CN119311435A - A method and system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, wherein the method obtains middleware configuration information of all related systems containing middleware types through a unified interface, analyzes the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzes the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information, dynamically loads and initializes the middleware configuration information according to the middleware types to obtain a message receiver which encapsulates middleware interaction logic, and receives messages through the message receiver to realize message transmission. Therefore, the invention provides a unified interface to the outside, ensures that a business logic layer does not need to care about the specific realization of the bottom message transmission, simplifies the system architecture and maintenance work, realizes the message transmission through a message receiver, does not need to construct an additional bridging mechanism, does not have complicated partition and processing, realizes seamless butt joint of various middleware, improves the stability and reliability of the system, enhances the flexibility and expansibility of the system and accelerates the development of the business.

Description

Multi-source message transmission method and system based on middleware

Technical Field

The present invention relates to the field of data processing technologies, and in particular, to a method and a system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware.

Background

In modern enterprise IT architecture, with the continuous expansion and complexity of business, the real-time transmission and processing of data becomes particularly important. Traditional monolithic systems have gradually been replaced by micro-service architecture, and efficient and reliable data exchange between micro-services relies on message middleware.

Enterprises using different message middleware usually construct additional bridging mechanisms when transmitting messages, however, in a high concurrency scenario, because of the need of frequently converting and adapting between different message protocols, designing complex strategies to distinguish and process different source messages, the additional bridging mechanisms may become bottlenecks of system performance, reducing stability and reliability of the system, and when middleware is updated or an enterprise system using new middleware is added, the new bridging mechanisms need to be reconstructed, thus limiting flexibility and expandability of the system and preventing rapid development of services.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the invention provides a multi-source message transmission method and a system based on middleware, which dynamically realize message transmission among different middleware, simplify development and reduce complexity, improve the stability and reliability of the system, enhance the flexibility and expansibility of the system and accelerate the development of business.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, including:

Acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

Dynamically loading and initializing standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, wherein middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, a message receiver corresponding to the association system is called to receive the message, so that the message transmission is realized.

The invention has the advantages that the middleware configuration information of all related systems is obtained through the unified interface, namely the unified interface is provided for the outside, the service logic layer is ensured to be unnecessary to care about the specific realization of the bottom message transmission, the system architecture and maintenance work are simplified, the middleware configuration information can be analyzed and is resolved into a unified data structure, the processing efficiency of the subsequent dynamic loading and initialization is improved, the message receiver which encapsulates the middleware interaction logic is obtained, the message is received through the message receiver, the message transmission is realized, namely, no additional bridging mechanism is needed to be constructed for each middleware, no complicated partition and processing are needed, the mode of analyzing the middleware configuration information to generate the message receiver is realized, the seamless butt joint of various middleware is simplified, the development is simplified, the stability and the reliability of the system are improved, the flexibility and the expansibility of the system are enhanced, and the service development is accelerated.

Optionally, the middleware configuration information further includes a connection address, the parsing the middleware configuration information according to a preset parsing rule and parsing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information includes:

Analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule, performing validity check in the analysis process, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity check is passed, performing connection test according to the connection address after the analysis is completed, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise, generating a connection failure prompt.

According to the description, not only is the validity checked in the analysis process carried out, but also the connection test is carried out after the analysis is completed, so that the accuracy and the stability of the obtained standardized middleware configuration information are ensured.

Optionally, the middleware configuration information further includes a port number, a user name and a password, the validity checking is performed in the resolving process, and if the validity checking is passed, resolving the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure includes:

Judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range or not, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirement or not, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

According to the description, the diversity of the validity check further ensures the validity and the accuracy of the standardized middleware configuration information.

Optionally, the performing the connection test after the parsing is completed includes:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

According to the above description, the diversity of the connection test improves the accuracy of the connection test result.

Optionally, the calling the message receiver corresponding to the association system to receive the message, and implementing message transmission includes:

Carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification pass;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.

According to the description, the integrity check and the validity check are performed on the message, namely, the external characteristics and the internal characteristics of the message are checked, and the message passing through the integrity check and the validity check is forwarded, so that the accuracy of message transmission is ensured.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, comprising:

The analysis module is used for acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

The dynamic generation module is used for dynamically loading and initializing standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, and middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

and the transmission module is used for calling a message receiver corresponding to the association system to receive the message when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, so that the message transmission is realized.

The invention has the advantages that the middleware configuration information of all related systems is obtained through the unified interface, namely the unified interface is provided for the outside, the service logic layer is ensured to be unnecessary to care about the specific realization of the bottom message transmission, the system architecture and maintenance work are simplified, the middleware configuration information can be analyzed and is resolved into a unified data structure, the processing efficiency of the subsequent dynamic loading and initialization is improved, the message receiver which encapsulates the middleware interaction logic is obtained, the message is received through the message receiver, the message transmission is realized, namely, no additional bridging mechanism is needed to be constructed for each middleware, no complicated partition and processing are needed, the mode of analyzing the middleware configuration information to generate the message receiver is realized, the seamless butt joint of various middleware is simplified, the development is simplified, the stability and the reliability of the system are improved, the flexibility and the expansibility of the system are enhanced, and the service development is accelerated.

Optionally, the middleware configuration information further includes a connection address, and the parsing module includes:

the verification module is used for analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule, carrying out validity verification in the analysis process, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity verification is passed, carrying out connection test according to the connection address after the analysis is completed, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise, generating a connection failure prompt.

According to the description, not only is the validity checked in the analysis process carried out, but also the connection test is carried out after the analysis is completed, so that the accuracy and the stability of the obtained standardized middleware configuration information are ensured.

Optionally, the middleware configuration information further includes a port number, a user name and a password, and the verification module specifically includes:

Judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range or not, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirement or not, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

According to the description, the diversity of the validity check further ensures the validity and the accuracy of the standardized middleware configuration information.

Optionally, the verification module specifically includes:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

According to the above description, the diversity of the connection test improves the accuracy of the connection test result.

Optionally, the transmission module specifically includes:

Carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification pass;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.

According to the description, the integrity check and the validity check are performed on the message, namely, the external characteristics and the internal characteristics of the message are checked, and the message passing through the integrity check and the validity check is forwarded, so that the accuracy of message transmission is ensured.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic overall flow diagram of a method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[ Reference numerals description ]

1. A system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware;

2. the system comprises an analysis module, a verification module and a verification module;

3. A dynamic generation module;

4. And a transmission module.

Detailed Description

In order that the above-described aspects may be better understood, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

Example 1

Referring to fig. 1 to 2, the present invention provides a method for detecting real-time data quality, comprising the steps of:

S1, acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, a unified interface is provided externally, and middleware configuration information including a middleware type of all associated systems is obtained through the unified interface, where the middleware configuration information includes, but is not limited to, a connection address, a configuration parameter, a message queue name, a port number, a user name and a password, so that the middleware configuration information is parsed according to a preset parsing rule and is parsed into a unified data structure, such as a JSOM data structure, an XML data structure, and the like, so as to obtain standardized middleware configuration information.

At this time, in step S1, the middleware configuration information further includes a connection address, and the parsing the middleware configuration information according to the preset parsing rule and parsing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, where obtaining standardized middleware configuration information includes:

S11, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule, carrying out validity check in the analysis process, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity check is passed, carrying out connection test according to the connection address after the analysis is completed, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise, generating a connection failure prompt.

At this time, in step S11, the middleware configuration information further includes a port number, a user name, and a password, the performing validity check in the parsing process, and if the validity check passes, parsing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure includes:

S111, judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirements, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, validity verification is performed during the process of resolving the middleware configuration information according to a preset resolving rule, whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is within a valid range, and whether the user name and the password meet security requirements is determined, if yes, the validity verification is passed, if no, an resolving failure prompt is generated, meanwhile, the middleware configuration information further includes configuration parameters, and when validity verification is performed, consistency verification is performed, and meanwhile, whether the middleware type is matched with the configuration parameters is determined, for example, whether the configuration parameters related to an AMQP protocol are required for the middleware type of rabkitmq, the configuration parameters related to a Broker list are required for the middleware type of Kafka, if the middleware type is matched with the configuration parameters, the consistency verification is passed, the middleware configuration information is resolved into a unified data structure, and if not, the resolving failure prompt is also generated.

At this time, the connection test described in step S11 and performed after the completion of the analysis includes:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, after the analysis is completed, connection test is performed, that is, a heartbeat message or a query request is sent to the middleware of the associated system corresponding to the connection address to establish a short connection for connection test, if the connection test is successful, standardized middleware configuration information is obtained, otherwise, if the connection test fails, a connection failure prompt is generated.

S2, dynamically loading and initializing standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, wherein middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, the standardized middleware configuration information is dynamically loaded and initialized according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, for example, the middleware type is a rabitmq, the standardized middleware configuration information is dynamically loaded and initialized according to the rabitmq to obtain a RabbitMQReceiver type, rabbitMQReceiver type is a message receiver of the middleware type is the rabitmq, the middleware type is an ActiveMQ, the standardized middleware configuration information is dynamically loaded and initialized according to the ActiveMQ to obtain a ACTIVEMQRECEIVER type, ACTIVEMQRECEIVER type is a message receiver of the middleware type is the ActiveMQ, that is, the standardized middleware configuration information is dynamically loaded and initialized according to the middleware type to obtain a method type corresponding to the middleware type, that is, a message receiver, in which middleware interaction logic is packaged, including but not limited to establishing a connection, monitoring a message queue, and processing a message.

And S3, when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, calling a message receiver corresponding to the association system to receive the message, and realizing message transmission.

At this time, the invoking the message receiver corresponding to the association system in step S3 receives the message, and implementing the message transmission includes:

S31, carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification are both passed;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.

In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, before the message receiver is invoked to forward the message, integrity verification and validity verification are performed on the message, where the integrity verification is mainly performed on external features of the message, if the message complies with a preset structure model, complies with a preset type, includes a preset field, and complies with a preset field length, and the validity verification is mainly performed on internal features of the message, if the field value of the message is within a valid value range, if the message receiver has a receiving authority and the message sender has a sending authority, so that the message passing both the integrity verification and the validity verification is forwarded, thereby realizing message transmission.

Example two

Referring to fig. 3, the invention provides a system 1 for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, which comprises an analysis module 2, a verification module 21, a dynamic generation module 3 and a transmission module 4.

The analysis module 2 is used for acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

the dynamic generation module 3 is used for dynamically loading and initializing the standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, and middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

And the transmission module 4 is used for calling a message receiver corresponding to the association system to receive the message when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, so as to realize message transmission.

Specifically, the middleware configuration information further includes a connection address, and the parsing module includes:

The verification module 21 is configured to parse the middleware configuration information according to a preset parsing rule, perform validity verification in the parsing process, parse the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity verification is passed, perform a connection test according to the connection address after the parsing is completed, and obtain standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise generate a connection failure prompt.

Specifically, the middleware configuration information further includes configuration parameters, a message queue name, a port number, a user name and a password, and the verification module 21 specifically includes:

Judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range or not, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirement or not, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

Specifically, the verification module 21 specifically includes:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

Specifically, the transmission module 4 specifically includes:

Carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification pass;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.

Since the system/device described in the foregoing embodiments of the present invention is a system/device used for implementing the method of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will be able to understand the specific structure and modification of the system/device based on the method of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention, and thus will not be described in detail herein. All systems/devices used in the methods of the above embodiments of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.

The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions.

It should be noted that in the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the claims enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The use of the terms first, second, third, etc. are for convenience of description only and do not denote any order. These terms may be understood as part of the component name.

Furthermore, it should be noted that in the description of the present specification, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., refer to a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example being included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples may be combined and combined by those skilled in the art without contradiction.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art upon learning the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, the appended claims should be construed to include preferred embodiments and all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention should also include such modifications and variations provided that they come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims (10)

1. A method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, comprising:

Acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

Dynamically loading and initializing standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, wherein middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, a message receiver corresponding to the association system is called to receive the message, so that the message transmission is realized.

2. The method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 1, wherein the middleware configuration information further includes a connection address, the parsing the middleware configuration information according to a preset parsing rule and parsing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information includes:

Analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule, performing validity check in the analysis process, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity check is passed, performing connection test according to the connection address after the analysis is completed, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise, generating a connection failure prompt.

3. The method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 2, wherein the middleware configuration information further comprises a port number, a user name and a password, the validity check is performed in the parsing process, and if the validity check is passed, the parsing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure comprises:

Judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range or not, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirement or not, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

4. The method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 2, wherein the connection test after the parsing is completed comprises:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

5. The method for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 1, wherein said invoking a message receiver corresponding to said associated system to receive a message, implementing message transmission comprises:

Carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification pass;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.

6. A system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware, comprising:

The analysis module is used for acquiring middleware configuration information of all associated systems including middleware types through a unified interface, analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule and analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure to obtain standardized middleware configuration information;

The dynamic generation module is used for dynamically loading and initializing standardized middleware configuration information according to the middleware type to obtain a corresponding message receiver, and middleware interaction logic is packaged in the message receiver;

and the transmission module is used for calling a message receiver corresponding to the association system to receive the message when the association system is monitored to transmit the message, so that the message transmission is realized.

7. The system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware of claim 6, wherein the middleware configuration information further comprises a connection address, and the parsing module comprises:

the verification module is used for analyzing the middleware configuration information according to a preset analysis rule, carrying out validity verification in the analysis process, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure if the validity verification is passed, carrying out connection test according to the connection address after the analysis is completed, and obtaining standardized middleware configuration information if the connection test is successful, otherwise, generating a connection failure prompt.

8. The system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 7, wherein the middleware configuration information further comprises a port number, a user name and a password, and the verification module is specifically:

Judging whether the format of the connection address is correct, whether the port number is in the effective range or not, and whether the user name and the password meet the safety requirement or not, if so, passing the validity check, analyzing the middleware configuration information into a unified data structure, and if not, generating an analysis failure prompt.

9. The system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 7, wherein the verification module is specifically:

And after the analysis is completed, performing connection test by sending heartbeat messages or inquiry requests to the connection address.

10. The system for multi-source message transmission based on middleware according to claim 6, wherein the transmission module is specifically:

Carrying out integrity verification and validity verification on the message, and forwarding the message to realize message transmission if the integrity verification and the validity verification pass;

wherein the integrity check comprises:

Judging whether the message conforms to a preset structure model, conforms to a preset type, contains a preset field and conforms to the length of the preset field, if so, the integrity check is passed;

wherein the validation comprises:

Judging whether the field value of the message is in the range of the effective value, whether the message receiver has receiving authority and whether the message sender has sending authority, if so, the effectiveness verification is passed.