base timing sub-element 1001 of each time slot 1051 to the subscriber stations 302 with which the base station has established communication. Thus, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the preamble interval 1002 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1003 . During transmit/receive transition interval 1004, base station 304 transitions from transmit mode to receive mode.

In the first time slot TS1', the base-to-user message transmitted in the base message interval 1003 is sent to a first user station M1, which may be mobile. After the transmit/receive switching interval 1004, the last subscriber station MN that has sent a message to it from the base station in the last time slot TSN' of the previous time frame 1050 transmits a preamble during the data link preamble interval 1012 and User-to-base station messages are transmitted during user message interval 1013 . As previously mentioned, the frame structure of FIG. 10D is represented from base station 304, and transmissions from a subscriber station, such as subscriber station MN, are maintained on the basis of timing adjustment instructions from base station 304, such as subscriber station MN, as described elsewhere herein. The time seen in 304 is being calibrated. The correct timing is best set at the initial establishment of communication using a ranging transaction.

After the user-to-base message transmission from the first user station M1, possibly consuming up to all user message intervals 1013 and guard bands 1014 as perceived by the base station 304, is another transmit/receive switching interval 1015, followed by Next is another transmit/receive switching interval 1015 to allow for the proper switching of modes. After the transmit/receive switch interval 1015, a control pulse preamble is received during a preamble interval 1016 from the second subscriber station M2. The control pulse preamble sent during the preamble interval 1016 may serve functions such as those described with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 10B-C . Accordingly, base station 304 may determine the direction or distance of subscriber station M2 in response to power, envelope or control pulse preamble phase and/or the level of noise or multipath errors to which the communication link and subscriber station M2 may be susceptible. The base station 304 can instruct the subscriber station M2 to adjust its power according to the quality and strength of the received control pulse preamble.

Following the preamble interval 1016 is an antenna adjustment interval 1017, during which the base station 304 has the opportunity, if necessary, to adjust its transmission antenna so that it points towards the second subscriber station M2. Following the preamble interval 1016 is an antenna adjustment interval 1017 during which, if necessary, the base station 304 adjusts its transmission antenna so that it points towards the second subscriber station M2. Following the antenna adjustment interval 1017 is another guard band 1018 , which takes into account the propagation time of the control burst preamble to the base station 304 . The preamble interval is followed by another transmit/receive transition interval 1019 to allow the base station 304 an opportunity to transition from receive mode to transmit mode and to allow the second subscriber station M2 an opportunity to transition from transmit mode to receive mode.

In time slot TS2 following time slot TS1, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the base preamble interval 1002 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1003, both to the second user station M2, The base station 304 thus responds quickly to the control pulses sent by the subscriber station M2. As with the first time slot TS1', the base message interval 1003 follows a transmit/receive transition interval 1004 during which the base station 304 switches to receive mode. Unlike the embodiment of Figures 10B-C, where the latter part of time slot TS2' is used for receiving transmissions from the second user station M2, in the embodiment of Figure 10D the latter part of time slot TS2' is used for receiving transmissions from the first user station M1 Receive transmission. While the first subscriber station M1 is in the process of transmitting, the second subscriber station M2 thus has the opportunity to process the data received from the base station 304 during the same time slot TS2' and to transmit the data of the time of arrival at the base station 304 in the subsequent time slot TS3'. The timed acknowledgment transmissions do not interfere with other transmissions either from the base station 304 or from other subscriber stations 302 .

Thus, in the second time slot TS2', the base station receives a preamble from the first user station M1 during the data link preamble interval 1012 and a user-to-base message during the user message interval 1013.

In the example time frame 1050 shown in FIG. 10D it is assumed that there is no communication link established in the duplex channel comprising the base station part of the third time slot TS3' and the user part of the fourth time slot TS4', so the specific duplex The channel is free and available for communication. Since no subscriber station 302 is in established communication during the duplex channel, no control pulse preamble is transmitted during the preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2'. The base station 304 may indicate, for example, that a particular duplex channel is available for communication by transmitting a general polling message during the base message interval 1003 of the duplex channel, such as during the base message interval 1003 of time slot TS3'.

If the new subscriber station M3 wishes to establish communication with the base station 304, the new subscriber station M3 waits until an open user portion of time slot 1051 such as the fourth time slot TS4' in this example takes action. Thus, normal communication between the base station 304 and the second subscriber station M2 takes place in the latter part of the third time slot TS3' in a similar manner to the first subscriber station M1. Also, since another subscriber station M4 is already in established communication with the base station 304, the base station 304 receives a control pulse preamble from the next subscriber station M4 during the preamble 1016 of the third time slot TS3'. In the subsequent time slot TS4', the base station 304 transmits a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1003 to the user station M4. Subscriber station M4 replies with a user-to-base message in the next time slot TS5'.

Meanwhile, a new subscriber station M3 attempts to establish communication with the base station 304 during the fourth time slot TS4'. Thus, in response to the base station 304 transmitting a general poll message during the base message interval 1003 of the third time slot TS3', the new subscriber station M3 sends a general poll reply message in the user message interval 1013 of the next time slot TS4'. When the new subscriber station M3 responds with a general poll reply message, the base station 304 can determine the distance of the subscriber station M3 and thereby determine the timing adjustments required for subsequent transmissions of the subscriber station M3.

The latter part of time slot TS4' preferably includes the range timing component 1021 as previously described with reference to Figure 10A. Thus, in response to the base station 304 transmitting a general polling message in the base message interval 1003 of the third time slot TS3', the new subscriber station M3 sends a ranging message in the user ranging message interval 1023 of the next time slot TS4'. The diagram of the decomposed time slot TS4' in the frame structure of FIG. 10D assumes that the subscriber station M3 is at zero distance from the base station 304; therefore, the user-to-base station message occurs immediately after the transmit/receive transition interval 1004 of the base station timing component 1001. Figure 10D. However, if subscriber station M3 is not in close proximity to base station 304 , then part of guard time 1014 is consumed in propagating the user-to-base station message to base station 304 . Thus, if subscriber station M3 is at the cell periphery, the subscriber-to-base message will not appear at base station 304 until a time period at most equal to the duration of guard time 1014 has elapsed. The timing adjustment command from the base station 304 may allow for a shorter maximum necessary guard time 1014 than would otherwise be possible.

When the base station 304 receives an acknowledgment from the new subscriber station M3, the base station 304 can determine the distance of the subscriber station M3 and thereby determine the timing advance required for subsequent transmissions of the subscriber station M3.

In more detail, when a ranging transaction is performed between base station 304 and subscriber station M3, subscriber station M3 transmits a preamble during ranging preamble interval 1022 of time slot TS4' and in time slot TS4'. A ranging message is transmitted during the user ranging message interval 1023 . Subscriber station M3 delays transmitting the preamble and ranging message by an amount ΔT, which delay time ΔT may be communicated by base station 304 as part of a general polling message or may be a preprogrammed system parameter. The base station 304 measures the time from the end of the base message interval 1003 in the fourth time slot TS4' (i.e., the earliest possible reception of the preamble and ranging message) to the actual receipt of the reply preamble and ranging message from the user station M3 The round-trip propagation delay from user station M3 to base station 304 is determined in consideration of the delay time ΔT.

Ranging guard band 1024 in time slot TS4' is preferably long enough to allow ranging transactions between base station 304 and subscriber station M3 to occur. Thus, the length of the ranging guard band 1024 is determined in part by the radius of the cell 303 in which the base station 304 is located, or may be determined in part by the maximum cell radius of the cellular system.

In response to receiving the ranging message from subscriber station M3 and determining the distance to subscriber station 302 and/or the propagation delay time to subscriber station 302, base station 304 may issue a timing adjustment command to subscriber station M3 in the next time frame 1050, instructing subscriber station M3 to Its timing is advanced or delayed by a specified amount. For the time frame 1050 immediately after communication with subscriber station M3 has been established, the timing adjustment command may be set equal to the round-trip propagation time determined by base station 304 during the ranging transaction. Optimally, the timing adjustment instructions are selected so that user transmissions from subscriber station M3 to base station 304 in subsequent time frames 1050 are received by base station 304 immediately after the end of transmit-receive transition interval 1004, as described in connection with FIG. There is an opportunity 303 to switch from transmit mode to receive mode without interfering with base-to-user messages sent in base message interval 1003 .

The base station 304 may periodically instruct the subscriber station 302 to adjust its timing by issuing subsequent timing adjustment commands as often as, for example, every time frame, and the base station 304 may monitor the distance of the subscriber station 302 by measuring the reception time of user-to-base messages. However, preferably, due to the well-known timing and message structure of the preamble, the base station 304 monitors the range of the subscriber station 302 using the reception time of the control pulse preamble, and responds with a timing adjustment command during the base-to-user message interval .

In addition to being used for ranging purposes, ranging messages may also contain other information to assist the base station in handshaking with subscriber station M3. For example, the ranging message may contain as data the subscriber identifier of the subscriber station M3 seeking to establish communication. The ranging message may also indicate the preferred spreading code used by the base station 304 in subsequent communications with the particular subscriber station M3.

Figure 10E shows a subsequent time frame 1050 after the ranging transaction for the third subscriber station M3 has completed. In FIG. 10E, the transactions between the subscriber stations M1, MN and the base station 304 appearing in the first time slot TS1' are the same as in FIG. 10D, and the transactions between the subscriber stations M1, M2 and Transactions between base stations 304 are also the same as in Figure 10D. However, instead of not transmitting the control pulse preamble in the preamble interval 1016 during the second time slot TS2', the third subscriber station M3 may transmit in the preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2' Control pulse preamble. Alternatively, subscriber station M3 may wait until base station 304 acknowledges its ranging message sent in previous time frame 1050 before transmitting a control pulse preamble during preamble interval 1016 of each previous time slot TS2' .

Base station 304 may use the control burst preamble for various purposes, including power control and other purposes, as previously described. In the third time slot TS3' of Fig. 10E, the base station 304 replies by sending an acknowledgment signal during the base message interval 1003 to the subscriber station M3. The acknowledgment signal may be sent using a spreading code determined by the user identifier sent by the user station M3 as part of the ranging message. As part of, or in addition to, the acknowledgment signal, base station 304 preferably transmits a timing adjustment command instructing subscriber station M3 to advance or retard its timing by a specified amount.

In the following time frame 1050, the base station 304 and the base station 304 may be interleaved in time slots TS3' and TS4' (except for control pulse preamble reception in the second time slot TS2' of each time frame 1050) in an interleaved manner. Communication between user stations M3. In each preamble interval 1016 of the second time slot TS2', subscriber station M3 transmits a control pulse preamble that allows base station 304 to take certain actions—for example, perform power control, synchronize with subscriber station M3, or determine that subscriber station M3 The distance of M3. Base station 304 then sends a communication directed to subscriber station M3 in the first part of the third time slot TS3', and user station M3 replies with a communication directed to base station 304 in the second part of the following time slot TS4'. During each communication from base station 304, base station 304 may update the timing adjustment instructions to subscriber station M3.

If a subscriber station 302 terminates communication or is handed off to a new base station 304 during a time slot 1051, that base station 304 may begin transmitting a general polling message during the newly opened time slot 1051, indicating that the time slot 1051 is free for communication, The new subscriber station 302 can thus establish communication with the same base station 304 .

In another embodiment of the invention described with respect to Figures 11A-D, two frequency bands are used for communication instead of a single frequency band.

Fig. 11A is a diagram of timing components having a predetermined format used in the FDD/TDMA system. The three timing components shown in Figure 11A can be used to construct FDD/TDMA frame structures, such as those shown in Figures 11B-D. Although systems constructed in accordance with Figures 11A-D preferably communicate using spread spectrum, spread spectrum is not required. However, the following description assumes the use of spread spectrum techniques. For this example, unless otherwise specified, the chip rate is preferably 2.8 MHz, although the chip rate is chosen according to the application.

Base station timing component 1101, user data link timing component 1110, and range timing component 1121 are shown in FIG. 11A. For each of these subcomponents 1101, 1110, and 1121, as explained more fully below, timing from base station 304 represents zero-distance subscriber station 302 timing.

The base timing component 110 includes a base preamble interval 1102, a base message interval 1103, three additional preamble burst intervals 1104, 1105 and 1106 (together referred to as the 123 preamble burst interval 1109), a base station Fill code interval 1107 and transmit/receive transition interval 1108 . The base station preamble interval 1102 may be 56 chips long. The base station message interval 1103 may be 205 bits long or 1312 slices using 32-ary encoding, as previously described herein in connection with Figures 10A-E. A total of 205 bits of base message interval 1103 includes a total of up to 41 5-bit data sequences; thus, for a total of 1312 slices, a transmission in base message interval 1103 may include a series of up to 41 spreading codes, each spreading The codes are selected from the set of 32 spreading codes.

Although the preferred system of Figures 11A-E is described using a 32-ary spread spectrum coding technique, other spreading techniques including other M-ary coding schemes (such as 4-ary, 16-ary, etc.) System Requirements.

The three preamble burst intervals 1104, 1105 and 1106 are preferably 56 chips long; therefore, the 123 preamble burst intervals 1109 are preferably 168 chips long. Transmit/receive transition interval 1108 is preferably selected to be of sufficient length to transition base station 304 from transmit mode to receive mode, and may be, for example, 32 chips or 11.43 microseconds long. In the preferred embodiment, transmit/receive transition interval 1108 and base station fill code interval 1107 together comprise 189 chips long.

Therefore, the total length of the base station timing component 1101 is preferably 1750 chips (assuming a 2.8 MHz chip rate), which matches the length of the user data link timing component 1110 and the range timing component 1121, as described below, in In the Figures 11A-D embodiment, it is preferred that the base station timing component 1101 be equal in length to the user timing component 1110 to maintain synchronization in the dual-band system described in Figures 11A-D where the base station 304 communicates on one frequency band , while subscriber station 302 communicates on another frequency band.

Both the user data link timing component 1110 and the range timing component 1121 are generally provided for transmission by more than one user station 302 . As explained further below, these timing components 1110, 1121 provide for the transmission of a data message or a ranging message to the first user station 302 in the first part of the timing components 1110, 1121, and in the first part of the timing components 1110 or 1121 The transmission of the control pulse preamble to the second subscriber station 302 is provided in the latter part. As described further below, the control pulse preamble generally allows the base station 304 to perform certain functions related to the second subscriber station 302 (eg, power control).

User data link timing component 1110 includes data link preamble interval 1112, user message interval 1113, guard band 1114, transmit/receive switching interval 1115, second preamble interval 1116, antenna adjustment interval 1117, second guard band frequency band 1118 and second transmit/receive switching interval 1119 . Each preamble interval 1112, 1116 may be 56 chips long. User message interval 1113 may be 205 bits or 1312 chips long using 32-ary spread spectrum coding techniques, as previously described. The length of the guard bands 1114, 1118 may vary, but should be sufficient to allow reception of related message transmissions without interference. The transmit/receive transition intervals 1115, 1119 may each have a duration sufficient to allow a correct transition between transmit and receive modes or between receive and transmit modes, as the case may be. Antenna adjustment interval 1117 may be of sufficient duration to allow data for selection of a particular antenna beam, or to allow small adjustments of directional antenna angles in base station 304, or if base station 304 is so equipped, to allow selection of one or more antennas transmission of symbols.

The distance timing component 1121 includes a ranging preamble interval 1122, a user ranging message interval 1123, a ranging guard frequency band 1124, a transmit/receive switching interval 1125, a second preamble interval 1126, an antenna adjustment interval 1127, a second guard frequency band 1128 and second transmit/receive switching interval 1129 . Each preamble interval 1122, 1126 may be 56 chips long and the user ranging message interval 1123 may be 150 bits long or 960 chips long using the 32-ary spread spectrum coding technique described earlier herein. The length of the ranging guard band 1124 may vary, eg, according to the radius of the cell, but should be sufficient to allow the reception of ranging messages without interference. Another guard band 1128 should also be long enough to allow related information to be received without interference. Both transmit/receive transition intervals 1125, 1129 may be of sufficient duration, as the case may be, to allow correct transitions between transmit and receive modes or between receive and transmit modes. Antenna adjustment interval 1127 may be of sufficient length to allow data symbols for selection of a particular antenna beam, or to allow small adjustments of directional antenna angles on base station 302, or if base station 302 is so equipped, to allow selection of one or more antennas transmission.

The total length of each user data link timing component 1110 and range timing component 1121 may be 1750 chips, or the same length as the base station timing component 1101, these particular example values assume a chip rate of 2.8 MHz.

11B is a timing diagram of a fixed or zero frequency offset FDD/TDMA frame structure using the timing sub-components described in FIG. 11A. The frame structures of FIGS. 11B-E are shown starting from base station 304 .

Figure 1 IB is a frame structure for a system that uses two frequency bands for communication in addition to certain aspects of time division multiple access. A first frequency band 1170 , also referred to as a base station frequency band, is primarily used for communications from base stations 304 to subscriber stations 302 . The second frequency band 1171 , also referred to as the subscriber station frequency band, is mainly used for communication from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 . These two frequency bands 110, 1171 are preferably separated by 80MHz. This 80 MHz frequency separation helps minimize co-channel interference and allows for easier construction of filters in the receiver for filtering out potentially interfering signals from reverse path communications.

In the frame structure of FIG. 11B , a time frame 1140 includes a plurality of time slots 1141 . For convenience, the time slots are shown in consecutive order TS1", TS2", TS3", etc. Each time slot 1141 includes a base station timing component 1101 at the base station frequency band 1170 and an or user data link at the subscriber station frequency band 1171 Timing subcomponent 1110 or distance timing subcomponent 1121. Time slot 1141 is set out from base station 304 to represent, so that base station timing subcomponent 1101 and user timing subcomponent 1110, 1121 are shown side by side in Fig. 11B. Although the frame structure of Fig. 11B supports The range timing component 1121 of the subscriber station frequency band 1171, but it is desired that communications from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 in FIG. 11B generally take place using the user data link timing component 1110.

In operation, the base station 304 sequentially transmits as part of the base timing subcomponent 1101 of each time slot 1141 to the subscriber stations 302 with which the base station 304 has established communication. More specifically, base station 304 transmits a preamble during preamble interval 1102 and a base-to-user message during base message interval 1103 . After the base message interval 1103, the base station 304 transmits three short preamble bursts in the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 sent to different subscriber stations 302. In the exemplary system of FIG. 11B, three preamble bursts in 123 preamble burst intervals 1109 are sent to base station 304, which will transmit the main data message to its User station 302 .

The three short preamble bursts sent in the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 may be used for forward link diversity detection and forward link power control purposes. Each of the three preamble bursts is transmitted on a different antenna to allow the receiving subscriber station 302 an opportunity to perform diversity selection on the uplink incoming forward link data message in subsequent time slots 1141 .

Following the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 is a base fill code interval 1107 during which base station 304 transmits a fill code, and following base fill code interval 1107 is a transmit/receive transition interval 1104 during which base station 304 can transmit from Transmit mode switches to receive mode. However, if the base station 304 has separate transmit and receive hardware, the base station does not have to switch modes and can continue to transmit filler codes during the transmit/receive switch interval 1104 .

The particular communication exchange shown in the example of FIG. 11B will now be explained in more detail. In the first time slot TS1" of the base station frequency band 1170, the base station transmits a base-to-user message in a base message interval 1103 directed to a first user station M1. The base station 304 then preambles a burst 123 to another user station M3 A preamble burst is transmitted 123 during interval 1109. Simultaneously with the base station transmission, during data link preamble interval 1112 base station 304 receives a preamble burst on subscriber station frequency band 1171 from the last subscriber station MN with which base station 304 is communicating. The base station 304 receives the control burst preamble from the subscriber station M2 during the control burst preamble interval 1116 of the first time slot TS1" of the subscriber station frequency band 1171. , and the base station 304 will transmit to the subscriber station M2 in the next time slot TS2".

The function of the control pulse preamble transmitted during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 is similar to that previously described with respect to the control pulse preamble of FIGS. 10A-E (eg, power control, antenna adjustment, etc.). Following the preamble interval 1116 is an antenna adjustment interval 1117 during which, if necessary, the base station 304 has the opportunity to adjust its transmission antenna so as to point the antenna at the second user based on the information required for reception of the control pulse preamble Station M2. Following the antenna adjustment interval 1117 is another guard band 1118 , which takes into account the propagation time of the control pulse preamble to the base station 304 . Following the preamble interval is another transmit/receive switch interval 1119 to allow the base station 304 the opportunity to switch from the receive mode to the transmit mode (if necessary) and to allow the second subscriber station M2 the opportunity to switch from the transmit mode to the transmit mode. receive mode.

In the next time slot TS2" after the first time slot TS1", the base station 304 utilizes the base frequency band 1170 to transmit a preamble during the base preamble interval 1102 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1103, both The messages are all sent to the second subscriber station M2. Thus the base station 304 quickly responds to the control burst preamble sent by the subscriber station M2. However, it is assumed in the example time frame 1140 of FIG. 11B that the base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot TS4″ of the base station frequency band 1170. Therefore, the 123 preamble following the base message interval 1103 During burst interval 1109 , base station 304 does not transmit 123 preamble bursts directed to subscriber station 302 .

Simultaneously with the base station transmission in the second time slot TS2″, the base station 304 receives the data link preamble interval on the subscriber station frequency band 1171 from the subscriber station M1 with which the base station 304 communicates in the first time slot TS1″. Preamble during 1112 and user-to-base message during user message interval 1113. Similar to the first time slot TS1", during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 of the second time slot TS2" of the subscriber station frequency band 1171, the base station 304 receives the control burst preamble from the subscriber station M3, and the base station 304 will Transmits to this subscriber station M3 in the next time slot TS3".

In the third time slot TS3″, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the base preamble interval 1102 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1103 using the base frequency band 1170, both to the third user station M3 Following the base message interval 1103 is the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 during which the base station 304 transmits three short preamble bursts (i.e., 123 preamble bursts) directed to different subscriber stations M5 , the base station 304 intends to communicate with this subscriber station M5 in the last two time slots 1141 .

While the base station is transmitting, the base station 304 receives the preamble during the data link preamble interval 1112 on the subscriber station frequency band 1171 from the subscriber station M2 with which the base station 304 communicated in the previous time slot TS2″ and transmits the preamble at the subscriber station Receive user to base station message during message interval 1113. Since base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot TS4 " of base station frequency band 1170, so base station 304 is in the third time slot TS3 " of subscriber station frequency band 1171 A control pulse preamble is not received during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 .

A similar exchange takes place in the fourth time slot TS4″ and also in the following time slot 1141. Whether to transmit a specific user-to-base message, a base-to-user message and a preamble, or a control pulse preamble depends on the base station 304 at Whether or not in communication at a particular time with the subscriber station 302 requiring such an exchange.

Thus, in general, to support communication between a subscriber station 302 and base station 304 communicating during a single time slot 1141, four messages are exchanged between a particular subscriber station 302 and base station 304 per time frame 1140. The base station 304 first transmits the 123 preamble in the 123 preamble interval 1109 of the time slot 1141 two time slots 1141 before which the base station 304 intends to transmit to the subscriber station 302 . In the next time slot 1141, on a different frequency band 1171, the subscriber station 302 replies by sending a control pulse preamble received at the base station 304 during the control pulse preamble interval 1116. In a later time slot 1141 , base station 304 transmits a base-to-user message to subscriber station 302 during base message interval 1103 on base frequency band 1170 after making a decision regarding power adjustments and/or timing adjustments. In the latter time slot 1141 , after adjusting its power and/or timing, the subscriber station 304 replies with a user-to-base message received at the base station 304 during the user message interval 1113 .

As mentioned, it is assumed in the exemplary time frame 1140 of FIG. 11B that the base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot TS4″ of the base station frequency band 1170. The base station 304, for example, by Transmitting a general polling message during the base station message interval 1103 of " may indicate that a particular time slot 1141 such as time slot TS4" is available for communication.

If the subscriber station 302 wishes to establish communication with the base station 304 (such as in the fourth time slot TS4″), then in response to the base station 304 transmitting a general polling message during the base station message interval 1103 of the fourth time slot TS4″, the new subscriber station 302 may send a general poll reply message during the user message interval 1113 of the next time slot TS5" (not shown). When a new subscriber station 302 replies with a general poll reply message, the base station 304 may determine that the subscriber station 302 and thus determine the required timing adjustments for subsequent transmissions of the subscriber station 302. Thereafter the base station 304 can issue periodic timing adjustment instructions to maintain the reception of user-to-base station transmissions at the beginning of each user timing interval. The station 302 monitors the range of the subscriber station 302 by the time the control pulse preamble or the user-to-base message is received.

For efficiency reasons, guard times 1114 and 1118 are preferably kept to a minimum. The smaller the guard times 1114, 1118, the more subscriber stations 302 the frame structure of FIG. 11B can support. Typically, guard times 1114, 1118 will thus not be of sufficient duration to allow the entire ranging transaction to occur. Specifically, ranging transactions may result in interference between the transmission of a subscriber station 302 seeking to establish communication and the control pulse preamble of a subscriber station 302 already in communication with the base station 304 in the immediately following time slot 1141 . If the guard time is extended to allow ranging transactions, fewer subscriber stations 302 can be supported, especially in large cell environments. Alternative architectures with improved efficiency and ranging transaction processing flexibility in large cell environments are shown in Figures 11C and 11D and explained in more detail below.

Correct timing is preferably set when communications are initially established, and transmissions from subscriber stations such as first subscriber station M1 as seen at base station 304 via timing adjustment commands from base station 304 may be maintained in time alignment where The timing adjustment directive for is similar to the timing adjustment directive described elsewhere in this article. Since the subscriber station 302 and the base station 304 transmit on different frequency bands to prevent interference between base-to-user messages and user-to-base messages, the entire round-trip guard time need not be contained in each time slot 1141 .

The illustration of the frame structure in FIGS. 11A-B assumes that the subscriber station 302 is at zero distance from the base station 304, and therefore the user-to-base message occurs immediately after the preamble interval 1112 or 1122. However, if the subscriber station 302 is not in close proximity to the base station 304, then a portion of the guard time 1114 shown in FIG. 11A will be consumed in propagating the preamble and user-to-base message to the base station 304. Thus, if the subscriber station 302 is around the cell, the subscriber-to-base message does not appear on the base station 304 until a time period at most equal to the duration of the guard time 1114 has elapsed. To ensure that guard times 1114 and 1118 are kept to a minimum, it is preferable to periodically transmit timing adjustment commands from base station 304 so that user preambles and user-to-base messages arrive at base station 304 as close as possible to the start of user timing component 1110, while The previous subscriber station 302 transmission is not interfered with.

If ranging transactions are supported in the FIG. 11B environment, the portion of the time slot 1141 in the subscriber station frequency band 1171 may include a range timing component 1121, as previously described in connection with FIG. 11A , during which time the base station 304 contacts the new Ranging transactions between user stations 302 of . Accordingly, subscriber station 302 transmits a preamble during ranging preamble interval 1122 of time slot 1141 and transmits a ranging message during user ranging message interval 1123 of time slot 1141 . Subscriber station 302 delays transmitting the preamble and ranging message by an amount of time ΔT. The delay time ΔT may be communicated by the base station 304 as part of a general polling message or may be a pre-programmed system parameter. The base station 304 predicts the propagation delay from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 by measuring the round-trip propagation delay from the end of the previous slot 1141 to the actual receipt of the acknowledgment preamble and ranging message from the subscriber station 302 while taking into account the delay time ΔT.

In the embodiments described above that support ranging transactions, ranging guard band 1124 is preferably of sufficient length to allow ranging transactions between subscriber station 302 and base station 304 to occur. Thus, the length of the ranging guard band 1124 is determined in part by the radius of the cell 303 in which the base station 304 is located, or may be determined in part by the maximum cell radius of the cellular system.

In response to receiving the ranging message from the subscriber station 302 and determining the distance to the subscriber station 302 and/or the propagation delay time to the subscriber station 302, the base station 304 may issue a timing adjustment command to the subscriber station 302 in the next time frame 1140, instructing the subscriber station 302 Advance or delay its timing by a specified amount. For the time frame 1140 immediately following the establishment of communication with the subscriber station 302, the timing adjustment command may be set equal to the round-trip propagation time determined by the base station 304 in the ranging transaction. Preferably, the timing adjustment instructions are selected so that user transmissions from user station 302 to base station 304 in subsequent time frames 1140 are received by base station 304 immediately after the previous time slot 1141 ends.

In addition to being used for ranging purposes, the ranging messages may also contain other information to assist the base station 304 in handshaking with the subscriber station 302 . For example, the ranging message may contain as data the user identifier of the user station 302 seeking to establish communication. The ranging message may also indicate a preferred spreading code to be used by the base station 304 with a particular subscriber station 302 in subsequent communications.

Potential interference between ranging messages and control burst preambles may be minimized by using specifically designated spreading codes only for ranging messages or only for control burst preambles. However, code division multiplexing in such a manner may not provide satisfactory isolation between interfering signals, or may require unacceptably long time slots.

In a subsequent time frame 1140, after communication has been established with subscriber station M3 in the manner described above, communication between base station 304 and subscriber station M3 may take place over several time slots 1140 in a staggered fashion. As part of each transmission from base station 304, base station 304 may update the timing adjustment instructions to subscriber station M3.

If a subscriber station 302 terminates communication or is handed off to a new base station 304 during a time slot 1141, the base station 304 may begin transmitting a general poll message during the newly opened time slot 1141 indicating that the time slot 1141 is free for communication. Thus, a new subscriber station 302 can establish communication with the same base station 304 .

A simple way to use an FDD/TDMA system such as that shown in FIG. 11B to emulate a TDD system is to alternately turn off the time slots of each of the two frequency bands 1170 and 1171 . Thus, during time slot TS1″, base station 304 transmits to subscriber station M1 on frequency band 1170 while not transmitting on frequency band 1171. During the next time slot TS2″, subscriber station M1 replies on frequency band 1171 while simultaneously transmitting on frequency band 1170. No transfers are taking place. The next two time slots TS3" and TS4" are used for duplex communication between the base station 304 and the next user station M2, while the user time slot in TS3" and the base station time slot in TS4" are not utilized. The frame structure generally supports fewer subscriber stations 302 than the frame structure shown in FIG. The simulation is performed with minimal modification of the subscriber station (eg, by transmitting and receiving on different frequency bands). If the two frequency bands 1170 and 1171 are chosen to be the same, the system will be true TDD, thus allowing the same hardware to simply utilize an appropriate choice of frequency band and an appropriate choice of time slot on the front and reverse links to transmit during (i.e. , by selecting in an alternate manner) enables TDD/TDMA or TDD operation.

11C is a timing diagram of an offset interleaved FDD/TDMA frame structure using the timing sub-components shown in FIG. 11A, as represented from base station 304. FIG. As described further below, the offset-staggered FDD/TDMA frame structure of FIG. 11C permits large cells to receive base station transmissions destined for subscriber station 302 before they must acknowledge by allowing time for subscriber station 302, and may eliminate the need for user stations 302 to Expensive duplexers.

Figure 11C is a frame structure for a system that uses two frequency bands for communication in addition to certain aspects of time division multiple access. A first frequency band 1172 , also referred to as a base station frequency band, is primarily used for communications from base stations 304 to subscriber stations 302 . The second frequency 1173 , also referred to as the subscriber station frequency band, is primarily used for communication from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 . The two frequency bands 1172, 1173 are preferably separated by 80 MHz. This 80MHz frequency separation helps minimize co-channel interference and allows for easier construction of filters in the receiver for filtering out potentially interfering signals from reverse path communications.

In the frame structure of FIG. 11C , a time frame 1150 includes a plurality of time slots 1151 . For convenience, the time slots are designated in the consecutive order of OTS1, OTS2, OTS3, and so on. Each time slot 1151 includes a base station timing sub-component 1101 of a base station frequency band 1170 and either a user data link timing sub-component 1110 or a range timing sub-component 1121 of a subscriber station frequency band 1171 . Timeslot 1151 is shown from base station 304 such that base station timing component 1101 and user timing component 1110, 1121 are shown interleaved by predetermined offset time 1160 in FIG. 11C. The frame structure in FIG. 11C supports range timing subcomponent 1121 and user data link timing subcomponent 1110 for subscriber station frequency band 1171 .

In operation, the base station 304 continuously transmits as part of the base timing subcomponent 1101 of each time slot 1151 to the subscriber stations 302 with which the base station 304 has established communication. Accordingly, the base station 304 transmits a preamble during the preamble interval 1102 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1103 . After the base message interval 1103, the base station 304 transmits three short preamble bursts in a 123 preamble burst interval 1109 directed to different subscriber stations 302. In the example system of FIG. 11C , three preamble bursts in 123 preamble burst interval 1109 are directed to subscriber station 302 to which base station 304 sends the primary data message two time slots 1151 later.

For the system of FIG. 11B, the three short preamble bursts sent in the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 can be used for forward link diversity detection and forward link power control purposes. Each of the three preamble bursts may be transmitted on a different antenna to allow the receiving subscriber station 302 the opportunity to diversity select the previous link data message incoming in the subsequent time slot 1151 upstream.

Following the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 is a base filler code interval 1107 during which base station 304 transmits a filler code. Following the base fill code interval 1107 is a transmit/receive transition interval 1104 during which the base station 304 may transition from a transmit mode to a receive mode. Preferably, however, base station 304 has separate transmit and receive hardware, and thus does not require switching modes. Instead, the base station 304 may continue to transmit filler codes during the transmit/receive transition interval 1104 .

The particular communication exchange shown in the example of FIG. 11C will now be explained in more detail. In the first time slot OTS1, on the base station frequency band 1172, the base station transmits a base-to-user message in a base message interval 1103 directed to the first subscriber station M1. The base station 304 then transmits 123 the preamble burst during the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 directed to another subscriber station M3. Simultaneously with the base station's transmission, but offset by an offset time 1160, the base station 304 receives on the subscriber station frequency band 1173 from the last subscriber station MN with which the base station 304 was communicating during the data link preamble interval 1112 Encoding and receiving user to base station messages during user message interval 1113. During the control burst preamble interval 1116 of the first time slot OTS1 on the subscriber station frequency band 1173, the base station 304 receives the control burst preamble from the subscriber station M2 to which the base station 304 transmits in the subsequent time slot OTS2. User station M2.

The functions of the control pulse preamble transmitted during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 are similar to those previously described with respect to the control pulse preambles of FIGS. 10A-E and 11B (eg, power control, antenna adjustment, etc.). Following the preamble interval 1116 is an antenna adjustment interval 1117 during which the base station 304 has the opportunity, if desired, to adjust its transmit antenna to point the antenna at the second user based on information required for control pulse preamble reception Station M2. Following the antenna adjustment interval 1117 is another guard band to allow the control pulse preamble to propagate to the base station 304 . Following the preamble interval is another transmit/receive switch interval 1119 to allow the base station 304 the opportunity to switch from the receive mode to the transmit mode (if necessary) and to allow the second subscriber station M2 the opportunity to switch from the transmit mode to the transmit mode. receive mode.

In the subsequent time slot OTS2 after the first time slot OTS1, the base station 304 utilizes the base frequency band 1172 to transmit a preamble during the base preamble interval 1102 and a base-to-user message during the base message interval 1103, both pointing to the Two user stations M2. The base station 304 thus quickly replies to the control burst preamble sent by the subscriber station M2. However, it is assumed in the exemplary time frame 1150 of FIG. 11C that the base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot OTS4 of the base station frequency band 1172 . Accordingly, the base station 304 does not transmit a 123 preamble burst directed to the subscriber station 302 during the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 following the base message interval 1103 of the second time slot OTS2.

Simultaneously with the base station transmission in the second time slot OTS2, but offset therefrom by an offset time 1160, the base station 304 is on the subscriber station frequency band 1173 from the subscriber station M1 with which the base station 304 communicates in the first time slot OTS1 The preamble is received during the data link preamble interval 1112 and the user-to-base message is received during the user message interval 1113 . As for the first time slot OTS1, during the control burst preamble interval 1116 of the second time slot OTS2 of the subscriber station frequency band 1173, the base station 304 receives the control burst preamble from the subscriber station M3, and the base station 304 will receive the control burst preamble in the latter time slot. Transmitted to subscriber station M3 in OTS3.

In the third time slot OTS3, base station 304 utilizes base frequency band 1172 to transmit a preamble during base preamble 1102 and a base-to-user message during base message interval 1103, both directed to third subscriber station M3. Following the base message interval 1103 is the 123 preamble burst interval 1109 during which the base station 304 transmits three short preambles directed to a different subscriber station M5 with which the base station 304 will communicate two time slots 1151 later. preamble burst (ie, 123 preamble burst).

Simultaneously with but offset by an offset time 1160 from the base station transmission, the base station 304 transmits in the data link preamble interval 1112 on the subscriber station frequency band 1173 from the subscriber station M2 with which the base station 304 communicated in the previous time slot OTS2 The preamble is received during and the user-to-base message is received during the user message interval 1113 . Since the base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot OTS4 of the base station frequency band 1172, the base station 304 does not receive control during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 of the third time slot OTS3 of the subscriber station frequency band 1173. Pulse preamble.

In the fourth time slot OTS4 and also in subsequent time slots 1151 a similar exchange is performed, whether to transmit a specific user-to-base message, a base-to-user message with a preamble, or a control pulse preamble depends on the base station 304 and the requirements for such an exchange Whether the subscriber station 302 of the user is in communication at a particular time.

Thus, in general, to support communication between a subscriber station 302 and base station 304 communicating during a single time slot 1151, four messages are exchanged per time frame 1150 between a particular subscriber station 302 and base station 304. The base station 304 first transmits the 123 preamble in the 123 preamble interval 1109 of the time slot 1151 two time slots 1151 before the base station 304 intends to transmit to the subscriber station 302 . In the following time slot 1151, on a different frequency band 1173 and delayed by an offset time 1160, the subscriber station 302 replies by sending a control pulse preamble which is transmitted by the base station 304 during the control pulse preamble interval 1116 to receive. In the latter time slot 1151, the base station 304 transmits a base-to-user message to the user station 304 during the base message interval 1103 on the base frequency band after determining the relevant power adjustment and/or timing modulation. In the latter time slot 1151 , after adjusting its power and/or timing, the subscriber station 304 replies with a user-to-base message received at the base station 304 during the user message interval 1113 .

It is assumed in the exemplary time frame 1150 of FIG. 11C that the base station 304 has not established communication with any subscriber station 302 during the fourth time slot OTS4 of the base station frequency band 1172 . A base station 304 may indicate by, for example, transmitting a general polling message during a base message interval 1103 of time slot OTS4 that a particular time slot 1151 such as OTS4 is available for communication.

If a subscriber station 302 wishes to establish communication with a base station 304 (such as at the fourth time slot OTS4), then in response to the base station 304 transmitting a general polling message during the base station message interval 1103 of the fourth time slot OTS4, the new subscriber station 302 may be at A normal poll reply message is sent during the user message interval 1113 of the next time slot OTS5. When a new subscriber station 302 responds with a general poll reply message, the base station 304 can determine the distance of the subscriber station 302 and thereby determine the timing adjustments required for subsequent transmissions by the subscriber station 302 .

For efficiency reasons, guard times 1114 and 1118 are preferably kept to a minimum. The smaller the guard times 1114, 1118, the more subscriber stations 302 the frame structure of FIG. 11C can support.

Correct timing is preferably set when communications are initially established, and transmissions from subscriber stations such as first subscriber station M1 can be maintained at base station 304 using timing adjustment commands from base station 304 similar to those described elsewhere herein. The times shown are in calibration. Since subscriber station 302 and base station 304 transmit on different frequency bands, the entire round-trip guard time does not have to be included in each time slot 1151, preventing interference between base-to-user and user-to-base messages.

The frame structure illustration of FIG. 11C (i.e., the disassembled time slot 1151) assumes that the subscriber station 302 is at zero distance from the base station 304, however, if the subscriber station 302 is not in close proximity to the base station 304, then between the preamble and the subscriber station 304 Propagation of the base station message to the base station 304 will consume part of the guard time 1114 (as shown in FIG. 11A ). Thus, if subscriber station 302 is outside the cell, the subscriber-to-base message will not appear at base station 304 until a time period at most equal to the duration of guard time 1114 has elapsed. To ensure that guard times 1114 and 1118 are kept to a minimum, timing adjustment commands are preferably transmitted periodically from base station 304 so that user preambles and user-to-base messages arrive at base station 304 as close as possible to the start of user timing component 1110 without Interfering with previous subscriber station 302 transmissions.

When the subscriber station 302 first establishes communication with the base station 304 in the frame structure of FIG. previously shown in Figure 11A. Subscriber station 302 transmits a preamble during ranging preamble interval 1122 of slot 1151 and a ranging message during user ranging message interval 1123 of slot 1151 . Subscriber station 302 will delay transmitting the preamble and ranging message by an amount of time ΔT. The delay time ΔT may be communicated by the base station 304 as part of a general polling message or may be a pre-programmed system parameter. The base station 304 determines the propagation delay from the subscriber station 302 to the base station 304 by measuring the round-trip propagation delay from the end of the previous slot 1151 to the time the acknowledgment preamble and ranging message are actually received from the subscriber station 302 while taking into account the delay time ΔT .

Ranging guard band 1124 should be of sufficient length to allow ranging processing between base station 304 and subscriber station 302 to occur. Thus, the length of the ranging guard band 1124 is determined in part by the radius of the cell 303 in which the base station 304 is located, or may be determined in part by the maximum cell radius of the cellular system.

In response to receiving the ranging message from the subscriber station 302 and determining the distance to the subscriber station 302 and/or the propagation delay to the subscriber station 302, the base station 304 may issue a timing adjustment command to the subscriber station 302 in the next time frame 1150, instructing the subscriber station 302 to Its timing is advanced or delayed by a specified amount. For the time frame 1150 immediately after establishing communication with the subscriber station 302, the timing adjustment command may be set equal to the round-trip propagation time determined by the base station 304 during the ranging transaction. Preferably, the timing adjustment instructions are selected so that user transmissions from user station 302 to base station 304 in subsequent time frames 1150 are received by base station 304 immediately after the end of the previous time slot 1151 .

In addition to being used for ranging purposes, ranging messages may also contain other information to assist base station 304 in exchanging signals with subscriber stations 302 . For example, the ranging message may contain as data the user identifier of the user station 302 seeking to establish communication. The ranging message may also indicate a preferred spreading code to be used by the base station 304 with a particular subscriber station 302 in subsequent communications.

It is also possible to minimize potential interference between ranging messages and control burst preambles by using specific indicated spreading codes only for ranging messages or only for control burst preambles. However, it is expected that in most cases the use of offset time 1160 between time slots 1151 on base station band 1172 and user band 1173 should be sufficient to separate related transmissions in time such that the system has a minimum interference.

An advantage of using the frame structure of Figures 11C-11D with offset time 1160 is that generally no duplexer is required in subscriber station 302 to allow simultaneous transmission and reception of signals. On the other hand, with the fixed offset frame structure of FIG. 11B , since subscriber station 302 may need to transmit in slot 1141 before receiving the entire base-to-user message intended for it sent in previous slot 1141, a dual Servers to support high-density users, especially in large-mesh environments. Since Fig. 11B is constructed from the base station 304, the time slot 1141 appears in a row for the base station 304, but the user frame 302 is required to send its information before the user part of the time slot 1141, so that this information reaches the base station 304 as shown in Fig. 11B lined up as shown. In a large cell environment, the subscriber station 302 is far away and may be required to transmit its information before receiving the entire base-to-user message. To do so, the subscriber station 302 may require the ability to transmit and receive information simultaneously, and therefore A duplexer can be requested. In a protocol that requires subscriber station 302 to receive a base station message before replying, the system of Figure 11B may therefore not be suitable in very large cell environments.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 11C-D , the time slot 1151 of the user band 1173 is offset from the time slot of the base station band 1172 by an offset time 1160 . The offset time 1160 allows the base-to-user message to propagate to the subscriber station 302 prior to the transmission of the user-to-base message at the subscriber station 302 . Thus, subscriber station 302 does not require a duplexer, which can be a relatively expensive device. Operation without a duplexer is particularly beneficial when the subscriber station 302 is a mobile handset, since it is often important to make the handset as cheap as possible to manufacture. Other hardware efficiencies can also be achieved by not requiring simultaneous transmission and reception; for example, subscriber station 302 can use the same frequency synthesizer for both transmit and receive functions.

Figure 1 ID shows a subsequent time frame 1150 after the ranging transaction for the third subscriber station M3 has completed. In FIG. 11D, transactions between subscriber stations M1, MN and base station 304 occurring in the first time slot OTS1 are the same as in FIG. 11C. Transactions between subscriber stations M1, M2 and base station 304 occurring in the second time slot OTS2 are also the same as in FIG. 11C. However, instead of not transmitting a control pulse preamble during the preamble interval 1116 during the second time slot OTS2, the third user station M3 may transmit a control pulse during the preamble interval 1116 of the second time slot OTS2 preamble. Alternatively, subscriber station M3 may wait until base station 304 acknowledges its ranging message sent in the previous time frame 1150 before transmitting a control pulse preamble during preamble interval 1116 of each previous time slot OTS2.

In a later time frame 1150, after establishing communication with the third subscriber station M3 in the manner described above, as shown in FIG. 11D, communication is possible between the base station 304 and the subscriber station M3. As part of each transmission from base station 304, base station 304 may update the timing adjustment instructions to subscriber station M3.

If a subscriber station 302 terminates communication or is handed off to a new base station 304 during a time slot 1151, the base station 304 may begin transmitting a general poll message during the newly opened time slot 1151 indicating that the time slot 1151 is free for communication. The new subscriber station 302 can thus establish communication with the same base station 304 .

12A-C are tables representing preferred message formats for base station and subscriber station transmissions. Tables 12B-1 to 12B-3 represent the transport message formats used in handshake or capture mode. Tables 12C-1 to 12C-4 represent message formats (symmetrical and asymmetrical) after capture in traffic mode. It should be noted that the asymmetric message format is intended for use in TDD-based system variations, not FDD-based systems. Tables 12A-1 through 12A-4 show the header format for each of the different message types in Figures 12B-1 through 12C-4.

For example, Table 12A-1 represents the header format for a base station polling transmission (generic or specific) as previously described. The header format of Table 12A-1 includes 21 bits. The specific header format consists of 10 fields totaling 19 bits, leaving 2 spare bits. These fields include: a 1-bit B/FH field that identifies whether the source of the transmission is a base station or a subscriber station; a 1-bit E field that can be used as an extension of the B/H field; a 1-bit G/F field that indicates whether the polling message is general or specific S field; 1-bit P/N field indicating whether the transmission is in polling or a business message; 1-bit SA field for identification check and verification; 3-bit PWR field for power control; indicating time slot 2-bit CU field used; 2-bit reverse link quality field indicating how well the sending unit received the reverse detection link; 3-bit timing adjustment instruction providing instructions to the subscriber station to adjust its timing if needed ; and a 4-bit header FCW (Frame Check Word) field for error detection (like CRC).

The header format for base station traffic transmissions is shown in Table 12A-2. This header format is the same as that of Table 12A-1, except for the 2-bit header used to allocate additional bandwidth to subscriber station 302 in slot aggregation or asymmetric slot usage. Append the B/W permission field. The header format of Table 12A-2 uses 21 bits.

The header format for mobile or user polling transmissions is shown in Table 12A-3. This header format is similar to Table 12A-1, except that it does not include a CU field or a Timing Command field. The header format of Table 12A-3 also includes a 1-bit B/W Request field for requesting additional bandwidth or time slots. Table 12A-3 header format includes 6 spare bits.

The header format for mobile or user traffic transmission is shown in Table 12A-4. The header format of Table 12A-4 is the same as that of Table 12A-3, except that a B/W Request field is specified instead of a B/W Permission field.

Thus, the header format chosen for subscriber station 302 and base station 304 is the same length in accordance with the exemplary embodiment shown in Figures 12A-C, whether in polling or traffic mode, and whether polling messages are generic or specific.

Tables 12B-1 to 12B-3 represent the message formats for transmissions used in handshake or capture mode. Table 12B-1 shows the 205-bit message format of a typical polling transmission by a base station. The message format of Table 12B-1 includes: a 21-bit header field containing the fields shown in Table 12A-1; a 32-bit base station ID field used to identify the base station 304 transmitting the general polling message; various network and system identification Fields such as the 16-bit service provider field that can be used to indicate, for example, a telephone network or other communication source, the 16-bit area field and the 32-bit facility field that can be used to identify, for example, a paging group; A 6-bit slot number field to aid subscriber station 302 synchronization; and a 16-bit frame FCW field for error correction and transmission integrity verification.

The 150-bit message format for the mobile or subscriber station reply message is shown in Table 12B-3. The message format of Table 12B-3 includes: a 21-bit header field including the fields shown in Table 12A-3; a 40-bit PID field for identifying the subscriber station 302 responding to the general polling message; a 16-bit service provisioning field field; a 16-bit service request field indicating which of the various available services from the base station 304 is being sought; an 8-bit mobility capability field and a 16-bit frame FCW field. The mobility capability field consists of two subsections, a 2-bit type or capability subfield representing subscriber station capabilities (e.g., duplexer, interleaving of traffic slots) and a subfield for echoing general polling transmissions from the base station The 6-bit home base station slot number field of the number of slots received in the slot number field. The 150 bit subscriber station poll reply transmission is substantially shorter than the base station poll transmission or traffic message transmission in order to accommodate ranging transactions and to allow for an indeterminate initial propagation delay time from the subscriber station 302 seeking to establish communication.

The 205-bit message format for the base station specific polling transmission is shown in Table 12B-2. The message format of Table 12B-2 includes: a 21-bit header field containing the fields shown in Table 12A-1; an 8-bit correlation ID field indicating the relative slot position; an 8-bit result field; A 40-bit PID field for the identification number received by the station 302; an 8-bit mapping type field indicating, for example, the number of slots for a particular base station 304; 32-bit Mapping field of evaluated slots); 6-bit slot number field and 16-bit Frame FCW field.

Tables 12C-1 to 12C-4 represent the message formats (symmetric and asymmetric) after capture in traffic mode. Tables 12A-1 and 12A-2 are base station traffic mode message formats; the message format of Table 12A-1 is for a symmetric frame structure, while the format of Table 12A-2 is for an asymmetric frame structure. Similarly, Tables 12A-3 and 12A-4 are mobile or subscriber station traffic mode message formats; the message format of Table 12A-3 is for a symmetric frame structure, while the format of Table 12A-4 is for an asymmetric frame structure.

In a symmetrical frame structure, each traffic mode message is 205 bits long. Each traffic mode message includes an 8-bit long D-channel field (or data field) for slow data rate message capability and a 160 or 176-bit long B-channel field (carrier field) depending on whether a 16-bit frame FCW field is used .

In the asymmetric frame structure used only in TDD system variants, the traffic mode messages from one source are of different lengths, usually much longer than the traffic mode messages from the other source. The asymmetric frame structure allows for much higher data bandwidth in one direction of the communication link than in the other direction. Thus, one of the traffic mode messages is 45 bits long and the other traffic mode message is 365 bits long, the total length of the forward and reverse link messages is still a total of 410 bits, as with the symmetric frame structure. Each traffic mode message includes an 8-bit long D-channel field (or data field) for slow data rate message capability and 0's depending on which source has the higher transmission rate and depending on whether the 16-bit frame FCW field is used , 16, 320 or 336 bits long B-channel field (or bearer field).

The base station and user messages are preferably transmitted using M-ary coding techniques. The base and user messages preferably comprise a concatenated sequence of data symbols, where each data symbol represents 5 bits. A spreading code or symbol code is transmitted for each data symbol. Thus, a transmitted symbol code may represent all or part of a data field or multiple data fields or portions of more than one data field of a base station or user message.

Since the processing load generally increases the preamble length proportionally, which usually requires asynchronous processing, a concatenated preamble structure similar to that used in the MPRF mode of the APG-63 radar can be used in the various communication interfaces described herein . A general description of the APG-63 radar can be found in Morris' "Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar (Artech House 1988)".

13A-B are diagrams showing the structure of a concatenated preamble. In FIG. 13A, a preamble of length 112 may be formed by taking the direct product between a Barker 4 (B4) code 1302 and a Minimum Peak Side Lobe 28 (MPS28) code 1301. In a sense, the resulting preamble can be thought of as an MPS28 code, where each "slice" is actually a B4 sequence. An advantage of this preamble structure is that correlation processing can be achieved using a 4-tap B4 matched filter 1310 followed by a 28 non-zero tap MPS28'[1,0,0,0] matched filter 1311, as shown in FIG. 13B as shown. In terms of processing complexity, the technique of Figures 13A-B is roughly equivalent to a 32-tap matched filter, except with higher memory requirements. Performance can be enhanced by making the first stage filter 1310 a mismatch filter rather than a matched filter, thereby reducing sidelobes in the filter response.

13D and 13E are graphs comparing the filter responses of concatenated preambles using matched filters and mismatched filters, respectively. For Figures 13D and 13E, a preamble of length 140 is assumed. This preamble comprises the direct product between the Barker-5 (B5) code and the MPS28 code. Figure 13D shows the composite filter response for the MPS28'B5, length 140 preamble processed by a 5-tap B5 matched filter 1310 followed by a 28-tap MPS28 matched filter 1311. Four sidelobe spikes 1320 at approximately -14dB appear in the graph of Figure 13D. Figure 13E shows the composite filter response for the same preamble processed by a 17-tap B5 mismatch filter 1310 followed by a 28-tap MPS28 matched filter 1311, showing the cancellation of the sidelobe spikes 1320 shown in Figure 130 .

As an optional processing means, M detectors out of N detectors can be used for detection alerting purposes, while the full length preamble is used for detection confirmation and channel detection equalization purposes. Code-groups with preambles can be generated using different MPS28 codes that show low correlation. A possible limitation of this solution is that there are only 2 MPS28 codewords. Therefore, to generate N=7 code reuse patterns, "near" MPS28 codewords can be included in order to expand the potentially available preambles that exhibit good cross-correlation properties. The two MPS28 codewords have a peak temporal sidelobe level of -229dB, while the near MPS28 codeword has a peak temporal sidelobe level of -19.4dB.

Preamble processing may also be extended using the control pulse preamble (eg, in preamble interval 1016) and 123 preamble message transmissions described above in connection with FIGS. 10A-11D. The control pulse preamble and 123 preamble transmissions generally have fixed timing relative to the initial preamble transmission preceding each primary user or base station transmission (e.g., in preamble interval 1102 or 1102), and in particular between two A full length preamble transmission is available on the reverse link associated with each primary user or base station transmission to aid in synchronization. By processing the control pulse preamble or 123 preamble and the preamble preceding the primary user or base station transmission, the preamble length is effectively doubled.

14-17 are graphs comparing various performance aspects of the air interface of selected highly directional antenna elements and low directional antenna elements employing specified characteristics of the embodiments described herein. The term "highly directional antenna element" generally means that the system covers a large area and is therefore low capacity. In contrast, the term "low directional antenna element" generally applies to local high volume and/or specialized demand traffic. In one approach, users are assigned to the lowest directional antenna elements possible to preserve the capacity of the higher directional antenna elements.

In general, highly directional antenna element applications are characterized by relatively large cells providing umbrella coverage and connectivity, where users tend to have high measured mobility factors (eg, high speed cars). Highly directional antenna element operation can also be characterized by high transmit power, high gain receive antennas, and high elevation antenna placement on the base station. Factors such as delay spread (caused by multiple propagation delays due to refraction) and horizontal phase center separation applied to multipath and antenna diversity are very important. For example, increased antenna complexity and aperture size may be detrimental to the use of large numbers of diversity antennas in highly directional antenna element applications. Receiver sensitivity can also be an important limiting factor. The small coherence bandwidth makes spread spectrum waveforms favorable for applications with highly directional antenna elements.

Low directional antenna element applications are generally characterized by smaller cells with coverage limited by the number of practical obstacles and radiating centers rather than receive sensitivity. A small delay spread allows higher symbol rates and advantageous antenna diversity techniques to overcome multipath fading. Spread spectrum or narrowband signals can be used, and narrowband signals may be beneficial to obtain high-capacity frequency coverage and dynamic channel allocation. The dynamic channel allocation algorithm facilitates providing fast response to changing traffic requirements and allows relatively small reuse graphs with practical barriers. Low directional antenna element applications may include, for example, wireless local loop, spot coverage for "holes" in high directional antenna element coverage, local high capacity, and wireless centralized switching services.

While certain general features of the application of highly directional antenna elements and low directional antenna elements have been described, the use of these terms herein is not meant to limit the applicability of the principles of the invention presented in the various embodiments. The classification of antenna elements as high or low directional is only intended to illustrate the exemplary embodiments described herein and to provide guidance useful in system design. The design of high or low directional antenna elements does not have to be mutually exclusive, nor does it have to encompass all possible communication systems.

High directional antenna elements and low directional antenna elements are applicable for operation in licensed or unlicensed frequency bands. In the unlicensed isochronous frequency band (1910-1920 MHz), FCC regulations essentially require TDD or TDMA/FDD hybrids with a maximum signal bandwidth of 1.25 MHz due to the narrow available frequency range. Listen-before-talk capability is often required in order to detect and avoid transmissions by other users before transmitting. Applications in the isochronous band typically have low directional antenna element variance and include wireless PBXs, smart tags (eg, location determining devices and passive RF radiating devices), home cordless, and compressed video distribution. Dynamic channel allocation and low directional antenna element structures are best because of FCC requirements. Also, power limitations generally do not include large meshes.

In the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band (2400-2483.5 MHz), the application is similar to the unlicensed isochronous band, except that federal regulations are less restrictive. Spread spectrum techniques are preferred to minimize transmit power (eg, to 1 Watt or less), typically requiring a minimum of 10 dB of processing gain. Due to the small frequency range of the ISM band, TDD or TDMA/FDD hybrid structures are preferred.

Figure 14 is a summary chart comparing various air interfaces generally grouped by highly directional antenna element and low directional antenna element designs. The first column of Figure 14 identifies the air interface type, which is identified by chip rate, directional antenna element, and frame structure of either TDD (single band with time division) or FDD/TDMA (multiple bands with time division) , such as described above with respect to FIGS. 10A-E and 11A-D. Thus, for example, the identifier "5.00HT" appearing in the first column, first row of the table of FIG. 14 identifies that the air interface has a chip rate of 5.00 megachips (MCP), is a highly directional antenna element, and has a TDD configuration. Similarly, the identifier "0.64LF" appearing in the sixth row of the first column identifies that the air interface has a chip rate of 0.64 Mcp, is a low directional antenna element, and has an FDD/TDMA structure. A total of 16 different air interfaces (10 highly directional antenna elements, 6 low directional antenna elements) are summarized in Fig. 14 .

The second column of the chart of Figure 14 identifies the duplex mode, which is also indicated by the last initialization of the air interface type, as described above. The third column of the table of FIG. 14 identifies the number of slots for each particular air interface type. For the particular described embodiment, the slots range from 8 to 32. The fourth column of the table of FIG. 14 identifies the chip rate (in MHz) for each particular air interface type. The fifth column of the table of Figure 14 indicates the number of channels per allocation, which is an approximation of the number of supportable RF channels given a specific bandwidth allocation (e.g., 30 MHz), and may vary depending on the modulation technique and chip rate chosen . The sixth column of the table of Fig. 14 indicates the sensitivity (in dBm) measured at the antenna mast. The seventh and eighth columns of the table in Fig. 14 indicate the number of base stations required in different propagation environments, with 100% being the baseline setting relative to the 5.00HT air interface. Propagation environments considered in the table of Fig. 14 include R ² (open area), R ⁴ (urban area) and R ⁷ (low antenna urban area), as listed in the table.

The air interface types in Figure 14 are also grouped into four general categories, including highly directional antenna elements, low directional antenna elements, non-approved isochronous and ISM air interface types. Highly directional antenna unit operation assumes antenna diversity using two antennas (Lant), multi-resolvable multipath of 2 (Lrake) and 30 MHz bandwidth allocation. The amount of resolvable multipath is generally a function of receiver capacity, delay spread, and antenna layout. The low directional antenna elements assume antenna diversity using three antennas, a single resolvable communication path and a 30MHz bandwidth allocation. Unlicensed isochronous operation assumes antenna diversity using three antennas, a single resolvable communication path, and a 1.25MHz channel bandwidth. ISM operation assumes antenna diversity using three antennas, a single resolvable communication path, and an 83.5 MHz bandwidth allocation.

FIG. 15 compares the numerical distance limits (in miles) of the air interfaces described in FIG. 15. FIG. The numerical distance depends in part on the number of slots employed and whether ranging (ie, timing adjustment control) is used. A plurality of columns under the heading "Ranging Used" indicates whether timing control is employed in the system, and corresponding columns under the heading "Slot" indicating the number of used slots in the same order. The multiple columns under the heading "Number Distance" correspond in the same order to the columns under the headings "Used Range" and "Time Slot". So, for example, with a 5.00HT air interface, there are three possible embodiments shown. The first embodiment uses 32 time slots and ranging (timing adjustments), resulting in a numerical distance of 8.47 miles. The second embodiment uses 32 time slots and no ranging, resulting in a numerical distance of 1.91 miles. The third embodiment uses 25 slots without using ranging, resulting in a numerical distance of 10.06 miles.

As can be seen from the exemplary system parameters shown in the table in Figure 15: digital distance can be achieved by reducing the number of used slots, increasing the chip rate, using multiple frequency bands (i.e. using FDD and TDD techniques) or using ranging (timing adjustment) to increase.

Figure 16 is a diagram depicting the impact of various air interface structures on base-user initial handshake negotiation and on time slot aggregation. The variables considered in FIG. 16 are whether the base station 304 is operating in ranging or non-ranging mode, whether the subscriber station 302 has a duplexer, uses forward link antenna interrogation signals, and supports intervening traffic. The number of base slots that must occur between each communication is indicated under the "Number of base slots where disabled" heading. The number of initial capture processes for appearing under the subheading "GP/SP Negotiation" (GP refers to general polling messages, and SP refers to specific polling messages, as previously explained herein) is the same as for appearing under the heading "GP/SP Negotiation" The number of service modes processed under "mobile station service time slot" is different. The latter number determines the largest set of slots appearing in the last column (percentage of total time frame).

As can be seen from the graph in Figure 16, supporting the ranging process may require the system to account for delays in the initial acquisition process. Also, the ability to support ranging processing may also affect the slot aggregation potential. This effect can be mitigated or eliminated if subscriber station 302 is equipped with a duplexer, allowing subscriber station 302 to transmit and receive signals simultaneously.

Tables A-1 to A-28 (pp. 64-110) present illustrative high directional antenna element and low directional antenna element air interface specifications in more detail. In particular, air interface specifications designated 5.00HT, 2.80HF, 1.60HF, 1.40HF, 0.64LF, 0.56LF, and 0.35LF in various architectures are provided.

Figure 13C is a graph comparing the preamble detection performance of a number of different air interfaces previously described in a high directional antenna element versus low directional antenna element environment. Longer preambles can be reserved for asynchronous code separation, especially in highly directional antenna element applications. Shorter preambles are sufficient for selected non-spread low-directional antenna elements and unlicensed synchronization environments, especially those employing larger average N-multiplex patterns.

Figure 13C is a graph tabulating preamble detection performance in Rayleigh fading assuming the use of three antennas and employing antenna diversity techniques, where the strongest of the three antenna signals is selected for communication. As for preamble detection, it is desirable to have at least a 99.9% probability of detection to ensure reliable communication and to prevent the preamble from becoming a link performance limiting factor. Antenna polling detections are not required to be reliable, since they are only used in diversity processing, so failure to detect antenna polling signals only results in a forward link power increase requirement.

For each air interface type listed in the chart of FIG. 13C , in its second column is an exemplary preamble codeword length, and in its fourth main column is an exemplary antenna probe codeword length (for three each of the three antenna interrogation signals in the antenna diversity set). The codeword length is given in units of slices. The third and fifth main columns of the graph in Fig. 13C compare the detection performance of the 99.9% detection threshold and the 90% detection threshold for the no sidelobe and -7dB peak sidelobe cases, respectively. As the preamble codeword length decreases, the relative cross-correlation power level (ie, the power difference between the peak auto-correlation power level and the cross-correlation power level) increases. Thus, Fig. 13C graphically shows that increasing the detection threshold to block cross-correlation sidelobes from other transmitters also results in degraded preamble detection performance. Once the preamble detection threshold is raised, a higher system SNR may be necessary.

So far a flexible highly adaptable air interface system has been described, applicable to both TDD and FDD/TDMA operations in which spread spectrum or narrowband signaling techniques or both are employed. The basic timing components for ranging processing and traffic mode switching specified by the control pulse preamble are used in the appropriate frame structure definition, this basic timing component is slightly different from TDD and FDD/TDMA frame structures, as shown in conjunction with Figure 10A and The basic timing components described in 11A can be used in either fixed or interleaved format, and or zero offset format or offset format, as previously described. The frame structure is suitable for use in high directional antenna element or low directional antenna element applications, and a single base station or subscriber station can support more than 1 frame structure and more than 1 mode (for example, spread spectrum or narrowband, or high or low directional antenna unit).

There are advantages to TDD or FDD/TDMA air interface structures. The TDD structure makes it easier to support asymmetric data rates between the forward and reverse links by varying the percentage of timelines assigned to each link. The TDD structure allows antenna diversity for the forward and reverse links at the base station 304 because the propagation paths are symmetric with respect to multipath fading (but not necessarily interference). The TDD architecture also allows for simpler phased array antenna designs in high-gain base station installations, since no separate forward and reverse link duplication is required. Moreover, TDD systems are better able to share frequencies with existing fixed microwave (DFS) users because less frequency bands are required.

The FDD/TDMA structure can reduce adjacent channel interference caused by other base station or mobile station transmissions. FDD/TDMA systems typically have 3dB better sensitivity than comparable TDD systems, thus potentially requiring fewer base stations and are less expensive. Since the FDD/TDMA structure uses half the symbol rate compared to TDD, the FDD/TDMA structure can reduce the sensitivity to inter-symbol interference introduced by multipath. Furthermore, mobile units in FDD/TDMA systems can use less power and be cheaper to manufacture because the bandwidth is halved, the D/A and A/D conversion rates are halved, and the RF-related signal processing components operate at half rate. FDD/TDMA systems may require less frequency separation between operation of adjacent high and low directional antenna elements. And may allow base stations to operate without having to be globally synchronized, especially when in low directional antenna element mode. Increased digital range is also possible in FDD/TDMA systems since the timeline is twice as long as extracted.

Figure 18 is a block diagram of a specific low IF digital correlator used in a receiver operating with the air interface architecture disclosed herein. It should be noted, however, that various different correlators may be suitable for use in the various embodiments disclosed herein. In the correlator of FIG. A/D converter 1811 preferably performs 1 or 2 bit A/D conversion and operates at a rate that is about four times the code rate or higher. Thus, a code rate of 1.023 MHz to 10.23 MHz results in a sampling rate of the A/D converter 1811 in the range of 4 to 50 MHz.

The A/D converter 1811 outputs a digitized signal 1812, which is connected to two multipliers 1815 and 1816. Carrier Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) block 1821 and vector conversion block 1820 operate together to provide the appropriate frequency for demodulation and down conversion to a low IF frequency. The vector transform block 1820 outputs a sine signal 1813 and a cosine signal 1814 at the selected transform frequency. The sinusoidal signal 1813 is connected to a multiplier 1815. And cosine signal 1816 is connected to multiplier 1816 to generate IIF signal 1830 and QIF signal 1831. IIF signal 1830 is connected to gcI multiplier 1840 and QIF signal 1831 is connected to Q multiplier 1843 .

Code NCO block 1840 and code transform block 1841 operate together to provide a selected spreading code 1846 which is coupled to I multiplier 1842 and Q multiplier 1843 . The output of the I multiplier 1842 is coupled to an I adder 1844 which counts the number of coincidences between the IIF signal 1030 and the selected spreading code 1846 . Q multiplier 1843 is connected to Q adder 1845 which counts the number of coincidences between QIF signal 1031 and selected spreading code 1846, I adder 1844 outputs I related signal 1850 and Q adder 1845 outputs Q related signal 1851.

Alternatively, a zero IF digital correlator can be used instead of a low IF digital correlator, which performs I and Q separation before A/D conversion, thus requiring the use of two A/D converters instead of one. The A/D converter of the zero IF correlator can operate at this code rate instead of four times the code rate at which A/D converter 1811 operates.

19A is a block diagram of an exemplary dual-mode base station capable of operating on multiple frequencies and having spread spectrum and narrowband communication capabilities. The base station block diagram of FIG. 19A includes a frequency allocation plan structure for use with a low IF digital transceiver ASIC 1920. The base station may employ FDD techniques in which subscriber station 302 transmits at a lower duplex frequency and base station 304 transmits at a higher duplex frequency. The base station of FIG. 19A preferably uses a direct synthesis digital CPM modulator such as, for example, described in "A New Universal All-Digital CPM Modulator" by Kopta, IEEE Trans COM (April 1987).

The dual mode base station of Figure 19A includes an antenna 1901, preferably capable of operating in the 2 GHz frequency range. Antenna 1901 is connected to duplexer 1910, which allows the base station to transmit and receive signals through antenna 1901 at the same time. Transmitted and received signals are converted to appropriate frequencies generated by multiplying or dividing the master clock frequency output by the master oscillator 1921 . The master oscillator 1921 generates a master frequency (eg, 22.4 MHz), which is provided to a clock divider circuit 1922 for dividing the master frequency by a predetermined factor, eg, 28. The main oscillator 1921 is also connected to another clock divider circuit 1926. The circuit 1926 divides the main frequency by a programmable parameter M. M is determined by the physical layer in which the base station operates. The output of the clock divider circuit 1926 can also be determined by another clock divider circuit 1926. The clock divider 1927 divides by a programmable parameter M2 to support a second mode of operation on a different physical layer if desired.

The signal to be transmitted is provided by ASIC 1920 to digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 1922 , which is clocked by a signal from clock divider circuit 1926 . The output of D/A converter 1933 is connected to low pass filter 1934 to provide smoothing of the signal envelope. Low pass filter 1934 is connected to multiplier 1936 . The output from clock divider circuit 1922 is coupled to frequency multiplier circuit 1935 which multiplies its output by a transform factor, such as 462. Frequency multiplier circuit 1935 is connected to multiplier 1936, which multiplies its input to generate IF transmission signal 1941. The IF transmission signal 1941 is connected to a spread spectrum bandpass filter 1937 and a narrowband bandpass filter 1938 . The spread spectrum bandpass filter 1937 is a wideband filter, while the narrowband bandpass filter 1938 operates over a relatively narrow bandwidth. Additionally, bandpass filters 1937 and 1938 filter out CPM modulator spurs from the transmitter. Multiplexer 1939 selects between the output of spread spectrum bandpass filter 1937 and the output of narrowband bandpass filter 1938 depending on the mode of operation of the base station.

Multiplexer 1939 is connected to multiplier 1931 Clock divider circuit 1922 is connected to another clock divider circuit 1923, circuit 1923 divides its input by a factor, for example 4, the output of clock divider circuit 1923 is connected to frequency multiplier Circuit 1930, which multiplies its input by a factor of (N+400), where N defines the receive channel frequency, as further described herein. Frequency multiplier circuit 1930 is connected to multiplier 1931 , which multiplies its input to generate output signal 1942 . Output signal 1942 is connected to duplexer 1910 , which allows output signal 1942 to be transmitted through antenna 1901 .

A signal received via antenna 1901 passes through duplexer 1910 and is supplied to multiplier 1951 . Clock divider circuit 1923 is connected to frequency multiplier circuit 1950, which multiplies its input by a factor such as N. Frequency multiplier circuit 1950 is connected to multiplier 1951 which combines its inputs and generates first IF signal 1944 . The first IF signal 1944 is connected to a spread spectrum bandpass filter 1952 and a narrowband bandpass filter 1953 . The spread spectrum bandpass filter 1952 is a wideband filter, while the narrowband bandpass filter 1953 operates on a relatively narrow bandwidth. Bandpass filters 1952 and 1953 remove image noise and serve as antialiasing filters. Multiplexer 1954 selects between the output of spread spectrum bandpass filter 1952 and the output of narrowband bandpass filter 1953 .

Multiplexer 1954 is connected to multiplier 1960, and the output from frequency multiplier circuit 1935 is also connected to multiplier 1960 to output final IF signal 1946, which is connected to low-pass filter 1961 and then to A/D converter 1962. A/D converter 1962 is clocked at a rate determined by clock divider circuit 1926 . The output of the A/D converter is provided to ASIC1920 for correlation and further processing. Specifically, the received signal may be processed by a low IF correlator as shown in FIG. 18 and described above, in which case A/D converter 1961 may be identical to A/D converter 1811.

Typically, due to cost and equipment constraints, only one narrowband and one spread spectrum mode are supported, although as many modes as needed can be supported by a single base station by providing similar additional hardware.

Figure 19B is a graph showing selected frequencies and other parameters used in the dual-mode base station of Figure 19A. The graph in Figure 19B is divided according to spread spectrum and narrowband modes, the first three columns relate to different transmission rates using spread spectrum techniques, and the last four columns relate to different transmission rates using narrowband techniques. The frequencies in each column are given in megahertz, with the master oscillator frequency designated as f0 in Figure 19B. M and M2 are programmable scaling ratios for clock divider circuits 1926 and 1927 . The sampling rate in Fig. 19B is applied to the A/D converter 1962 and the D/A converter 1933, the Fs/(IB+Fch) graph represents the sampling rate, and the final IF frequency and the second IF frequency are the centers of the bandpass filter frequency. The lower part of Figure 19B is the sampled first LO and N values for three different input frequencies of 1850MHz, 1850.2MHz and 1930MHz.

The frequencies and other parameters appearing in the graph of FIG. 19B can be selected using a microprocessor or other software controller, which can refer to system timing information or clocks as needed to coordinate the timing of switching the selected frequencies and other parameters as needed.

Subscriber station 302 may be designed in a manner similar to the dual-mode base station of Figures 19A-B, except that subscriber station 302 does not need to transmit and receive simultaneously, and subscriber station 302 may not require duplexer 1910 in the air interface architecture. Also, since subscriber station 302 transmits and receives on the opposite frequency band as base station 304, frequency multiplier circuits 1930 and 1950 will be swapped.

Alternate example:

While preferred embodiments have been disclosed herein, various changes are possible within the concept and scope of the invention and will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the specification, drawings and claims herein. up.

For example, although several embodiments are generally described in terms of spread spectrum communications, the invention is not limited to spread spectrum communications techniques. In some narrowband applications, no preamble is required since code synchronization is not an issue (although synchronization is still necessary in TDD or TDMA configurations).

Also, although the control pulse preamble described with respect to FIGS. 10A-E and 11A-D may be convenient to operate in some circumstances, these embodiments may also be implemented without a control pulse preamble. Various functions performed by the control pulse preamble (eg, power control, radio selection, etc.) may be implemented by analyzing other parts of the user transmission, or may not be required.

In an alternate embodiment, one or more system control channels are used to facilitate paging and other transactions with subscriber stations 302 operating within the coverage area. In this embodiment, the control channel provides base station or system information including traffic information on neighboring base stations to assist in handoff decisions, system identification and ownership information, open slot information, antenna scan and gain parameters, and base station loading state. Control channels may also specify subscriber station operating parameters (e.g., timer counts or operative thresholds for power control, handoff, etc.), provide incoming call alerts (e.g., paging), provide time frames, or other synchronization And system resources (eg, time slots) are allocated.

During times of heavy traffic (ie, when most time slots are in use), it may be beneficial to dedicate fixed time slots to handling paging traffic to minimize subscriber station latency. Also, fixed paging slots may eliminate the need to periodically transmit general poll messages from the base station in each open slot, and thereby eliminate possible interference between poll messages from base station 304 and forward link traffic transmissions. System information is preferably broadcast on fixed paging slots at or near full power so that subscriber stations 302 at various distances can hear and respond to the information.

This alternative embodiment can also be implemented by equipping the subscriber station 302 with selective diversity antennas and eliminates the need for the subscriber to transmit a control pulse preamble. The two preambles can be sent on the forward link without utilizing another forward link transmission preceding the control pulse preamble preceding the reverse link transmission. A comparison of such a structure with the previously described embodiment is shown in FIG. 17 . In FIG. 17, the air interface type is identified in the first column as before, but the trailing "D" indicates that the subscriber station 302 has a selection diversity antenna, and the tail "P" indicates that the subscriber station 302 does not have a diversity selection antenna, but A Control Pulse Preamble (or "PCP") is employed. As shown in the table of FIG. 17, the numerical range of the alternative embodiment employing diversity antennas improves, or the number of time slots can be increased. These benefits arise because the elimination of the pulse control preamble increases the time available in each time frame, which may help extend the serviceable distance or increase the number of available slots.

In another alternative embodiment, user transmissions precede base station transmissions. In this embodiment, the control burst preamble may not be needed because the base station 304 obtains information about mobile station power and channel quality by analyzing user transmissions. However, in such an embodiment, there is a relatively long delay from when the base station 304 issues the adjustment command to the subscriber station 302 until the subscriber station actually implements the adjustment command in a subsequent time frame, thereby increasing latency in the control loop, Whether control loop latency adversely affects performance depends on system requirements.

In addition to the above amendments, the invention described herein may be modified in whole or in part or used with the following patents or pending applications, each of which is incorporated herein by reference , as if all were proposed in this article.

US Patent 5,016,255, issued in the name of inventors Robert C. Dixor and Jeffrey S. Vanderpool, entitled "Asymmetric Spread Spectrum Correlator";

U.S. Patent 5,022,047, issued in the name of inventors Robert C. Dixor and Jeffrey S. Vanderpool, entitled "Spread Spectrum Correlator";

U.S. Patent 5,285,469, issued in the name of inventor Jeffrey S. Vanderpool, and entitled "Spread Spectrum Radiotelephone System";

U.S. Patent 5,291,516, issued in the name of inventors Robert C. Dixor and Jeffrey S. Vanderpool, entitled "Dual Mode Transmitter and Receiver";

U.S. Patent 5,402,413, issued in the name of inventor Robert C. Dixor, entitled "Three Mesh Wireless Communication System";

U.S. Patent 5,455,822, filed December 3, 1993 in the name of inventor Robert C. Dixor, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Establishing Spread Spectrum Communications";

U.S. Patent 5,959,980, filed August 18, 1994 in the name of inventors Robert C. Dixor, Jeffrey S. Vanderpool and Douglas G. Smith, entitled "Multi-Mode, Multi-Band Spread Spectrum Communication System";

U.S. Patent 5,887,020, filed August 1, 1994 in the name of inventors Gary B. Anderson, Ryan N. Jensen, Bryan K. Petch, and Peter O. Peterson, entitled "PCS Pocket Telephone/Microcell Communications Air Protocol";

U.S. Patent 5,648,982, filed September 1, 1994 in the name of inventors Randy Durrant and Mark Burbach, entitled "Coherent and Non-Coherent CPM Related Methods and Apparatus";

U.S. Patent 5,742,583, filed November 3, 1994 in the name of inventor Logan Scott, entitled "Antenna Diversity Technique"; and

U.S. Patent 5,784,403, filed February 3, 1995 in the name of inventor Logan Seott, Lyon & Lyon Docket No. 2011081, entitled "Spread Spectrum Correlation Using SAW Devices."

Note also that variations in the transmission portion 502 of the time frame 501 may be employed. For example, a system employing error correction on the forward link (ie, base station transmissions) may interleave data destined for different subscriber stations 302 across the bursts of transmission portion 502 . Extended TDD Link Designer 3 TDD, with small slot 5.000MHz TDD, with large time slot TDD extended M-element various time slots TDD, extended M-element various time slot paging PDD settings for 145 operations Chip rate 32.0×8.00kbps Extended 5.000MHz Chip Rate Ranging 5.000MHz Chip Rate Linked 5.000MHz Chip

                                                                                                                                    , 

Extended M element

During the reverse link front -directional link front -directional link front -directional link front -directional link front -direction link two -way message frame duration (μs): 625.00 625.00 800 625.00 625.00 625.00 625.00 625.00 625.00 625.00 625 625.00 625.00 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 mobile station 1-> 2 instantaneous time (piece) : 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 mobile station 1-> 2 Instantaneous time (μs): 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 base station R/T conversion time (piece): 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 base station R /T转换时间(μs)         ：     6.40          6.40          6.40       6.40      6.40        6.40        6.40         6.40总的转换时间(μs)            ：    19.20         19.20         19.20      19.20     19.20       19.20       19.20        19.20移动站定时差错容限(片)       ：        0             0             0          0         0           0       102.5        102.5 Mobile station error tolerance (μs): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.50 20.50 Maximum binary long (meter): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 1.91 Total without protection time (μs): 19.20 19.20 19.20 19.20 19.2020 19.20 60.20 60.20 Two -way TDD Protection Time: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2TDD maximum mesh radius (meter): 1.91 1.91 10.06 10.06 8.47 8.47 0.00 0.00 Total TDD protection time (μs): 41.00 41.00 216.00 181.80 181.80 181.80 0.00 0.00 TDD protection time (piece): 205.00 205.00 1080.00 1080.00 909.00 909.00 0.00 0.00 Protective time for the protection of each TDD: 102.50 102.50 540.00 454.50 454.50 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 60.20 60.200 235.20 235.20 201.00 201.00 60.20 60.20 time slot structure Efficiency: 90.37 % 90.37 % 70.60 % 70.60 % 67.84 % 67.84 % 90.37 % 90.37 % 90.37 %

Table A-1 Extension TDD antenna probe#(Previous link): 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 base station antenna probe length (piece): 0 28 0 28 0 28 0 28 antenna conversion time (piece) : 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 of each antenna word (piece): 4 32 4 32 4 32 4 32pcp synchronization word length (piece): 56 0 56 0 56 0 56 0 antenna selection (code): 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 antenna Selection (Bit): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0pcp duration (piece): 88 0 88 0 88 0 88 0 synchronous word length (piece): 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 Excess length (piece): 144 56 144 56 144 56 144 56 Title message length (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21 21d channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8B channel message length (Bittit )           ：  160    160      160     160     105     105    160    160R信道消息长度(比特)           ：    0      0        0       0       0       0      0      0业务模式中的CRC比特(比特)     ：   16     16       16      16      16      16     16     16单工消息长度(比特) : 205 205 205 205 150 150 205 205 Single -Mercy Message length (code): 41 41 41 41 30 30 41 41 Single -worker message length (piece): 1312 1312 1312 1312 960 960 1312 1312 Total number (piece): 1456: 1456 1368 1456 1368 1104 1016 1456 1368

Table A-1 Extension TDD launch time clearance (μs): 291.20 273.60 291.20 273.60 220.80 203.20 291.20 273.60 A time clearance data (KBPS): 8 8 8 8 8 5.25 8 8 Episode B Channel data rate (KBPS) : 256 256 20068 168 168 256 256 Each RF Channel Talk Vog's maximum#: 32 32 25 21 21 32 32 32 overframe duration (MS): 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 pieces/time slot: 3125 4000 3125 3125 duration (μs): 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 base station timeline configuration (mobile station at zero distance): (μs) (film) (μs) (chip) (μs) (chip) (μs) (film) (film) (film)

Table A-2 Extended TDD

Base station Tx preamble start : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

Base station Tx pre-end: 11.20 56 11.20 56 11.20 56 11.20 56

Base station Tx message start : 11.20 56 11.20 56 11.20 56 11.20 56

End of base station Tx message: 273.60 1368 273.60 1368 203.20 1016 273.60 1368

Base station Tx antenna message start : 273.60 1368 273.60 1368 203.20 1016 273.60 1368

End of base station Tx antenna message: 273.60 1368 273.60 1368 203.20 1016 273.60 1368

Base Rotate Thumb (FDD only) to start:

End of Base Rotation Thumb (FDD only):

Base station T→R change start : 273.60 1368 273.60 1368 203.20 1016 273.60 1368

Base station T→R conversion end : 280.00 1400 280.00 1400 209.60 1048 280.00 1400

Base station Rx preamble start : 280.00 1400 280.00 1400 209.60 1048 280.00 1400

Base station Rx preamble end : 291.20 1456 291.20 1456 220.80 1104 291.20 1456

Base station Rx message start : 291.20 1456 291.20 1456 220.80 1104 291.20 1456

基站Rx消息结束               ：553.60    2768     553.60     2768      412.80     2064     553.60     2768基站Rx保护时间1或2开始           ：553.60    2768     553.60     2768      412.80     2064     553.60     2768基站Rx保护时间1或2结束           ：574.10  2870.5     661.60     3308      503.70   2518.5     553.60     2768基站Rx时间差错容限1开始          ：574.10  2870.5     661.60     3308      503.70   2518.5     553.60     2768基站Rx时间差错容限1结束          ：574.10  2870.5     661.60     3308      503.70   2518.5     574.10   2870.5移动站1→2瞬变时间(T/R)开始      ：574.10  2870.5     661.60     3308 503.70   2518 5     574.10   2870.5移动站1→2瞬变时间(T/R)结束      ：580.50  2902.5     668.00     3340      510.10   2550.5     580.50   2902.5基站Rx PCP开始                   ：580.50  2902.5     668.00     3340      510.10   2550.5     580.50   2902.5基站Rx PCP结束                   ：598.10  2990.5     685.60     3428 527.70   2638.5     598.10   2990.5基站Rx保护时间1开始              ：598.10  2990.5     685.60     3428      527.70   2638.5     598.10   2990.5基站Rx保护时间1结束              ：618.60    3093     793.60     3968      618.60     3093     598.10   2990.5基站Rx时间差错容限2开始          ：618.60    3093     793.60     3968      618.60     3093     598.10 2990.5 Base Station RX Time Error tolerance 2 End: 618.60 3093 793.60 3968 618.60 3093 618.60 3093 mobile station 2 → 1 transient station RT conversion starts: 618.60 3093.60 3968 618.60 3093 618.60 3093 mobile station 2 → 1 instantaneous change or base station RT transition End: 625.00 3125 800.00 4000 625.00 3125 625.00 3125 multiplication (preferably zero): 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

Table A-2 Extended TDD data rate/RF channel: each RF channel BW/tablet rate (KHz): 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 frequency reuse factor (n): 3 3 3 3 3 3 minimum system带宽(KHz)            ：     15000     15000    15000    15000    15000    15000    15000    15000S/l(dB)                      ：         6         6        6        6        6        6        6        6噪声系数G290k(dB)            ：         4         4        4        4        4        4        4        4天线温度(k)                  ：       300       300 300 300 300 300 300SYB KT Inc.nf (DBM/Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169SYB KT Inc.nf (MW/KHz): 1E-14 1E-14 1EE -14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 Implementation Loss (dB) 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW)(num ) : 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05 5E-05

M-element non-correlated format: : 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

Bits per symbol: 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Required frame error rate : 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-0 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02

Frame length calculated by kb/No (bits): 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Actual equivalent frame length (bits): 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Antenna Diversity Factor : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Separation multi-channel diversity factor : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Required Eb/No(dB) : 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897

1/Eb/NoL(num): 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962

Sensitivity in S/l (dBm): -97.05 -97.05 -97.05 -97.05 -97.05 -97.05 -97.05 -97.05

Sensitivity, thermal noise only (dBm): -100.00 -100.00 -100.00 -100.00 -100.00 -100.00 -100.00 -100.00

Sensitivity Loss of S/Input (dB): 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95

Sensitivity required in S/l (mW): 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10 2E-10

Maximum Simplex Data Rate (kbps): 781.25 781.25 781.25 781.25 781.25 781.25 781.25 781.25

Maximum simplex symbol rate (ksps): 156.25 156.25 156.25 156.25 156.25 156.25 156.25 156.25

Slices per symbol: 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00

Symbol duration (μs) ： 6.400 6.400 6.400 6.400 6.400 6.400 6.400 6.400

Slices per bit: 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40

Processing gain per bit (dB): 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06

Table A-3 Expand TDD into A/D's S/(N+1) (DB): 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88最大双工数据速率(kbps)    ：      353.00    353.00    275.78    275.78     265.00   265.00   353.00   353.00导频信道开销(kbps)        ：        0.00      0.00       0.00     0.00       0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)    ：      353.00    353.00     275.78   175.78     265.00   265.00   353.00   353.00 Link asymmetry factor (dB) ： 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-3 Extended TDD

Voice channel/Gos calculation:

Vocoder Rate (kbpB): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Per Vocoder Overhead Rate (kbps): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Data rate per voice circuit (kpbs): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Number of RF channels/sector : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Expanded System Bandwidth (MHz): 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

Maximum number of voice channels supported: 32.0 32.0 25.0 25.0 21.0 21.0 32.0 32.0

Percentage of mobile phones in TSI/HO: 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

Ireland supported on 1#GOS: 19.29 19.29 14.11 14.11 11.23 11.23 19.29 19.29

Ireland supported on 2#Gos: 20.76 20.76 15.32 15.32 12.28 12.28 20.76 20.76

Single Tandem Framing Delay (ms) ： 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Double tandem framing delay (ms) ： 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

Base station transmit duty cycle: 43.78% 43.78% 34.20% 34.20% 32.51% 32.51% 43.78% 43.78%

Mobile phone single slot Tx duty factor : 1.46% 1.46% 1.46% 1.46% 1.68% 1.68% 1.46% 1.46%

Capacity calculation:

(dbm) (dbm) (dbm)

Mobile peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8

Mobile phone average transmit power (mW): 4.37 4.37 6.4 4.37 4.37 6.4 5.05 5.05 7.0 4.37 4.37 6.4

Mobile phone antenna gain (dBd): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Base station peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 14.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 100.00 24.8

Base station average transmit power (mW): 131.33 21.2 102.60 20.1 97.54 19.9 131.33 21.2

Base Station Antenna Gain (dBd): 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

Number of geographic sectors (1 base station/sector): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Sector loss due to antenna overlap: 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0%

Net sector gain in capacity: 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55

Total number of RF channels on site: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1#Gos Ireland processed on site: 49.19 49.19 35.98 35.98 28.64 28.64 49.19 49.19

2#Gos Ireland processed on site: 52.94 52.94 39.06 39.06 31.32 31.32 52.94 52.94

Table A-4 Extended FDD link designer 3 FDD extended M-element various time slots FDD, extended M-element various time slots, linked FDD, extended M-element small slots 2800MHz FDD extended M-element large time slots 2800MHz chip rate seeking FDD setting for call 145 operation Ranging 2800MHz chip rate 2.800MHz chip rate 32.0×800kbps Chip rate 32.0×800kbps 28.0×8.00kbps

Slot efficiency: reverse link forward link reverse link forward link reverse link forward link reverse link 625.00 625.00 714.29 714.29 base station T/R conversion time (film): 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 mobile station 1 → 2 transient time time (piece ): 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 mobile station 1 → 2 Instant (μs): 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 Badian station R/T conversion time (piece): 32 0 32 0 32 0 base station R /T conversion time (μs): 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 11.43 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 22.86 11.43 22.86 11.43 22.86 11.43 22.86 11.43 Movies of the mobile station error tolerance (piece): 0 114 59 114#0 114 0 04 0 364 Movement Time Effects (μs): 0.00 40.71 21.07 40.71 BINS 0.00 40.71 0.00 130.00 Maximum binary length (MI): 0.00 3.79 3.79 6.97 0.00 3.79 0.00 12.111: 22.86 52.14 65.00 52.14 22.86 52.14 22.86 141.43 Two-way TDD Protection Number of TDD: 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1TDD Maximum Ridge (MI): 13.67 -0.00 0.00 -0.00 1.96 -0.00 6.12 0.00 Total available TDD protection time (μs) -0.00 0.00 -0.00 42.14 -0.00 131.43 0.00 Total TDD protection time (piece): 411.00 -0.00 0.00 -0.00 118.00 -0.00 368.00 0.00 Protective time (piece) per TDD: 411.00 -0.00 0.00 59.00 59.00 -0.00 184.00 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 169.64 52.14 65.00 52.14 65.00 52.14 154.29 141.43 time slot structure Efficiency: 72.86 % 91.66 % 89.60 % 91.66 % 91.66 % 78.40 % 80.20 %.

Table A-5 Extended FDD

0         3         0        3       0        3        0        3要发送的天线探针#(前面链路)    ：      56        56        56       56      56       56       56       56基站天线探针长度(片)           ：       4         4         4        4       4        4        4        4天线转换时间( ): 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Total tablets (chip): 112 0 112 0 112 0pcp synchronous word length (piece): 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 antenna selection (Code Yuanyuan (Code Yuanyuan ): 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 antenna (Bit): 144 0 144 0 144 0 144 0pcp duration (piece): 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 synchronous word length (piece): 256 292 256 292 256 292 256 292 Excess length (piece): The length of the first standard (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21 21D channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8B channel message length (Bit): 105 160 160 160     160      160      160      160R信道消息长度(比特)            ：       0         0         0        0       0        0        0        0业务模式中的CRC比特(比特)      ：      16        16        16       16      16       16       16       16单工消息长度(比特)             ：     150       205       205      205 205 205 205 205 Single -Mercy Message length (code yuan): 3041 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Single -mounted message length (piece): 960 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 Total number: 1216 1604 1568 1604 1568 1568 160444

Table A-5 Extended FDD time duration (μs): 434.29 572.86 560.00 572.86 560.00 572.86 560.00 572.86 One time slot B channel data rate (kbps): 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Set B channel data rate (kbps): 168 256 256 256 256 256 224 224 Maximum ^# of voice channels per RF channel: 21 32 32 32 32 32 28 28 Superframe duration (ms): 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 chips/slot: 1750 1750 1750 2000 Slice duration (μs): 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 Base station time slot configuration (mobile station zero distance): (μs) (chip) (μs) (chip) (μs) (chip) (μs) (chip)

Table A-6 Extension FDD base station TX front code Start: 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 base station TX front code ends: 40.00 112 40.00 112 40.00 112 112 40.00 112 112 base station TX message Start: 40.00 112 0 40.00 112 0     40.00      112     0     40.00     112       0基站Tx消息结束                     ： 508.57  1424   1312   508.57    1424  1312     508.57    1424  1312    508.57    1424    1312基站Tx天线消息开始                 ： 508.57  1424      0   508.57    1424     0     508.57    1424     0    508.57    1424       0基站Tx天线消息结束                 ： 572.86  1604 180   572.86    1604   180     572.86    1604   180    572.86    1604     180基站旋转拇指(仅FDD)开始            ： 572.86  1604      0   572.86    1604     0     572.86    1604     0    572.86    1604       0式站旋转拇指(仅FDD)结束            ： 613.57  1718    114   613.57    1718   114     613.57    1718   114 702.86 1968 364 Base Station T-＞ R Converted Start: 613.57 1718 0 613.57 1718 0 613.57 1718 0 702.86 1968 0 base station T-> R conversion ends: 625.00 1750 32 625.00 1750 32 625.00 32 714.29 2000 32 base station RX front code start: 625.00  1750      0   625.00    1750     0     625.00    1750     0    714.29    2000       0基站Rx前置码结束                   ： 665.00  1862    112   665.00    1862   112     665.00    1862   112    754.29    2112     112基站Rx消息开始                     ： 665.00  1862      0   665.00    1862     0     665.00    1862     0    754.29    2112       0基站Rx消息结束                     ：1007.86  2822    960  1133.57    3174  1312    1133.57    3174  1112   1222.86    3424    1112基站Rx保护时间1或2开始             ：1007.86  2822      0  1133.57    3174     0    1133.57    3174     0   1222.86    3424       0基站Rx保护时间1或2结束             ：1154.64  3233    411  1133.57    3174 0 1154.64 3233 59 5988.57 3608 184 Base Rx RX Time Error Incident 1 Start: 1154.64 3233 0 1133.57 3174 0 1154.64 3233 0 1288.57 3608 0 base station RX Time Error tolerance 1 End: 1154.63 0 1154.64 3233333 0 12888.57.57.57.57.57.57.57.57888888888.57.57.57.57.5788888888.57.57.57.57.57888888888.57.57.5 Station 1-> 2 Instant change time (T/R) Start: 1154.64 3233 0 1154.64 3233 0 1154.64 3233 0 1288.57 3608 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instantaneous time (T/R) End: 1166.07 3266.07 3265 32 1166.07 3265    32   1300.00    3640      32基站RxPCP开始                      ：1166.07  3265      0  1166.07    3265     0    1166.07    3265     0   1300.00    3640       0基站RxPCP结束                      ：1217.50  3409    144  1217.50    3409   144    1217.50    3409   144   1351.43    3784     144基站Rx保护时间1开始                ：1217.50  3409      0  1217.50    3409     0 1217.50 3409 0 131.43 3784 0 base station RX protection time End: 1217.50 3409 0 1217.50 3409 0 1238.57 3468 59 1417.14 3968 184 base station RX bail error tolerance 2 starts: 1217.50 3409 0 1238.57 3468 3417.14 3468 3468 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417.14 3417. Error tolerance 2 End: 1238.57 3468 59 1238.57 3468 59 1238.57 3468 0 1417.14 3968 0 Mobile Station 2-> 1 Insured or base station R-> T conversion Beginning starts: 1238.57 3468 0 1238.57 3468 0 1238.57 0 1417.14 3968 3968 0 mobile station 2 2 -＞ 1 Instant change or base station R-> T conversion ends: 125.000 3500 32 1250.00 3500 32 1250.00 32 1428.57 4000 32 Remaining (preferably zero): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0

Table A-6 Extension FDD data rate/RF channel: each RF channel BW/piece rate (KHz): 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 frequency reuse factor (n): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 minimum system带宽       (kHz)：         16800       16800       16800      16800      16800      16800      16800      16800S/I                 (dB)：             6           6           6          6          6          6          6          6噪声系数G 290k      (dB)：             4           4           4          4          4          4          4          4天线温度             (K)：           300 300 300 300 300 300 300Sys KT Inc.nf (DBM/Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9-169.9 -169.9Sys KT Inc.nf (MW/KHz): 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 Implementation loss (DB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1/(s, bw) (num): 9E-05 9E-05 9E-05 9E-05 9E-05 9E-05M yuan non-related format: 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 Each one per Code Yuan Bit: 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 requirements Requirements: 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02E-01-01-02 1.0E-02KB /No计算的帧长度(比特) ：           200         200         200         200       200        200        200        200实际等效长度(比特)      ：           150         150         150         150       150        150        150        150天线分集因数            ：             2           2           2           2         2          2          2          2分离多经分集Factor: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 requirements Eb/No (DB): 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897

1/eb/nol (num): 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962s/i sensitivity (DBM): -99.57-99.57-99.57-99.57-99.577.79.79.79.79.79.79.579.579.577 DBM): -102.52 -102.52 -102.52 -102.52 -102.52 -102.52.52 -102.52s/i A sensitivity loss (DB): 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95S/i Requirement (MW): 1.1E) -10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10E-10E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 1.1E-10 maximum single-time data rate (KBPS): 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 maximum single-work code元速率(ksps)  ：          87.5        87.5        87.5        87.5      87.5       87.5       87.5       87.5每个码元的片            ：         32.00       32.00       32.00       32.00     32.00      32.00      32.00      32.00码元持续时间(μs)       ：        11.429      11.429      11.429      11.429    11.429     11.429     11.429     11.429每个比特的片: 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 The processing gain (DB): 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06

Table A-7 Extension FDD Enter the S/D (N+I) (DB) of A/D: 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88最大双工数据速率(kbps)：      159.38       200.50        196.00      200.50           196.00     200.50         171.50     175.44导频信道开销(kbps)    ：        0.00         0.00          0.00        0.00             0.00       0.00           0.00       0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)：      159.38       200.50        196.00      200.50           196.00     200.50         171.50     175.44 Link asymmetry factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-7 Extension FDD speaking channel/GOS calculation: Sonter rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Each vocal coder overhead (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Each voice per word Data rate (KBPS) of the circuit: 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00rf channels/sectors: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 system bandwidth (MHz): 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 maximum support for the largest maximum support supports Number of channels: 21.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 28.0 28.0TSI/HO percentage: 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 %. 15.57 15.572#GOS -supported Ireland: 12.28 20.76 20.76 20.76 20.76 20.76 16.86 16.86 Single exchange Frame delay (MS): 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Double exchange (MS): 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00            40.00基站发射占空因数              ：91.66％  91.66％        91.66％ 91.66％        91.66％     91.66％          80.20％          80.20％手机单时隙Tx占空因数          ： 3.31％   3.31％         2.80％  2.80％         2.80％      2.80％           2.80％           2.80％容量calculate:

(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm)

Mobile peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8

Mobile phone average transmit power (mW): 9.93 9.93 10.0 8.40 6.40 9.2 8.40 8.40 9.2 8.40 8.40 9.2

Mobile phone antenna gain (dBd): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Base station peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 100.00 24.8

Base station average transmit power (mW): 274.97 24.4 274.97 24.4 274.97 24.4 110.40 23.8

Base Station Antenna Gain (dBd): 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

表A-8扩展FDD地理扇区数(1基站/扇区)    ：         3          3               3          3               3         3                 3           3由于天线重叠引起的扇区损耗：    15.0％     15.0％          15.0％     15.0％          15.0％    15.0％            15.0％      15.0 ％容量中的净扇区增益        ：      2.55       2.55            2.55       2.55            2.55      2.55              2.55        2.55站址上RF信道总数          ：         3          3               3          3               3         3                 3           3站址上处理的1#GOS爱尔兰   ：     28.64      49.19           49.19      49.19           49.19     49.19             39.71       39.71 2#GOS Ireland processed on site: 31.32 52.94 52.94 52.94 52.94 52.94 42.99 42.99

Table A-8 Extended FDD link designer 3 FDD, extended M-element various time slots, FDD extended M-element various slots, chain FDD extended M-element small slot 1600MHz FDD extended M-element large time slot 1.600MHz Paging 145 operation FDD settings Ranging 1600MHz chip rate Connected to 1.600MHz chip rate Chip rate 200×8.00kbps Chip rate 16.0×8.00kbps

13.1×8.00kbps 20.0×8.00kbps Time Slot Efficiency Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Link Forward Link Bidirectional Message Frame Duration (μs ): 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1250.00 1250.00 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 15.00 mobile station 1- ＞ 2 Instant change time (film): 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 mobile station 1-> 2 transient time (μs): 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 base station R/T conversion time (piece): 24 0 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 base station R/T conversion time (μs): 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 30.00 15.00 30.00 15.00 30.00 30.00 15.00 mobile station error tolerance (piece): 0 90 20 90#0 90 0 490 mobile station error tolerance (μs): 0.00 56.25 12.50 56.25 bins 0.00 56.25 0.00 306.25 Maximum binary long (MI): 0.00 5.24 1.24 18.6 0.00 5.24 0.00 28.52 Total non -protection Time Exchange (μS): 30.00 71.25 55.00 71.25 30.00 71.25 30.00 321.25 Two -way TDD Protection: 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1TDD maximum mesh radius (MI): 21.66 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 12.81 0.00 TDD protection time (μs): 232.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 275.00 0.00 Total available TDD protection time (piece): 372.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 440.00 0.00 Protective time (piece) per TDD: 372.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 220.00 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 262.50 71.25 55.00 71.25 55.00 71.25 305.00 321.25 time slot structure Efficiency: 73.75 % 92.88 % 94.50 % 92.88 % 94.50 % 92.88 % 75.60 % 74.30 %

Table A-9 Expand the FDD to send an antenna probe#(front-direction link): 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 base station antenna probe length (piece): 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 antenna conversion time ( ): 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Movies of each antenna (piece): 30 30 30 30 30 30 30pcp synchronous word length (piece): 84 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 antenna selection (Code Yuanyuan ): 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 antenna selection (piece): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0pcp duration (piece): 116 0 116 0 116 0 116 0 synchronous word length (piece): 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 Exchange length (piece): 200 174 200 174 200 14 200 174 Title message length (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21 21d channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 8b 8B channel message length (比特)           ：  105      160     160        160             160       160              160          160R信道消息长主(比特)           ：    0        0       0          0               0         0                0            0业务模式中CRC比特(比特)       ：   16       16      16         16              16        16               16           16单工消息长度( Bit): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -Mercy Message length (code yuan): 30 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Single Merchants Message length (piece): 960 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 Total: 1160 1486 1512 1486 1512 1486 1512 1486

Table A-9 Extended FDD launch time gap duration (μs): 725.00 928.75 945.00 928.75 945.00 928.75 945.00 928.75 One time slot B a channel data (KBPS): 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 data rate (KBPS) ：       105         160        160       160               160       160           128        128每个RF信道话音信道的最大#    ：    13.125          20         20        20                20        20            16         16超帧持续时间(ms)             ：        20          20         20        20                20        20            20         20片/时隙                      ：      1600                   1600 1600 2000 duration (μs): 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 base station timeline configuration (mobile station at zero distance): (USEC) (chips) (usec) (chips) (userc) (chips) (chips) (chips)

Table A-10 Extended FDD

Base station Tx preamble start : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0

Base station Tx preamble end : 52.50 84 84 52.50 84 84 52.50 84 84 52.50 84 84

Base station Tx message start : 52.50 84 0 52.50 84 0 52.50 84 0 52.50 84 0

End of base station Tx message: 872.50 1396 1312 872.50 1396 1312 872.50 1396 1312 872.50 1396 1312

Base Station Tx Antenna Message Start : 872.50 1396 0 872.50 1396 0 872.50 1396 0 872.50 1396 0

End of base station Tx antenna message: 928.75 1486 90 928.75 1486 90 928.75 1486 90 928.75 1486 90

Base Rotation Thumb (FDD only) On

Beginning : 928.75 1486 0 928.75 1486 0 928.75 1486 0 928.75 1486 0

Base Rotation Thumb (FDD only) End : 985.00 1576 90 985.00 1576 90 985.00 1576 90 1235.00 1976 490

Base station T->R conversion start : 985.00 1576 0 985.00 1576 0 985.00 1576 0 1235.00 1976 0

Base station T->R conversion end : 1000.00 1600 24 1000.00 1600 24 1000.00 1600 24 1250.00 2000 24

Base station Rx preamble start : 1000.00 1600 0 1000.00 1600 0 1000.00 1600 0 1250.00 2000 0

End of base station Rx preamble: 1052.50 1684 84 1052.50 1684 84 1052.50 1684 84 1302.50 2084 84

Base station Rx message start : 1052.50 1684 0 1052.50 1684 0 1052.50 1684 0 1302.50 2084 0

End of base station Rx message: 1652.50 2644 960 1872.50 2996 1312 1872.50 2996 1312 2122.50 3396 1312

Base station Rx guard time 1 or 2 start : 1652.50 2644 0 1872.50 2996 0 1872.50 2996 0 2122.50 3396 0

Base station Rx protection time 1 or 2 ends: 1885.00 3016 372 1872.50 2996 0 1885.00 3016 20 2260.00 3616 220

Base station Rx time error tolerance 1 start : 1885.00 3016 0 1872.50 2996 0 1885.00 3016 0 2260.00 3616 0

Base station Rx time error tolerance 1 end : 1885.00 3016 0 1885.00 3016 20 1885.00 3016 0 2260.00 3616 0

Mobile station 1->2 Transient time (T/R) start: 1885.00 3016 0 1885.00 3016 0 1885.00 3016 0 2260.00 3616 0

Mobile station 1->2 Transient time (T/R) end: 1900.00 3040 24 1900.00 3040 24 1900.00 3040 24 2275.00 3640 24

Base station Rx PCP start : 1900.00 3040 0 1900.00 3040 0 1900.00 3040 0 2275.00 3640 0

Base station Rx PCP end: 1972.50 3156 116 1972.50 3156 116 1972.50 3156 116 2347.50 3756 116

Base station Rx protection time 1 start : 1972.50 3156 0 1972.50 3156 0 1972.50 3156 0 2347.50 3756 0

Base station Rx protection time 1 ends: 1972.50 3156 0 1972.50 3156 0 1985.00 3176 20 2485.00 3976 220

Base station Rx time error tolerance 2 start : 1972.50 3156 0 1972.50 3156 0 1985.00 3176 0 2485.00 3976 0

Big Station RX Time Error tolerance 2 End: 1985.00 3176 20 1985.00 3176 20 1985.00 3176 0 2485.00 3976 0 Mobile Station 2-> 1 Insured or base station R-> T Converting Start: 1985.00 3176 0 1985.00 3176 0 2485.00 3976 0 Mobile station 2->1 transient or base station R->T transition end: 2000.00 3200 24 2000.00 3200 24 2000.00 3200 24 2500.00 4000 24

Remaining (preferably zero) : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0

Table A-10 Extension FDD data rate/RF channel: BW/piece rate (KHz) of each channel: 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 frequency reuse factor (n): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 minimum system Bandwidth (kHz): 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600

S/I(dB)：        6         6               6        6              6        6                  6            6噪声系数G290k       (dB)：        4         4               4        4              4        4                  4            4天线温度             (K)：      300       300             300      300            300      300                300          300Sys kT inc.NF   (dBm /Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9Sys KT Inc.nf (MW/KHz): 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1EE -14 1E-14 Implementation Loss (dB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW) (NUM): 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016 0.00016m dollar non -related format: 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 per code dollars per code. Frame difference rate: 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02E-02kb/NO calculated frame length (bit) 200 200 200 200 Actual Equal Equivalent Frame length (Bit): 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Field factor: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Separation Multiple Diversity factor: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Required Eb/No(dB): 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897

1/eb/nol (num): 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962 0.07962s/i sensitivity (DBM): -102.00 -102.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.00 DBM): -104.95 -104.95 -104.95 -104.95 -104.95 -104.95 -104.95 -104.95s/I A sensitivity loss (DB): 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95S/i The sensitivity (MW): 6.3 H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 6.3H-11 maximum single-time data rate (KBPS): 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 maximum single single single single single single single Gongcode meta (KSPS): 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Each code tablet: 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 yard duration (μs): 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 per bit Film: 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 Each bit of processing gain (DB): 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06

Table A-11 Extension FDD Enter the S/D (N+I) (DB) of A/D: 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88最大双工数据速率(kbps)     ：    92.19    116.09    118.13    116.09       118.13    116.09       94.50    92.88导频信道开销(kbps)         ：     0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00         0.00      0.00        0.00     0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)     ：    92.19    116.09    118.13    116.09       118.13    116.09       94.50    92.88 Link non-link factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-11 Extension FDD speaking channel/GOS calculation: Sonter rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Each vocal coder overhead (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 per word Circuit data rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00RF channels/sectors: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 system bandwidth (MHz): 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 Maximum supports Talk channel Number: 13.1 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 16.0TSI/HO Percent: 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 1#GOS supported by Erad: 7.77 7.772#GOS supported by Erlan: 6.48 11.53 11.53 11.53 11.53 11.53 8.60 8.60 Single exchange Frame delay (MS): 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Double exchange Frame delay (MS): 40.00 40.00.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 Big Big Station Launch: 92.88 % 92.88 % 92.88 % 92.88 % 92.88 % 92.88 % 74.30 % 74.30 % mobile phone Single Timeling TX Time Symptoms: 5.52 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % 4.73 % Capacity calculation:

(dBm)                    (dBm)                     (dBm)                 (dBm)手机峰值发射功率            (mW)： 300.00  300.00    24.8 300.00    300.00   24.8  300.00     300.00    24.8   300.00  300.00手机平均发射功率            (mW)：  16.57   16.57    12.2  14.18     14.18   11.5   14.18      14.18    11.5    14.18   14.18 24.8 Mobile antenna gain (DBD): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.5 Belly -based transmission power (MW): 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.00 24.8 base station average transmission power (MW): 278.63 24.5 278.5 278.63 24.5 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 2.22222天线增益               (dBd)：  17.00   17.00          17.00     17.00          17.00      17.00            17.00   17.00地理扇区数(1基站/扇区)          ：      3       3              3         3              3          3                3       3由于天线重叠引起的扇区损耗      ： 15.0％   150％         15.0％    15.0 ％         15.0％     15.0％           15.0％  15.0％空量中的净扇区增益              ：   2.55    2.55           2.55      2.55           2.55       2.55             2.55    2.55站址上的RF信道总数              ：      3       3              3         3              3          3                3       3站址上处理的1#GOS厄兰           ：  14.74   26.84          26.84     26.84          26.84      26.84            19.80   19.80站址上处理的2#GOS厄兰           ：  16.52   29.41          29.41     29.41          29.41      29.41            21.93   21.93

Table A-12 Extended FDD link designer 3 FDD, extended M-element various time slots, FDD extended M-element various time slots, FDD, extended M-element small slot 1.400MHz FDD, extended M-element large time slot paging 145 FDD settings for operation Ranging 1.400MH chip rate Link 1.400MHz, chip rate Chip rate 16.0×8.00kbps 1.400MHz chip rate

10.5×8.00kbps 16.01×8.00kbps 14.0×8.00kbps Bidirectional Time Slot Efficiency: Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Link Forward Link Reverse Forward Link Message frame duration (μs): 1250.00 1250.00 1250.00 1250.00 1250.00 1250.00 1428.57 1428.57 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instant Mutation Time (Movie): 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instantaneous time (μs): 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 Bada R/T conversion time (Film): 24 0 24 0 24 0 24 0 base station R/T conversion time (μs): 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 17.14 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 34.29 17.14 34.14 34.29 17.14 34.29 17.14 Movement error Including (piece): 0 212 67 212#0 212 0 462 mobile station fixed error capacity (μs): 0.00 151.43 47.86 151.43 BINS 0.00 151.43 0.00 330.00 Maximum binary length (mi): 0.00 14.10 4.10 6.25 0.00 14.10 0.00 30.74 Total non -protection time over time (μs): 34.29 168.57 130.00 168.57 34.29 168.57 34.29 347.14 TDD protection Number of TDD: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1TDD maximum mesh radius (mi): 27.88 0.00 0.00 4.46 0.00 12.77 0.00 TDD protection time (μs): 299.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.71 0.00 274.29 0.00 Total available TDD protection time (piece): 419.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 134.00 0.00 384.00 0.00 protection time (piece) per TDD: 419.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.00 0.00 192.00 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 333.57 168.57 130.00 168.57 130.00 168.57 308.57 347.14 time slot structure Efficiency: 73.31 % 86.51 % 89.60 % 89.60 % 78.40 % 75.70 %

Table A-13 Expand FDD The antenna probe#(Foreign Link): 0 30 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 Base Emile probe length (piece): 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 antenna conversion time (piece ): 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total film of each antenna word (piece): 30 30 30 30 30 30 30pcp synchronous word length (piece): 112 0 112 0 112 0 112 0 antenna selection (code yuan) : 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 antenna selection (Bit): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0pcp duration (piece): 144 0 144 0 144 0 144 0 synchronous word length (piece): 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 overhead length (piece): 256 202 256 202 256 202 256 202 Title message length (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21 21d channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 8B channel message length ( Bit): 105 160 160 160 160 160 160160R channel message length (Bit): 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bik (Bit): 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Single message length (Bitti ): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -Merit Message length (code yuan): 30 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Single -worker message length (piece): 960 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 1312 Total number: 1216 1514 1568 1514 1568 1514 1568 1514

Table A-13 Extended FDD launch time gap duration (μs): 868.57 1081.43 1120.00 1081.43 1120.00 1081.43 1120.00 1081.43 One time slot B a channel data (KBPS): 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 88 88 8 8 88 8 8 8 88 8 Data rate (KBPS) : 84 128 128 128 128 128 112 112 Each channel data rate (KBPS): 10.5 16 16 16 16 16 16 14 14 overframe duration (MS): 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 pieces/time slot: 1750 1750 1750 2000 duration (μs): 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 base station timeline configuration (mobile station at zero distance): (USEC) (chipe) (userc) (chips) (ubec) (chips) (chips) (chips)

Table A-14 Extension FDD base station TX front code Start: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 base station TX front code ends: 80.00 112 80.00 112 112 80.00 112 80.00 112 112 base station TX message Start: 80.00 112 0 80.00 112 0      80.00     112     0     80.00   112       0基站Tx消息结束                    ：1017.14   1424 1312    1017.14    1424   1312    1017.14    1424  1322   1017.14  1424    1312基站Tx天线消息开始                ：1017.14   1424    0    1017.14    1424      0    1017.14    1424     0   1017.14  1424       0基站Tx天线消息结束                ：1081.43   1514 90    1081.43    1514     90    1081.43    1514    90   1081.43  1514      90基站旋转拇指(仅FDD)开始           ：1081.43   1514    0    1081.43    1514      0    1081.43    1514     0   1081.43  1514       0基站旋转拇指(仅FDD)结束           ：1232.86   1726  212    1232.86    1726    212    1232.86    1726   212   1411.43 1976 462 Base Station T-＞ R Converted: 1232.86 1726 0 1232.86 1726 0 1232.86 1726 0 1411.43 1976 0 Badian Station T- ＞ R Converted: 1250.00 1750 24 1250.00 1750 24 1250.00 2428.57 2000 24 base station RX front code start: 1250.00 1750    0    1250.00    1750      0    1250.00    1750     0   1428.57  2000       0基站Rx前置码结束                  ：1330.00   1862  112    1330.00    1862    112    1330.00    1862   112   1508.57  2112     112基站Rx消息开始                    ：1330.00   1862    0    1330.00    1862      0    1330.00    1862     0   1508.57  2112       0基站Rx消息结束                    ：2015.71   2822 1312    2267.14    3174   1312    2267.14    3174  1312   2445.71  3424    1312基站Rx保护时间1或2开始            ：2015.71   2822    0    2267.14    3174      0    2267.14    3174     0   2445.71  3424       0基站Rx保护时间1或2结束            ：2315.00   3241    0    2267.14    3174      0 2315.00 3241 67 2582.86 3616 192 base station RX Time error tolerance 1 Start: 2315.00 3241 0 2267.14 3174 0 2315.00 3241 0 2582.86 3616 0 base station 1-> 2 Instant change time start: 2315.00 3241 0 2315.00 3241 0 0 3241 0 2315.00 3241 0 2582.86 3616 0 base station RX Time error tolerance 1 End: 2315.00 3241 67 2315.00 3241 67 2315.00 3241 0 2582.86 3616 0 base station 1-> 2 Instant change time End: 2332.14 3265 24 2332.14 3265 24 24 24 24 24 24 3265 24 24 24 24 2332.14    3265    24   2600.00  3640      24基站RxPCP开始                     ：2332.14   3265    0    2332.14    3265      0    2332.14    3265     0   2600.00  3640       0基站RxPCP结束                     ：2435.00   3409  144    2435.00    3409    144    2435.00    3409   144   2702.86  3784     144基站Rx保护时间1开始               ：2435.00   3409    0    2435.00    3409 0 2435.00 3409 0 22.86 3784 0 base station RX Protection time End: 2435.00 3409 0 2435.00 3409 0 2482.86 3476 67 2840.00 3976 192 Base Station RX Time Error Incident 2 starts: 2435.00 3435.00 3482.863476 39763976 Error tolerance 2 End: 2482.86 3476 67 2482.86 3476 67 2482.86 3476 0 2840.00 3976 0 mobile station 2-> 1 instantane to become base station R-> T converting start: 2482.86 3476 0 2482.86 3476 3476 0 2840.00 3976 0 mobile station 2 2 -> 1 Instant transformed into a base station R-> T Converting Convert: 2500.00 3500 24 2500.00 3500 24 2500.00 3500 24 2857.21 4000 24 Remain (preferably zero): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0

Table A-14 Extension FDD data rate/RF channel: BW/piece rate (kHz) of each RF channel: 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 frequency reuse factor (n): 3 3 3 3 3 3 minimum minimum System Bandwidth (kHz): 8400 8400 8400 8400 8400 8400 8400 8400

S/I(dB): 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Noise figure G 290k (dB): 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Antenna temperature (K): 300 300 300 300 300 300 300Sys KT Inc.nf (DBM/Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9Sys KT Inc.nf (MW/KHz) : 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14

Implementation Loss (dB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW) (num): 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018

M-element non-correlated format : 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

Bits per symbol: 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Required frame error rate : 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02Kb/No Calculated frame length (bits): 2 0 0 2 200 200 200 200 200 200 Actual Equal Frame length (Bit): 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Antenna Diversity Factor : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Separation by diversity factor : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Required Eb/No (dB): 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897 7.9897

1/Eb/NoL (num)：0.07962  0.07962     0.07962   0.07962          0.07962  0.07962          0.07962         0.07962S/I中的灵敏度        (dBm)：-102.58  -102.58     -102.58   -102.58          -102.58  -102.58          -102.58         -102.58灵敏度，仅有热噪声   ( DBM): -105.53 -105.53 -105.53 -105.53 -105.53 -1053 -105.53 -105.53s/i The sensitivity loss introduced (DB): 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95S/i The sensitivity (MW): 5.5.5.5 E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-11 5.5E-1 maximum single-time data rate (KBPS): 218.75 218.75 218.75 218.75 218.75 218.75 maximum single single single single single single single Bit rate (kbps) ： 43.75 43.75 43.75 43.75 43.75 43.75 43.75 43.75

Slices per symbol: 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00

Symbol duration (μs) : 22.857 22.857 22.857 22.857 22.857 22.857 22.857 22.857

(pieces) per bit: 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.40

Processing gain per bit (dB): 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06 8.06

Table A-15 Extended FDD

S/(N+1) into A/D (dB): 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93

Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 5.88 maximum dual data rate (KBPS): 80.19 94.63 98.00 94.00 94.63 85.75 82.80 Directorial Dipping Channel Exchange (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bearer channel duplex rate (kbps): 80.19 94.63 98.00 94.63 98.00 94.63 85.75 82.80

Link asymmetry factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-15 Extended FDD

Extended FDD

Talking channels/GOS calculation: Sound code rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Each vocal coder overhead (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Data rate (KBPS (KBPS) ) : 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Number of RF channels/sector : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Expanded coefficient bandwidth (MHz): 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 The maximum number of voice channels: 10.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24.0 14.0TSI/HO percentage: 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % % 25.00 % 25.00 % 1#GOS supported by Erlan: 3.90 7.77 7.77 7.77 7.77 7.77 5.78 5.782#GOS supported by Erad: 4.45 8.60 8.60 8.60 8.60 6.48 6.48 Single exchange (MS): 20.00 20.00.00.00.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Double exchange Setting into frame delay (MS): 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 Big Big Bena occupy the cable. Duty factor : 6.62% 6.62% 5.60% 5.60% 5.60% 5.60% 5.60% 5.60% Capacity calculation :  

(dBm)                      (dBm)                      (dBm)                  (dBm)手机峰值发射功率         (mW)： 300.00  300.00  24.8   300.00    300.00    24.8     300.00   300.00   24.8   300.00  300.00  24.8手机平均发射功率         (mW)：  19.85   19.85  13.0    16.80     16.80    12.3      16.80    16.80   12.33   16.80 16.80  12.3手机天线增益            (dBd)：   0.00    0.00           0.00      0.00               0.00     0.00            0.00    0.00基站峰值发射功率         (mW)：         300.00  24.8             300.00    24.8              300.00   24.8           300.00  24.8基站平均发射功率         (mW)：         259.54  24.1             259.54    24.1              259.54   24.1           227.10  23.6基站天线增益            (dBd)：  17.00   17.00          17.00     17.00              17.00    17.00           17.00   17.00地理扇区数(1基站/扇区)       ：      3       3              3         3                  3        3               3             3由于天线重叠引起的扇区损耗   ： 15.0％  15.0％         15.0％    15.0 % 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0%

Net sector gain in capacity: 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55

Total number of RF channels on site: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1# GOS Erland processed on the site: 9.95 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 14.74 14.74

2#GOS Erland processed on the site: 11.34 21.93 21.93 21.93 21.93 21.93 16.52 16.52

Table A-16 Unextended FDD Link Designer 3 FDD, no extended various time slots FDD, no extended various time slots, FDD, no extended small slots FDD, no extended large time slots FDD settings for paging 145 operations 0.640MHz chip rate from 0.640MHz chip rate 0.640MHz chip rate 0.640MHz chip rate

26.3 × 8.00kbps 40.0 × 8.00kbps 40.0 × 8.00kbps 32.0 × 8.00kbps Efficiency reverse link forward link reverse link forward link reverse link forward link reverse link forward chain Road two -way message frame duration (μs): 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 625.00 625.00 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 mobile station 1-> 2 Instantaneous time (piece): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 mobile station 1-> 2 transient time (μs): 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 Big base station R/T base station R/T Conversion time (piece): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 base station R/T conversion time (μs): 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 25.00 12.50 25.0 12.50 12.50 12.50 mobile station Timing error tolerance (piece): 0 34 19 34#0 34 0 114 mobile station error tolerance (μs): 0.00 53.13 29.69 53.13 binm 0.00 53.13 0.00 178.13 Maximum binary length (mi): 0.00 4.95 2.77 4.95 3.89 0.00 4.95 0.00 16.59 Total non -protection time overhead (μs): 25.00 65.63 84.38 65.63 25.00 65.63 25.00 190.63

Two-way TDD protection number: 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1

TDD's maximum mesh radius (MI): 10.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.77 0.00 8.59 0.00 Total TDD protection time (μs): 115.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.38 0.00 184.38 0.00 TDD protection time (piece): 74.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.00 0.00 118.00 0.00 Protection time/TDD Protection (Piece): 74.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.00 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 140.63 65.63 84.38 65.63 84.38 65.63 209.38 190.63 Timeling Structure efficiency: 718 8 % 86.88 % 83.13 % 83.13 % 86.88% 83.13% 86.88% 66.50% 69.50%

Table A-17 The antenna probe to be sent without extension FDD: 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 base station antenna probe length (piece): 28 13 28 13 28 28 1313 antenna conversion time ( Piece): 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Each antenna Total Film (Piece): 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15pcp synchronous word length (piece): 28 0 28 0 28 0 28 0 antenna selection (Code Yuanyuan ): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 antenna selection (Bit): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0pcp duration (piece): 33 0 33 0 33 0 33 0 synchronous word length (piece): 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Excess length (piece): 61 73 61 73 61 73 61 73 Title message length (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21d 21d channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8B channel message length (比特)         ：105        160   160        160    160       160               160               160R信道消息长度(比特)         ：  0          0     0          0      0         0                 0                 0业务模式中CRC比特(比特)     ： 16         16    16         16     16        16                16                16单工消息长度(比特): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -Gong Message length (code yuan): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -worker message length (piece): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 Total number: 211 278 266 278 266 278 266 278

Table A-17 Unable extended FDD launch time gap duration (μs): 329.69 434.38 415.63 434.38 415.63 434.38 415.63 434.38 A time slot data (KBPS): 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 888 ): 210 320 320 320 320 320 320 256 256 Voice Channel the largest#/RF channel: 26.25 40 40 40 40 32 32 overframe duration (ms): 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 he

Slice/Slot : 320 320 320 400

Positive duration (μs): 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 base station timb layout (mobile station at zero distance): (μs) (film) (μs) (film) (μs) (film) (μs) (film)

Table A-18 Unable extended FDD base station TX front code Start: 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 base station TX front code end: 43.75 28 43.75 28 28 43.75 28 43.75 28 28 base station TX message Start: 43.75 28 0 43.7555555 28 0 43.75 28 0 43.75 28 0 base station TX messages End: 364.06 233 205 364.06 233 205 364.06 233 205 364.06 233 205 base station TX antenna message Start: 364.06 2364.06 2333 0 364.06 233 0 base site TX antenna message ending. 278 45 434.38 278 45 434.38 278 45 434.38 278 45 base station Rotate the thumb (only FDD) starts: 434.38 278 0 434.38 278 0 434.38 278 0 434.38 278 0 base station rotating thumb ends: 487.50 312 347.50 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 612.50 392 114 base station T-> R conversion starts: 487.50 312 0 487.50 312 0 487.50 312 0 612.50 392 0 base station T-> R conversion ends: 500.00 320 8 500.00 320 8 500.00 320 8 625.00 8 base station RX front code start: 500.00 320 0 500.00 320 0 500.00 320 0 625.00 400 0 base station RX End Code End: 543.75 348 28 543.75 348 28 543.75 348 28 668.75 428 28 Base station RX News Start: 543.75 343.75 343.75 348 0 668.75 4288 At the end of the message: 778.13 49 150 864.06 553 205 864.06 553 205 989.06 633 205 Base Station RX Protection Time 1 or 2 starts: 778.13 498 0 864.06 553 0 864.06 0 989.06 633 0 base station RX End: 893.75 572 74864.06 553 0 893.75 572 19 108.25 692 59 base station RX Time error tolerance 1 Start: 893.75 572 0 864.06 553 0 893.72 081.25 692 0 base station RX Time error His end: 893.75 572 0 893.75 575 572 081.25 692 0 mobile Station 1-> 2 Instant change time (T/R) Start: 893.75 572 0 893.75 572 0 893.75 572 081.25 692 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instant Mutation Time (T/R) End: 906.25 580 806.25 580 806.25 580 8 1093.75 700 8 base station RXPCP Start: 906.25 580 0 906.25 580 0 906.25 580 093.75 700 0 base station RXPCP End: 957.81 613 957.81 613 957.813 33 1145.33 33 base station RX Protection time 1 Start 1 start 1 start 1. 957.81 613 0 11455733 0 Base Station RX Protection Time 1 End: 957.81 613 0 957.81 613 0 987.50 637.50 792 59 base station RX Time error tolerance 2 start: 957.81 613 0 957.81 613 0 987.50 637.50 792 0 base station RX time error End of Hand 2: 987.50 632 19987.50 632 19987.50 632 0 1237.50 792 0 Mobile Station 2-> 1 Instant transformation into a base station R-> T Converting Start: 987.50 632 0 987.50 632 0 632 0 1217.50 792 0 Mobile Station 2 2 2 -> 1 transient to base station R -> T end of conversion: 1000.00 640 8 1000.00 640 8 1000.00 640 8 1250.00 800 8

Remaining (preferably zero) : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0

Table A-18 Unextended FDD Data Rates/RF Channels:

BW/RF channel/chip rate (kHz): 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640

Frequency Reuse Factor (N): 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Minimum system bandwidth (kHz): 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680

S/I(dB): 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Noise figure G290k (dB): 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Antenna temperature (K): 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Sys kT inc.NF (dBm/Hz): 169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9

Sys kT inc.NF (mW/kHz): 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14

Implementation Loss (dB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW) (num): 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 1.6E-0.8 1.6E-08 1.6E-08 16E-08

M-element non-correlated format: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bit/Symbol : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Required frame error rate : 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02

Frame length calculated by Kb/No (bits): 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Actual equivalent frame length (bits): 150 150 205 205 205 205 205 205

Antenna Diversity Factor : 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

Separation multi-channel diversity factor : 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1.33333 1.33333

Required Eb/No(dB) : 10.6404 10.6404 21.2716 21.2716 15.9373 15.9373 14.0081 14.0081

I/Eb/NoL(num) : 0.04325 0.043325 0.00374 0.00374 0.01277 0.01277 0.01992 0.01992

Sensitivity in S/I (dBm): -98.21 -98.21 -87.57 -87.57 -92.92 -92.92 -94.85 -94.85

Sensitivity, thermal noise only (dBm): -98.22 -98.22 -87.58 -87.58 -92.92 -92.92 -94.85 -94.85

Sensitivity loss of S/I input (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sensitivity required in S/I (mW): 1.5E-10 15E-10 1.7E-09 1.7E-09 5.1E-10 5.1E-10 3.3E-10 3.3E-10

Maximum simplex data rate (kbps) ： 640.00 640.00 640.00 640.00 640.00 640.00 640.00 640.00

Maximum simplex symbol rate (kbps) ： 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640

Slice/Code Unit : 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Symbol Duration (μs): 1.563 1.563 1.563 1.563 1.563 1.563 1.563 1.563

Chips/Bit: 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Processing Gain/Bit (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-19 The FDD is not extended to the S/DD S/DD S/DD: 13.64 13.64 24.27 24.27 18.94 18.94 17.01 17.01 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 13.64 13.64 24.28 18.94 18.94 17.01 17.01最大双工数据速率(kbps)：     230.00      278.00      266.00      278.00      266.00     278.00    212.80   222.40导频信道开销(kbps)    ：       0.00        0.00        0.00        0.00        0.00       0.00      0.00     0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)：     210.00      278.00      266.00      278.00      266.00     278.00    212.80 222.40 link asymmetry factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-19 Unexpected voice channel/GOS calculation voice code rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Sale rate/Sound Code (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 data rate/phonetic circuit circuit (Kbps): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00RF channels/sectors: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 system bandwidth (KHz): 7.68 7.68 7.68 7.68 7.68 7.68 7.68 The maximum number channel number: 26.3 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 32.0 32.0TSI/HO Percent: 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 25.00 % 1#GOS supported Erland supported on GOS: 16.09 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 20.76 20.76 Single exchange Single exchange (MS): 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Double exchange Frame delay (MS): 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 Basic station launching is duty factors: 86.88 % 86.88 % 86.88 % 86.88 % 86.88 % 86.88 % 69.50 % 69.50 % mobile phone Single time gap TX Total Factor: 2.51 % 2.51 % 2.08 % 2.08 % 2.08 % 2.08 % 2.08 % capacity Calculation:

(DBM) (DBM) (DBM) (DBM) The peak transmitting power of the mobile phone (MW): 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 Average transmission power (MW): 7.54 7.54 8.23 6.23 6.23 6.23 7.9 6.233333 6.9 6.2333 6.23 7.9 Mobile antenna gain (DBD): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Belly -based transmission power (MW): 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 Beloal launch power (MW): 260.63 260.63 24.2 260.52 208.天线增益          (dBd)： 17.00    17.00         17.00  17.00        17.00    17.00             17.00    17.00地理扇区数(1基站/扇区)     ：     3        3             3      3            3        3                 3              3由于天线重叠引起的扇区损耗 ：15.0％   15.0％        15.0％ 15.0 ％       15.0％   15.0％            15.0％         15.0％容量中的净扇区增益         ：  2.55     2.55          2.55   2.55         2.55     2.55              2.55           2.55站址上RF信道总数           ：     3        3             3      3            3        3                 3              3站址上处理的1#GOS厄兰: 37.84 64.72 64.72 64.72 64.72 64.72 49.19 49.19 Treatment 2#GOS Olan: 41.02 69.16 69.16 69.16 69.16 52.94 52.94

Table A-20 Unextended FDD link designer FDD, no extension various time slots, FDD, no extension various time slot links FDD, no extension small slot 0.560MHz FDD, no extension large time slot 0.56MHz paging 145 operation FDD setting Ranging 0 560MHz chip rate 0.560MHz chip rate 35.0×8.00kbps chip rate 32.0×8.00kbps

35.0×8.00kbps time slot efficiency: Reverse link Forward link Reverse link Forward link Reverse link Forward link Reverse link Forward link Bidirectional message frame duration (μs) : 571.43 571.43 571.43 571.43 571.43 571.43 625.00 625.00 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 mobile station 1-> 2 instantage Change time (piece): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 mobile station 1-> 2 Instant (μs): 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 base station R/S conversion time (piece): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 base station R/S conversion time (μs): 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.29 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 28.57 14.29 28.57 14.29 28.29 28.57 14.29 Movement time error tolerance (piece): 0 34 19 34#0 34 0 34 Movement time error tolerance (μs): 0.00 60.71 33.93 60.71 Binm 0.00 60.71 0.00 60.71 Maximum binary step length (mi): 0.00 5.66 5.66 3.89 0.00 5.00 5.66 Total non -protection time expenditure ( μs: 28.577 75.00 96.43 75.00 28.57 75.00 28.57 75.00 Two -way TDD Protection: 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1TDD maximum mesh radius (MI): 12.31 0.00 0.00 3.16 0.00 5.66.99 Total TDD protection time (μs) : 132.14 0.00 0.00 67.86 0.00 121.43 53.57 Total TDD protection time (piece): 74.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.00 0.00 68.00 30.00 Protective time (piece): 74.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.00 30.00 total protection of total protection Time (μs): 160.71 75.00 96.43 75.00 96.43 75.00 150.00 128.57 Cap structure Efficiency: 71.88 % 86.88 % 83.13 % 86.88 % 83.13 % 86.88 % 76.00 % 79.43 %

Table A-21 The antenna probe to be sent without extended FDD: (Foreign Link): 0 30 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 base station antenna probe length (piece): 28 13 28 13 28 13 28 13 antenna conversion time ( Piece): 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total film of each antenna (piece): 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15pcp synchronization word length: 28 0 28 0 28 0 28 0 antenna selection (yard yuan): 5 0 5 0 5 0 28 0 antenna Selection (Bit): 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0pcp duration (piece): 33 0 33 0 33 0 33 0 synchronous word length (piece): 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Exchange length (piece): 61 73 61 73 61 73 61 73 Title message length (Bit): 21 21 21 21 21 21 21d channel message length (Bit): 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8b channel message length (Bit) : 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160R channel Message length (bit): 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Bit): 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Single -worker message length (Bit): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -Mercy Message length (code yuan): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Single -worker message length (piece): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Total number: 211 278 266 278 266 278 266 278

Table A-21 When the launch time clearance is continuous (μs): 376.79 496.43 475.00 496.43 475.00 496.43 475.00 496.43 One time slot B a channel data (KBPS): 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 data rate (KBPS) : 183.75 280 280 280 280 280 256 256 Each RF Channel Talks Voices the largest#: 22.9688 35 35 35 32 32

Superframe Duration (ms): 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Slice/Slot : 320 320 320 350

Positive duration (μs): 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 Big storage timb layout (mobile station at zero distance): (μs) (film) (μs) (film) (μs) (film) (μs) (film) (film)

Table A-22 Unable extended FDD base station TX front code starts: 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 base station TX front code end: 50.00 28 28 50.00 28 50.00 28 50.00 28 28 base station TX message Start: 50.00 28 0 50.0000 28 0 50.00 28 0 50.28 0 Base Station TX message End: 416.07 233 205 416.07 233 205 416.07 233 205 416.07 233 205 Base Station TX antenna message Start: 416.07 233 0 416.07 233 0 416.07 233 0 base station TX antenna message : 496.43 278 496.43 278 45 496.43 278 45 496.43 278 45 base station spin the thumb (only FDD) start: 496.43 278 0 496.43 278 0 496.43 278 0 496.43 278 0 base station rotating thumbs (only fdd) end: 557.14 34575757.14 557.14 557.14 557.14 34575757.14 557.14 557575757575757.14 557575757575757575757.14 34 557.14 557.14 34 557.14 34 557.14 557575757575757575775757575757.1557.1 312 34 557.14 312 34 base station T-> R conversion starts: 557.14 312 0 557.14 312 0 557.14 312 0 557.14 312 0 base station T-> R conversion: 571.43 320 8 571.43 320 8 571.43 320 8 base station RX front code开始                  ： 571.43   320      0    571.43   320       0    571.43    320      0    571.43     320       0基站Rx前置码结束                  ： 621.43   348     28    621.43   348      28    621.43    348     28    621.43     348      28基站Rx消息开始                    ： 621.43   348      0    621.43   348       0    621.43    348      0    621.43     348       0 Big Station RX News End: 089.29 498 150 987.50 553 205 987.50 553 205 987.50 553 205 Big Benction Station RX Protection Time 1 or 2 starts: 889.29 498 0 987.50 553 0 987.50 553 021.43 572 74 74 987.50 553 021143 572 572 19 1048.21 587 34 base station RX Time error tolerance. 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instant Mutation Time (T/R) Start: 1021.43 572 0 1021.43 572 021.43 572 048.21 587 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instantaneous (T/R) End: 1035.71 580 8 1035.71 580 1035.71 580 0 1035 0 1035 0 1035 0 1035 0 1030 0 1062.50 595 5 base station RXPCP End starts at RXPCP. Back: 1094.6 33 1094, 1093 33 1123 33 33 base station RX Protection Time 1. 1093 33 109 33 109 33 109 33 1093 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33. 613 0 1094.64 613 6121.43 628 0 base station RX Protection time End: 1094.64 613 094.64 613 0 1128.57 632 19 1182.14 662 34 Base Station RX Error Incident 2 starts: 1094.64 613 094.64 613 0 1128.57 632.14 662 0 base station RX Time error tolerance 2 End: 1128.57 632 19 1128.57 632 19 1128.57 632 0 1182.14 662 0 Mobile Station 2-> 1 Instant turning into a base station R-> T Converting Start: 1128.57 632 0 1128.57 632 0 1128.57 632 14 662 0 Mobile Mobile Station 2-> 1 Instant transformation into a base station R-> T Converting Convert: 1142.86 640 8 1142.86 640 8 1142.86 640 8 1196.43 670 8 Remain (best is zero): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 53.57 30 30 30

Table A-22 Unable extended FDD data rate/RF channel: each RF channel BW/tablet rate (kHz): 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 frequency reuse factor (n): 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 minimum minimum minimum System bandwidth (kHz): 6720 6720 6720 6720 6720 6720 6720 6720

S/i (db): 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 noise coefficient G 290K (DB): 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Antenna temperature (K): 300 300 300 300 300 300 300Sys KT Inc. NP (DBM/Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9Sys Kt Inc. NP (MW/KHz) : 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14

Implementation Loss (dB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW) (num): 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08

M-element non-correlated format : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bits per symbol: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Required frame error rate: 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02Kb/No Calculated frame length (bits): 200 0 2 200 200 200 200 200 200 Actual Equal Frame length (Bit): 150 150 205 205 205 205 205 205

Antenna diversity factor ： 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

Separation multi-channel diversity factor ： 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1.33333 1.33333

Required Eb/No (dB): 10.6404 10.6404 21.2716 21.2716 15.9373 15.9373 14.0081 14.0081

1/eb/nol (num): 0.04325 0.04325 0.00374 0.00374 0.01277 0.01277 0.01992 0.01992s/I: -98.79-98.79-88.15 -93.50 -95.43 -95.433 ): -98.80 -98.80 -88.16-88.16-93.50-93.50-95.43-95.43s/i The sensitivity loss (DB): 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00S/i required (MW): 1.3E 1.3E) -10 1.3E-10 1.5E-09 1.5E-09 4.5E-10 4.5E-10 2.9E-10 2.9E-10 Maximum Single Rate (KBPS): 560.00 560.00 560.00 560.00 560.00 560.00 maximum single single single single single Gongcode meta rate (KBPS): 560 560 560 560 560 560 560 Each code: 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 yard duration (μs): 1.786 1.786 1.786 1.786 1.786 1.786.7866 1.786 1.786 1.786.7866

Slices per bit: 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Theoretical gain per bit (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-23 Unexpected FDD Enter the S/DD S/DD S/DD: 13.64 13.64 24.27 24.27 18.94 18.01 17.01 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 13.64 13.64 24.28 18.94 18.94 17.01 17.01最大双工数据速率(kbps)：    201.25    243.25           232.75    243.25            232.75     243.25              212.80       222.40导频信道开销(kbps)    ：      0.00      0.00             0.00      0.00              0.00       0.00                0.00         0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)：    201.25    243.25           232.75    243.25            232.75     243.25              212.80 222.40 link asymmetry factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-23

Unexpanded FDD

Talking channels/GOS calculation: Sound code rate (KBPS): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Each voice code (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 data rate (KBP) per voice circuit (KBP) per voice circuit. : 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Number of RP channels/sectors: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Expanded System Bandwidth (MHz): 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72

Maximum number of voice channels supported: 23.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 32.0 32.0

Percentage of mobile phones in TSI/HO: 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

Erlang supported on 1#GOS: 11.94 21.56 21.56 21.56 21.56 21.56 19.29 19.29

Erlang supported on 2#GOS: 13.03 23.13 23.13 23.13 23.13 23.13 20.76 20.76

Single Tandem Framing Delay (ms) : 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Double tandem framing delay (ms) ： 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

Base station transmit duty factor : 86.88% 86.88% 86.88% 86.88% 86.88% 86.88% 79.43% 79.43%

Mobile phone single time slot Tx duty factor: 2.87% 2.87% 2.38% 2.38% 2.38% 2.38% 2.38% 2.38% capacity calculation:

(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (

Peak mobile phone transmit power (mW): 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8

Average mobile phone transmit power (mW): 8.61 8.61 9.4 7.13 7.13 8.5 7.13 7.13 8.5 7.13 7.13 8.5

Mobile phone antenna gain (dBd): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Base station peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8

Average base station transmit power (mW): 260.63 24.2 260.63 24.2 260.63 24.2 238.29 23.8

基站天线增益   (dBd)： 17.00      17.00       17.00        17.00            17.00     17.00           17.00    17.00地理扇区数(1基站/扇区)      ：     3          3           3            3                3         3               3               3由于天线重叠引起的扇区损耗  ：15.0％     15.0％      15.0％ 15.0 % 15.0 % 15.0 % 15.0 % 15.0 % Clean sector gain: 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 RF channel Total: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 of a 1#GOS Erlan: 30.46 54.97 54.97 54.97 54.97 54.97 49.19 49.19 Treatment 2#GOS Erland: 33.24 58.98 58.98 58.98 52.94 52.94 52.94

Table A-24 Unspread FDD link designer FDD, no extension various time slots, FDD, no spread various time slots FDD, no spread with small slots FDD without spread, with large time slots 0.35MHz for seeking FDD established by call 145 operation Ranging 0.350MHz chip rate 0.35MHz chip rate of link 0.350MHz, chip rate 20.0×8.00kbps

1.64×8.00kbps 25.0×8.00kbps 25.0×8.00kbps Bi-directional time slot efficiency: Reverse link Forward link Reverse link Forward link Reverse link Link Forward link Reverse link Forward link Frame duration (μs): 800.00 800.00 800.00 800.00 800.00 1000.00 1000.00 base station T/R conversion time (piece): 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 base station T/R conversion time (μs): 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00.00 22.86 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instantaneous Time (Side): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 Mobile Station 1-> 2 Instantaneous time (μs): 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 Base R/T conversion time ( ): 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 base station R/T conversion time (μs): 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 22.86 0.00 Total conversion time (μs): 45.71 22.86 45.71 22.86 45.71 22.86 45.71 22.86 Motivation of the mobile station. Limited (piece): 0 3 2 3#0 3 0 73 Movement time error tolerance (μs): 0.00 8.57 5.71 8.57 BINA 0.00 8.57 0.00 208.57 Maximum binary (MI): 0.00 0.80 0.80 28.5 0.80 0.00 0.00 19.43 Total non-protected time overhead (μs): 45.71 31.43 57.14 31.43 45.71 31.43 45.71 231.43 Two-way TDD Protection Number: 1 1 2 1 2 1TDD maximum mesh radius (MI): 15.17 0.00 -0.00 0.53 0.00 9.85 0.00 TOEICS The available TDD protection time (μs): 162.86 0.00 -0.00 0.00 11.43 0.00 211.43 0.00 TDD protection time (piece): 57.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.00 74.00 0.00 protection time (piece) per TDD protection (piece): 57.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 37.00 0.00 Total protection time (μs): 208.57 31.43 57.14 31.43 57.14 31.43 257.14 231.43 time slot Structure efficiency: 73.93 % 92.86 % 92.86 % 96.07 % 74.29 % 74.29 %

Table A-25 The number of antenna probes that FDDs to be sent without extended FDD (front link): 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 base station antenna probe length (piece): 28 11 28 11 26 11 28 11 11

Antenna switching time (piece) ： 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The total number of pieces (pieces) for each antenna: 30 13 30 13 30 13 30 13

PCP synchronous word length (piece) ： 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 0

Antenna selection (symbol) : 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0

Antenna selection (bits) : 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0

PCP Duration (Pieces) : 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0

Synchronous word length (chip) ： 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Overhead length (slices) : 55 64 55 64 55 64 55 64

Header message length (bits) ： 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

D channel message length (bits) ： 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

B channel message length (bits) ： 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

R channel message length (bits) ： 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CRC bit (bit) in business mode: 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

Simplex message length (bits) : 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Simplex message length (code unit) : 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Simplex message length (piece) : 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

The total number of pieces: 205 269 260 269 260 269 260 269

Table A-25 Unextended FDD

Transmit slot duration (μs) : 585.71 768.57 742.86 768.57 742.86 768.57 742.86 768.57

One time slot B channel data rate (kbps) ： 5.25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Aggregated B channel voice channel maximum value : 131.25 200 200 200 200 200 160 160

Voice channel maximum per RF channel: 16.4063 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

Superframe Duration (ms) : 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Slices/Slots : 280 280 280 350

Positive duration (μs): 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 base station timeline configuration (mobile station at zero distance): (usec) (chips) (usec) (chips) (userc) (chips) (userc) (chips) (chips)

Table A-26 Unextended FDD

Base Station Tx Preamble Start : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0

End of Base Station Tx Preamble : 71.43 25 25 71.43 25 25 71.43 25 25 71.43 25 25

Base station Tx message start : 71.43 25 0 71.43 25 0 71.43 25 0 71.43 25 0

End of base station Tx message: 657.14 230 205 657.14 230 205 657.14 230 205 657.14 230 205

Base Station Tx Antenna Message Start : 657.14 230 0 657.14 230 0 657.14 230 0 657.14 230 0

End of base station Tx antenna message: 768.57 269 39 768.57 269 39 768.57 269 39 768.57 269 39

Base Rotation Thumb (FDD only) Start: 768.57 269 0 768.57 269 0 768.57 269 0 768.57 269 0

End of Base Rotation Thumb (FDD only): 777.14 272 3 777.14 272 3 777.14 272 3 977.14 342 73

Base station T->R conversion start : 777.14 272 0 777.14 272 0 777.14 272 0 977.14 342 0

Base station T->R conversion end : 800.00 280 8 800.00 280 8 800.00 280 8 1000.00 350 8

Base station Rx preamble start : 800.00 280 0 800.00 280 0 800.00 280 0 1000.00 350 0

End of base station Rx preamble: 871.43 305 25 871.43 305 25 871.43 305 25 1071.43 375 25

Base station Rx message start : 871.43 305 0 871.43 305 0 871.43 305 0 1071.43 375 0

  End of base station Rx message: 1300.00 455 150 1457.14 510 205 1457.14 510 205 1657.14 580 205

Base station Rx guard time 1 or 2 starts: 1300.00 455 0 1457.14 510 0 1457.14 510 0 1657.14 580 0

Base station Rx protection time 1 or 2 ends: 1462.86 512 57 1457.14 510 0 1462.86 512 2 1762.86 617 37

Base station Rx time error tolerance 1 start : 1462.86 512 0 1457.14 510 0 1462.86 512 0 1762.86 617 0

Base station Rx time error tolerance 1 end : 1462.86 512 0 1462.86 512 2 1462.86 512 0 1762.86 617 0

Mobile station 1->2 Transient time (T/R) start: 1462.86 512 0 1462.86 512 0 1462.86 512 0 1762.86 617 0

Mobile Station 1->2 Transient Time (T/R) End : 1485.71 520 8 1485.71 520 8 1485.71 520 8 1785.71 625 8

Base station Rx PCP start : 1485.71 520 0 1485.71 520 0 1485.71 520 0 1785.71 625 0

Base station Rx PCP end : 1571.43 550 30 1571.43 550 30 1571.43 550 30 1871.43 655 30

Base station Rx protection time 1 start : 1571.43 550 0 1571.43 550 0 1571.43 550 0 1871.43 655 0

Base station Rx protection time 1 ends : 1571.43 550 0 1571.43 550 0 1577.14 552 2 1977 14 692 37

Base station Rx time error tolerance 2 start : 1571.43 550 0 1571.43 550 0 1577.14 552 0 1977.14 692 0

Big Station RX Time Error tolerance 2 End: 1577.14 552 2 1577.14 552 2 1577.14 552 0 1977.14 692 0 Mobile Station 2-> 1 Insured or base station R-> T conversion Beginning starts: 1577.14 0 1577.14 557.14 0 1977.14 692 0 Mobile station 2->1 transient or base station R->T transition end: 1600.00 560 8 1600.00 560 8 1600.00 560 8 2000.00 700 8

Remaining (preferably zero) : 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0

Table A-26 Unextended FDD Data Rates/RF Channels:

BW/chip rate per RF channel (kHz): 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350

Frequency reuse factor (N): 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Minimum system bandwidth (kHz): 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200

S/I(dB): 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Noise figure G 290K(dB): 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Antenna temperature (K): 300 300 300 300 300 300 300Sys KT Inc.nf (DBM/Hz): -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9 -169.9Sys KT Inc.nf (MW/KHz) : 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14 1E-14

Implementation Loss (dB): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

I/(S.BW)(num): 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 2.9E-08 29E-08 2.9E-08 2.9E-08

M-element non-correlated format: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bit of each code dollar: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The frame difference rate required: 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02E-01-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0 Frame length calculated by E-02Kb/No (bits): 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Actual equivalent frame length (bits): 150 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Antenna diversity factor ： 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3

Diversity factor for multiple separations: 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1.33333 1.33333

  Required Eb/No (dB): 10.6404 10.6404 21.2716 21.2716 15.9373 15.9373 14.0081 14.0081

1/eb/nol (num): 0.04325 0.04325 0.00374 0.00374 0.01277 0.01992 0.01992s/i Schipida (DBM): 10084 100.84 -90.19-95.54-97.47.47. : -100.84 100.84 -90.21 -90.21 -95.54-954-97.47-97.47b/i The sensitivity loss introduced (DB): 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00S/i required (MW): 8.2E -1111) 8.2E-11 9.6E-10 9.6E-10 2.8E-10 2.8E-10 1.8E-10 1.8E-10

Maximum Simplex Data Speed (kbps): 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00

Maximum simplex symbol rate (kbps): 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350

Slices per symbol: 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Symbol duration (μs) : 2.857 2.857 2.8577 2.857 2.857 2.857 2.657 2.857

Slices per bit: 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Processing gain per bit (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-27 Unable to expand FDD into S/D S/(N+I) (DB): 13.64 13.64 24.27 24.27 18.94 18.94 17.01 17.01 Enter the S/N (DB) of A/D: 13.64 13.64 24.28 18.94 18.01 17.01最大双工数据速率(kbps)：    129.38      168.13     162.50     168.13      162.50     168.13       130.00           134.50导频信道开销(kbps)    ：      0.00        0.00       0.00       0.00        0.00       0.00         0.00             0.00承载信道双工速率(kbps)：    129.38      168.13      162.50     168.13     162.50     168.13       130.00 134.50 link asymmetry factor (dB): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table A-27 Unexpanded FDD

Talking channel/GOS calculation: Sound code rate (Kbps): 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Each sound code overhead rate (KBPS): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 data rate (KBPS (KBPS) ) : 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00

Number of RF Channels/Sectors : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Expanded System Bandwidth (MHz): 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20

Maximum number of voice channels supported: 16.4 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 20.0 20.0

Percentage of mobile phones in TSI/HO: 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 5.00% 25.00%

Erlang supported on 1#GOS: 7.77 14.11 14.11 14.11 14.11 14.11 10.53 10.53

Erland supported on 2#GOS: 8.60 15.32 15.32 15.32 15.32 15.32 11.53 11.53

Single Tandem Framing Delay (ms) : 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

Double tandem framing delay (ms) ： 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

Base station transmit duty cycle: 96.07% 96.07% 96.07% 96.07% 96.07% 96.07% 76.86% 76.86%

Mobile phone single time slot Tx duty cycle: 4.46% 4.46% 3.73% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.72% 3.71%

Capacity calculation:

(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (dBm)

Mobile peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8 300.00 300.00 24.8

Mobile phone average transmit power (mW): 13.39 13.39 11.3 11.14 11.14 10.5 11.14 11.14 10.5 11.14 11.14 10.5

Mobile phone antenna gain (dBd): 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Base station peak transmit power (mW): 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8 300.00 24.8

Base station average transmit power (mW): 288.21 24.6 288.21 24.6 288.21 24.6 230.57 23.6

Base Station Antenna Gain (dBd): 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

Number of geographic sectors (1 base station/sector): 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Sector loss due to antenna overlap: 5.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0%

Net partition capacity gain : 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55

Total number of RF channels in location: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1# GOS Erland processed in position: 19.80 35.98 35.98 35.98 35.98 35.98 26.84 26.84

2#GOS Erland processed in position: 21.93 39.06 39.06 39.06 39.06 39.06 29.41 29.41

Table A-28

These and other variations and modifications of the communication technology disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are considered to be within the scope and spirit of the invention and within the valid scope of the appended claims.

Claims (23)

1. A method for wireless communication, comprising the following steps: modulating the first signal at the subscriber station according to a spread spectrum technique; transmitting the first signal from the subscriber station to the base station during a first time interval; receiving said first signal at said base station during said first time interval; demodulating said first signal at said base station according to a spread spectrum technique used for subscriber station modulation; modulating a second signal at said base station according to a spread spectrum technique for subscriber station modulation; transmitting said second signal from said base station to said subscriber station during a second time interval, wherein said second signal includes a timing adjustment instruction; receiving said second signal at said subscriber station; and The second signal is demodulated at the subscriber station according to the spread spectrum technique used for subscriber station modulation. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of modulating the first signal comprises the step of modulating said first signal with a first code sequence, and the step of modulating said second signal comprises modulating said first signal with a second code sequence Two signal steps. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said first code sequence and said second code sequence comprise the same code sequence. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval each comprise a different time period of a time slot of a periodically repeating time frame. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subscriber station maintains a timing variable, the method further comprising the step of: adjusting said timing variable according to said timing adjustment command. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a distance from said base station to said first subscriber station based on the time at which said first signal was received. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the value of the timing adjustment command is based on the distance. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said step of determining a distance includes the step of determining a time at which said first signal was received relative to a fixed time. 9. A method for wireless communication, comprising the steps of: transmitting a first signal from the subscriber station to the base station during a first time interval on a first frequency band of the plurality of frequency bands; receiving said first signal at said base station; transmitting a second signal from the base station to the subscriber station during a second time interval on a second frequency band of the plurality of frequency bands, the second signal comprising timing adjustment instructions; receiving the second signal at the subscriber station; On said first frequency band, transmitting a third signal from said subscriber station to said base station during a third time interval, wherein the time at which transmission of said third signal starts within said third time interval is according to said timing adjusting the instruction to be different from the time at which transmission of the first signal was initiated within the first time interval; and The third signal is received at the base station. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said first signal comprises a spread spectrum signal. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of modulating said first signal according to a first code. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said subscriber station includes a timing parameter, and wherein said timing adjustment instruction instructs said subscriber station to vary said timing parameter. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein said subscriber station includes a timing parameter, and wherein said timing adjustment instruction instructs said subscriber station to adjust the value of said timing variable. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of determining a distance from said base station to said first subscriber station based on the time at which said first signal was received. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said timing adjustment instructions are based on said distance. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said step of determining a distance includes the step of determining a time at which said first signal was received relative to a fixed time. 17. A method for wireless communication, comprising the steps of: transmitting a first signal from the base station to the first subscriber station during a first time interval, the first signal comprising a spread spectrum signal; receiving the first signal at the first subscriber station; transmitting a second signal from the base station to a second subscriber station during a second time interval, the second signal comprising a narrowband signal; receiving the second signal at the second subscriber station; transmitting a third signal from said base station to said first subscriber station during a third time interval, said third signal comprising timing adjustment instructions; receiving said third signal at said first subscriber station; and A fourth signal is transmitted from said first subscriber station during a fourth time interval, the time of transmission of said fourth signal being varied in accordance with said timing adjustment instructions. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said subscriber station includes a timing parameter, and wherein said timing adjustment instruction instructs said subscriber station to vary said timing parameter. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said subscriber station includes a timing variable, and wherein said timing adjustment instruction instructs said subscriber station to adjust the value of said timing variable. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of determining a distance from said base station to said first subscriber station based on the time at which said first signal was received. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said timing adjustment instructions are based on said distance. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said step of determining a distance includes the step of determining said time at which said first signal was received relative to a fixed time. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein said spread spectrum signal comprises a signal modulated with a code.

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