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CN1190771A - Advertising devices for railways and other vehicles - Google Patents

Advertising devices for railways and other vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1190771A
CN1190771A CN98100115A CN98100115A CN1190771A CN 1190771 A CN1190771 A CN 1190771A CN 98100115 A CN98100115 A CN 98100115A CN 98100115 A CN98100115 A CN 98100115A CN 1190771 A CN1190771 A CN 1190771A
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billboards
advertising device
light
window
screen
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费尔南多·赫克托·凯莱伽里斯
马科斯·霍尔
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Metroview International SA
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09FDISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F19/00Advertising or display means not otherwise provided for
    • G09F19/22Advertising or display means on roads, walls or similar surfaces, e.g. illuminated

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
  • Displays For Variable Information Using Movable Means (AREA)
  • Vehicle Waterproofing, Decoration, And Sanitation Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于铁路和其他有轨车辆轨道两侧的广告装置,从旅客车厢的窗户中能清楚地看到这种带有信息或广告的广告牌,这种广告装置包括:1)至少一组排列成与铁路轨道平行的广告牌;2)每块广告牌有一块与旅客车厢的窗户对准的屏幕;3)广告做在发光面积上,并且分在一组广告牌上,各广告牌上只有一种信息,与这一组广告牌中的其他广告牌上的信息互补,多火车上能清楚地看到这一组广告牌。

Figure 98100115

An advertising device used on both sides of the tracks of railways and other rail vehicles. The billboards with information or advertisements can be clearly seen from the windows of passenger cars. The advertising device includes: 1) at least one set Billboards arranged parallel to the railway tracks; 2) Each billboard has a screen aligned with the window of the passenger car; 3) Advertisements are made on the luminous area and divided into a group of billboards, each billboard There is only one message, complementary to the information on the other billboards in this set, which is clearly visible on multiple trains.

Figure 98100115

Description

铁路和其他车辆用的广告装置Advertising devices for railways and other vehicles

本发明涉及一种铁路和其他车辆,包括那些使用橡皮轮子,轮胎或由磁力装置支承的车辆,或者气垫车辆用的广告装置。本发明的目的是提供一种极有吸引力的广告或信息的顺序显示装置,而不必借助于巨大的或者结构复杂的设备。This invention relates to an advertising device for railway and other vehicles, including those using rubber wheels, tires or supported by magnetic means, or air cushion vehicles. It is an object of the present invention to provide an attractive sequential display of advertisements or information without having to resort to large or complex equipment.

每天都有大量的人坐火车在铁路或地铁上旅行。所以,向这些每天都坐同一种地铁车辆或火车的人发动广告攻势是最方便的。一般都使用普通的广告装置,诸如墙壁上或者广告牌上的广告画(或者有普通的照明,或者没有)来吸引这些人。Every day a large number of people travel by train on railways or subways. Therefore, it is most convenient to launch an advertising campaign to those who ride the same subway car or train every day. Common advertising devices are generally used, such as posters on walls or billboards (either with or without normal lighting) to attract these people.

常常因为在马路或大街上没有足够的可利用的空间而使用广告牌,因为按照正在实行的城市管理条例,以及为了尊重房产和建筑物的所有者的权利,只有一部分广告牌可以设置在空出来的地段的路边,或者篱笆或墙壁上。相反,在铁路轨道周围的场地又宽又大,可以设置许多其他装置。Billboards are often used because there is not enough space available on the road or avenue, because only a part of the billboards can be placed in the vacant areas according to the city regulations in force, and in order to respect the rights of the owners of properties and buildings. the curb of the lot, or on a fence or wall. On the contrary, the field around the railway track is wide and large, and many other installations can be set up.

已经竖立起来的广告牌和广告画都有一个固定在底面或地板上的支架,支架上有一块板,板上画有广告画,或者直接把信息画在上面。Billboards and posters that have been erected have a bracket fixed to the bottom surface or floor, and the bracket has a board on which the poster is drawn or the message is directly drawn on it.

其他可以利用的设施有:公共汽车站牌,电话簿,路灯柱子,甚至路名牌。Other facilities that can be used are: bus stop signs, telephone books, lampposts, and even street name signs.

由于这种装置的广泛使用,广告牌做得越来越大,以便更多地吸引过路者的注意。但,问题是这种广告牌要用很大的金属构架,带有安装工作台和强大的光源,用以照明整个广告牌或广告画。Due to the widespread use of such devices, billboards have been made larger and larger to attract more attention from passers-by. However, the problem is that this kind of billboard will use a large metal frame with a mounting table and a powerful light source to illuminate the entire billboard or poster.

当然,这种广告牌的制造和装配的费用都是很昂贵的。Of course, such billboards are expensive to manufacture and assemble.

为此,提供了本发明的广告装置,这种广告装置是专门设计的,所以能从通过的火车的窗口看到它,并且还有顺序看到的效果。每一块广告牌上包含一个信息,而这许多广告牌上的全部信息都出自一个总的广告信息。To this end, the advertising device of the present invention is provided, which is specially designed so that it can be seen from the window of a passing train, and also has the effect of being seen sequentially. Each billboard contains a message, and all the information on these many billboards comes from a general advertising message.

事实上,本发明是一组组合的广告牌,广告牌的尺寸和形状与火车窗户的尺寸和形状成比例,在离开轨道一定的距离上排成互相平行的一列。如上所述,在上述每一块广告牌上还设有一个照明的空间,上面显示了这一组广告牌中的其余广告牌上的全部信息。In fact, the present invention is a group of composite billboards, the size and shape of which are proportional to the size and shape of the train windows, arranged in a row parallel to each other at a certain distance from the track. As mentioned above, there is also an illuminated space on each of the above-mentioned billboards, which shows all the information on the remaining billboards in the group of billboards.

当广告牌上的照明部分与窗户对准时,即使火车正在行驶,也能够看到广告牌上的信息和情报。When the illuminated part of the billboard is aligned with the window, the information and intelligence on the billboard can be seen even when the train is moving.

如果这些广告牌没有设置在正确的距离上,那么信息就会经常被忽略掉。如果广告牌离开火车太近,看的人就会看不到整组广告牌。如果广告牌太小,或者设计得不正确,或者放得太远,就会看不到它们。此外,因为火车是以一定的速度行驶的,所以广告牌必须设置在较远的距离上,这样,乘客才能看到广告上的信息。上述距离并不是总是能够实现的,特别是在地铁站台上。If these billboards are not set at the correct distance, the message will often be missed. If the billboards are too close to the train, the viewer will not be able to see the entire group of billboards. If the billboards are too small, or not designed correctly, or placed too far away, they will not be seen. In addition, because the train travels at a certain speed, the billboards must be placed at a relatively long distance so that passengers can see the information on the advertisement. The distances mentioned above are not always possible, especially on subway platforms.

以上所描述的新的广告装置是解决以上所有问题的解决方案。它是建立在仔细研究的基础上的,该方案不但确定了上述广告装置与火车之间的正确距离,并且还能确定一组特定的广告牌的形状和结构。The new advertising device described above is a solution to all the above problems. It was based on careful research, and the scheme not only determined the correct distance between the above-mentioned advertising device and the train, but also determined the shape and structure of a specific set of billboards.

广告装置与看客所在的窗户的正确尺寸比例是根据一块十分吸引人的发光面积来设定的;在这种情况下,一个广告分开做在同一组广告牌的不同广告牌上,所以,看客是在火车驶过同一组的所有不同的广告牌的前面时看到全部广告的。即,在不同的广告牌上出现的信息是互补的,并且看客是当火车驶过这些广告牌的前面时,按照先后次序看到的。这样,这些信息或广告就能够有效地被人们所看到;这样的成组广告牌甚至比巨大的广告牌更加有效,而且也不象那些庞大的结构件那样昂贵。而且,它还能设置在火车站的通道断面积窄小的地方。The correct size ratio of the advertising device to the window where the spectator is located is based on a very attractive luminous area; in this case, an advertisement is made separately on different billboards of the same group of billboards, so the spectator is See all of the ads as the train passes in front of all the different billboards of the same set. That is, the information appearing on the different billboards is complementary, and the spectators see them in sequence as the train passes in front of these billboards. Like this, these information or advertisement just can be effectively seen by people; Such groups of billboards are even more effective than huge billboards, and are not as expensive as those bulky structural members. Moreover, it can also be arranged in places where the channel cross-sectional area of the railway station is narrow.

为了更好地了解本发明,下面,参照附图详细描述本发明的优选实施例。附图中:In order to better understand the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the attached picture:

图1是对于上面提到的铁路车辆来说本发明的广告装置的总体布置的立体图;Figure 1 is a perspective view of the general arrangement of the advertising device of the present invention for the above-mentioned railway vehicle;

图2是本发明的广告装置的正视图,其中表示了屏幕上的发光面积,并且在图的上部表示了一辆火车的两扇窗户;Fig. 2 is the front view of advertising device of the present invention, wherein represented the luminous area on the screen, and represented two windows of a train in the upper part of figure;

图3是在地铁轨道的两侧附近,按照本发明排列的两行广告牌的示意平面图;Fig. 3 is a schematic plan view of two rows of billboards arranged according to the present invention near both sides of the subway track;

图4是本发明的作为图3的替代方式的另一个示意平面图,其中表示了大致与两侧的地铁车辆的窗户对准的广告牌。Fig. 4 is another schematic plan view of the present invention as an alternative to Fig. 3, showing billboards generally aligned with the windows of subway cars on either side.

在不同的附图中,同样的标号表示相同或相应的部分,并用字母表示一些构件。In different drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same or corresponding parts, and letters denote some components.

用于铁路和其他有轨车辆的广告装置是专门设计的,所以能够从在轨道(20)上行驶的旅客车厢(火车或地铁列车)的窗户(V)中清楚地看到,它具有带有情报、信息或广告的,设立在铁路轨道(20)侧面的广告牌(a),其特征在于,它还包括:The advertising device for railways and other rail vehicles is specially designed so that it can be clearly seen from the window (V) of a passenger carriage (train or subway train) traveling on the track (20), it has a The billboard (a) set up on the side of the railway track (20) for intelligence, information or advertisement is characterized in that it also includes:

1)至少一组排列成与铁路轨道(20)平行的广告牌(a),这些广告牌离开铁路轨道的最小距离为0.30米,最大距离为13米;1) at least one group of billboards (a) arranged parallel to the railway track (20), the minimum distance of these billboards from the railway track is 0.30 meters, and the maximum distance is 13 meters;

2)每一块广告牌具有至少一块屏幕(1),该屏幕有一块与旅客车厢(f)的窗户(V)对准的发光面积(2),并且,其形状和尺寸(d1)-(d2)与上述窗户(V)成比例;2) Each billboard has at least one screen (1) with a light-emitting area (2) aligned with the window (V) of the passenger compartment (f), and its shape and size (d1)-(d2 ) is proportional to the above window (V);

3)广告做在上述发光面积(2)上,并且分开在成为一组的许多广告牌(a)上,所以上述各广告牌(a)上的发光面积(2)上只有一个信息(3),该信息与这一组广告牌中的其他广告牌(a)上的发光信息/广告互补,当火车靠近这一组广告牌沿着轨道行使时,能清楚地看到这一组广告牌。3) Advertisements are made on the above-mentioned luminous area (2), and are separated on many billboards (a) that form a group, so there is only one message (3) on the luminous area (2) on each of the above-mentioned billboards (a) , the information is complementary to the luminous information/advertisements on other billboards (a) in the group of billboards, and this group of billboards can be clearly seen when the train approaches the group of billboards along the track.

如上所述,本发明是一种用于铁路和其他类似车辆的,位于铁路轨道(20)两侧的广告装置,这种广告牌是专门设计的,所以当车辆(f)(火车或地铁车辆)行驶时,能够从窗户中看到广告。As mentioned above, the present invention is an advertising device for railways and other similar vehicles, located on both sides of railway tracks (20), this billboard is specially designed so that when vehicle (f) (train or subway vehicle ) while driving, the advertisement can be seen from the window.

一般的说,本发明涉及一组组合的广告牌(a),其形状和尺寸与旅客车厢(f)的窗户(V)成比例,并且在离开上述轨道(20)一定的距离上排成平行的一列,在每一块广告牌(a)上都有一个显示广告(3)的发光部分(2),每一个发光部分上的广告都与这一组广告牌中的其他广告牌(a)上的广告(3)互补。In general terms, the invention relates to a group of combined billboards (a) of shape and size proportional to the windows (V) of passenger compartments (f) and arranged in parallel at a certain distance from said track (20) , on each billboard (a) there is a luminous portion (2) displaying an advertisement (3), and the advertisement on each luminous portion is identical to that on the other billboards (a) in the set of billboards (a) Advertisement (3) is complementary.

广告牌(a)设置成互相隔开距离,所以旅客能依次看到各广告牌上的广告。本发明的上述实施例的各广告牌(a)之间的最佳距离大致为70米。然而上述距离也可以长些或者短些。The billboards (a) are set at a distance from each other, so passengers can see the advertisements on the billboards in sequence. The optimal distance between the billboards (a) in the above embodiment of the present invention is approximately 70 meters. However, the distances mentioned above can also be longer or shorter.

更具体的说,上述广告装置是一组广告牌(a),这组广告牌排成与轨道(20)平行的一列,并且设计成即使当火车行驶时也能通过火车车厢(f)的窗户(V)看到这些广告牌。More specifically, said advertising device is a set of billboards (a) arranged in a row parallel to the track (20) and designed to pass through the windows of the train carriage (f) even when the train is moving (V) See these billboards.

可以把10块或者更多的广告牌(a)组成一组,它们离开铁路轨道(20)的最小距离为0.3米,最大距离为13米。Ten or more billboards (a) can be formed into a group, and the minimum distance between them and the railway track (20) is 0.3 meters, and the maximum distance is 13 meters.

每一块广告牌(a)都有一个支架或底座(5),借助于该底座,可以把广告牌安装在地板、墙壁之类的表面上,尤其是在地铁(f)内。在上述支架(5)上有一块屏幕(1),屏幕上有一块发光面积(2),在发光面积的边缘上有一圈防止周围的光线直射在上述发光面积(2)上的遮光罩(4)。Each billboard (a) has a support or base (5) by means of which it is possible to mount the billboard on a floor, wall or the like surface, especially in a subway (f). A screen (1) is arranged on the above-mentioned bracket (5), and a luminous area (2) is arranged on the screen, and there is a light shield (4) on the edge of the luminous area to prevent surrounding light from directly shining on the above-mentioned luminous area (2). ).

上述发光面积(2)与火车(f)的窗户(V)对准,并且其尺寸和形状与上述窗户(V)成比例。因为每一块发光面积(2)都是长方形的,所以成比例是可能的;它的高度(d1)等于窗户(V)的高度,而其长度(d2)不超过窗户长度的两倍。The above-mentioned light-emitting area (2) is aligned with the window (V) of the train (f) and its size and shape are proportional to the above-mentioned window (V). Scaling is possible because each luminous area (2) is rectangular; its height (d1) is equal to the height of the window (V), and its length (d2) does not exceed twice the length of the window.

屏幕(1)的发光面积(2)具有与电源或者电池或者本身的电网连接的发光装置。The light-emitting area (2) of the screen (1) has light-emitting means connected to a power source or a battery or the own mains.

如果广告牌装在地铁内,则根据周围的环境,可以不要遮光罩(4),并且其光照的强度应与周围的环境相适应。If the billboard is contained in the subway, then according to the surrounding environment, the shading cover (4) may not be needed, and the intensity of its light should adapt to the surrounding environment.

在本发明的另一个实施例中,上述发光面积(2)具有反射表面,用以反射从火车(f)的窗户(V)射过来的光线。In another embodiment of the present invention, the above-mentioned light-emitting area (2) has a reflective surface for reflecting the light coming from the window (V) of the train (f).

在这些发光面积(2)中包括了分开在组成一组的这许多广告牌(a)中的广告,所以,在一块广告牌(a)上的广告(3)是与其他广告牌(a)上的广告互补的;上述这些广告(3)按次序布置在火车(f)沿着位置靠近广告牌(a)的铁路轨道(20)行驶的方向上。In these light-emitting areas (2), the advertisements that are separated in these many billboards (a) that form a group are included, so the advertisement (3) on a billboard (a) is the same as other billboards (a) These advertisements (3) are arranged in sequence in the direction in which the train (f) travels along the railway track (20) positioned close to the billboard (a).

如果广告牌的位置靠近火车,就按照图1和图2所示的那样布置,距离得远一些;如果上述广告牌设置在地铁内,则把它们设置在靠近一侧(图3)或两侧(图4)窗户附近,形成直线。If the position of the billboard is close to the train, it is arranged as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, and the distance is farther away; if the above-mentioned billboards are set in the subway, they are arranged near one side (Figure 3) or both sides (Picture 4) Near the window, form a straight line.

成组的广告牌(a)按照上面所说的距离排成一条与铁路轨道(2)平行的直线,面对驶过铁路轨道(20)的任何旅客车厢的窗户(V)。Groups of billboards (a) are arranged in a straight line parallel to the railway track (2) according to the distances mentioned above, facing the windows (V) of any passenger carriages passing the railway track (20).

由于这些窗户(V)和广告牌的发光面积(2)是准确对准的,所以即使火车(f)在行驶,也能够清楚地看到。此外,由于这些广告或信息是分在一组广告牌的许多广告牌(a)上的,所以一当看到全部广告牌(a)时,就能看到上面的全部信息。Since these windows (V) and the luminous area (2) of the billboard are precisely aligned, it can be clearly seen even if the train (f) is moving. In addition, since these advertisements or information are divided into many billboards (a) of a group of billboards, all the above information can be seen once all the billboards (a) are seen.

因此,在同一组中的每一块广告牌(a)上的广告(3)都是互补的;而这些广告牌(a)是按照这样的方式布置的,即,沿着火车(f)行驶的方向能依次看到这些广告牌(3)。此外,上述这些广告牌可以根据所要传递的信息互相隔开不同的距离。Therefore, the advertisements (3) on each billboard (a) in the same group are complementary; and these billboards (a) are arranged in such a way that, along the train (f) Directions can see these billboards (3) in turn. In addition, the above-mentioned billboards can be separated from each other by different distances according to the information to be conveyed.

虽然以上只描述了本发明的某些优选实施例,但,很明显,在不脱离权利要求书中的主要原理的前提下,可以对其作出各种替换和改进。Although some preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is obvious that various substitutions and improvements can be made thereto without departing from the main principles of the claims.

Claims (8)

1.一种铁路和其他有轨车辆用的广告装置,它设计成这样,即,通过驶过的火车或地铁列车的窗户能够看见该广告装置,并且,它布置在铁路轨道的两侧,具有若干块带有信息或广告的广告牌,其特征在于:1. An advertising device for railways and other rail vehicles, which is designed such that the advertising device can be seen through the window of a passing train or subway train, and it is arranged on both sides of the railway track, having Billboards with information or advertisements, characterized by: 1)至少一组排列成与铁路轨道平行的广告牌,这些广告牌离开铁路轨道的最小距离为0.30米,最大距离为13米;1) At least one group of billboards arranged parallel to the railway track, the minimum distance of these billboards from the railway track is 0.30 meters, and the maximum distance is 13 meters; 2)每一块广告牌具有至少一块屏幕,该屏幕有一块与旅客车厢的窗户对准的发光面积,并且,其形状和尺寸与上述窗户成比例;2) each billboard has at least one screen having a light-emitting area aligned with a passenger compartment window and having a shape and size proportional to said window; 3)广告做在上述发光面积上,并且分开在成为一组的许多广告牌上,所以上述各广告牌上的发光面积上只有一个信息,该信息与这一组广告牌中的其他广告牌上的发光信息/广告互补,当火车靠近这一组广告牌沿着轨道行使时,能清楚地看到这一组广告牌。3) Advertisements are made on the above-mentioned luminous area, and are separated on many billboards that form a group, so there is only one message on the luminous area on the above-mentioned billboards, and this information is different from that on other billboards in this group of billboards. The luminous information/advertising complement each other, and the group of billboards can be clearly seen when the train approaches the group along the track. 2.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,各广告牌上的发光面积是长方形的,其高度等于有轨车辆窗户的高度,其长度不超过车辆上两块窗户的长度。2. The advertising device according to claim 1, wherein the luminous area on each billboard is rectangular, its height equals the height of the rail vehicle window, and its length does not exceed the length of two windows on the vehicle. 3.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,每一块屏幕的边缘上有为发光面积遮挡周围光线用的遮光罩。3. The advertising device according to claim 1, characterized in that there is a shading cover on the edge of each screen for the light-emitting area to block the surrounding light. 4.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,上述屏幕上的发光面积是反射从上述窗户射过来的光线的表面。4. The advertising device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting area on the screen is a surface that reflects light emitted from the window. 5.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,上述屏幕上的发光面积与一个电源连接。5. The advertising device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting area on the above-mentioned screen is connected to a power source. 6.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,上述屏幕上的发光面积与电网连接。6. The advertising device according to claim 1, characterized in that the light-emitting area on the screen is connected to the power grid. 7.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,上述屏幕上的发光面积与电池连接。7. The advertising device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting area on the screen is connected to a battery. 8.如权利要求1所述的广告装置,其特征在于,每一组广告牌包括至少10块广告牌。8. The advertising device of claim 1, wherein each set of billboards includes at least 10 billboards.
CN98100115A 1997-02-14 1998-01-08 Advertising devices for railways and other vehicles Pending CN1190771A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ARP970100609 1997-02-14
ARP970100609A AR005837A1 (en) 1997-02-14 1997-02-14 ADVERTISING MEDIA FOR RAILWAY FACILITIES AND OTHER RUNNING VEHICLES.

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CN1190771A true CN1190771A (en) 1998-08-19

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AR (1) AR005837A1 (en)
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CA (1) CA2226529A1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ37198A3 (en)
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1323378C (en) * 2005-06-14 2007-06-27 北京金日新事业技术有限公司 Tunnel advertisement device
CN104299539A (en) * 2014-07-24 2015-01-21 刘东升 Advertising board device and advertising communication method

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000221920A (en) * 1999-02-01 2000-08-11 Masaomi Yamamoto Continuous motion video display
RU2625732C2 (en) * 2015-06-18 2017-07-18 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "НавиРобот" Management method of interactive bulletin board system
DE102019118849A1 (en) 2019-07-11 2021-01-14 Bombardier Transportation Gmbh Vehicle, in particular rail vehicle, with a device for generating images, animations for external viewers

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SE7404130L (en) * 1973-03-30 1974-10-01
FR2571529A1 (en) * 1984-05-16 1986-04-11 Herlin Regis METHOD FOR ANIMATING IMAGES AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1323378C (en) * 2005-06-14 2007-06-27 北京金日新事业技术有限公司 Tunnel advertisement device
CN104299539A (en) * 2014-07-24 2015-01-21 刘东升 Advertising board device and advertising communication method

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NO980088L (en) 1998-08-17
BR9704922A (en) 2000-12-19
EP0859352A2 (en) 1998-08-19
HU9800309D0 (en) 1998-04-28
JPH10312171A (en) 1998-11-24
HUP9800309A3 (en) 1999-12-28
CZ37198A3 (en) 1998-12-16
SG74612A1 (en) 2000-08-22
RU98103028A (en) 1999-12-27
AR005837A1 (en) 1999-07-14
EP0859352A3 (en) 1998-11-18
NO980088D0 (en) 1998-01-09
PL324305A1 (en) 1998-08-17
HUP9800309A2 (en) 1998-10-28
CA2226529A1 (en) 1998-08-14

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