CN119032814A - High-yield cultivation method for potatoes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-yield potato cultivation method which comprises the following steps of taking potato seeds out of a cellar 15 days before sowing, accelerating germination at 8-18 ℃ under the scattering condition, turning the potato seeds once for 3-5 days during the accelerating germination period to enable the potato seeds to be uniformly subjected to light, sprouting and sowing after 2 weeks, cutting the potato seeds into potato blocks with the size of 40-50 g and with 2-3 bud eyes on the potato blocks, putting fertilizer after finishing the land, stabilizing the average ground temperature of a10 cm soil layer at 6-8 ℃ and starting sowing, carrying out integrated drip irrigation for 4-5 times at the sowing depth of 8-12 cm and the sowing amount of 300-320 kg/mu, carrying out pre-seedling weed control after sowing for 7-10 days, carrying out soil-spreading capillary by combining with intertillage weeding after the seedling alignment, carrying out topdressing for 10-15 kg/mu, treating early and late blight of potato, strengthening field management, and improving the yield of 4500-6000 kg potato, wherein the yield is improved, and the quality of the potato is improved.

Description

High-yield cultivation method for potatoes

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of potato planting, in particular to a high-yield potato cultivation method.

Background

The potato protein has high nutritive value, the quality of the potato protein is equal to that of eggs, and the potato protein is easy to digest and absorb and is superior to that of other crops. The potato has short growth period, strong adaptability, high unit yield, rich tuber nutrition and wide application, and is the fourth large grain crop which is second only to rice, wheat and corn in the world.

The traditional potato cultivation method comprises deep soil turning before sowing, leveling, applying a base fertilizer, ditching, ridging, digging holes, sowing the potatoes, covering soil, covering seeds, performing 2-3 times of intertillage ridging for improving the growth of the potatoes and the potato forming environment in the growth process, and digging the soil one by one when harvesting. The cultivation method has the defects that potatoes grow in soil, tubers are extruded by soil when the tubers expand, the tuber expansion is not facilitated, the resistance is larger under the condition of non-sandy loam, the potato growth is smaller, the large and medium potato rate is low, the cultivation method is complex in operation, high in labor intensity and labor-consuming.

However, during the actual planting process, there are still some defects that result in low yield, mainly including:

the variety is inappropriately selected, and the high-yield and high-quality variety is not selected according to the local climate and soil conditions.

The fertilizer is unreasonable, the stem and leaf overgrowth caused by the partial application of the nitrogen fertilizer affects the expansion of potato blocks, and the insufficient application of the organic fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer affects the quality and the yield of potatoes.

The plant diseases and insect pests are not in place, and the diseases such as late blight, virus diseases and the like, and the insect pests such as aphids, cutworms and the like cannot be prevented and controlled in time, so that the yield is reduced.

The planting density is unreasonable, and the growth and the yield of the potatoes can be influenced by the too large or the too small planting density.

Poor soil management, soil hardening, poor air permeability, low organic matter content and the like, which influence the root system development and the potato block expansion of the potatoes.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a high-yield potato cultivation method for solving the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme that the high-yield potato cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step one, seed potatoes are taken out of a cellar 15 days before sowing, sprouting is carried out at 8-18 ℃ under the astigmatic condition, the seed potatoes are turned once in 3-5 days during the sprouting period to be uniformly light-receiving, and sprouting and sowing are carried out after 2 weeks;

step two, seed cutting is carried out 2-3 days before sowing, seed potatoes are cut into potato blocks with the size of 40-50 g, and 2-3 bud eyes are arranged on the potato blocks;

step three, after the land is finished, applying a base fertilizer and a base fertilizer, and applying full-layer fertilizer before autumn ploughing, wherein the fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 2.5:1:5, the total amount of applied fertilizers per mu is 70 kg, and the fertilizer is applied by a seeder;

fourthly, sowing is started when the average ground temperature of the soil layer with the thickness of 10 cm is stabilized at 6-8 ℃, the sowing depth is 8-12 cm, fine seeds are sown by adopting ridges, the row spacing of the mechanical ridges is 90cm, the plant spacing is 10-12cm, and the sowing amount is 300-320 kg/mu;

step five, water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation is carried out for 4 to 5 times in the whole growth period of the potato seeds, and pre-emergence weed control is carried out 7 to 10 days after sowing;

Step six, after the seedlings of the potatoes are aligned, combined with intertillage weeding to perform hilling and capillary spreading, and topdressing by 10-15 kg/mu;

Step eight, treating potato early blight, potato late blight and plant diseases and insect pests;

and step nine, harvesting the potatoes after the potatoes grow, avoiding freeze injury, and airing the potato seeds after harvesting for 1-3 hours.

In the second step, after the potato is cut into pieces, fludioxonil and sedaxane are selected for coating the potato, or thiophanate-methyl and kasugamycin are selected for seed dressing, and after the potato is cut into pieces, the cut pieces are healed, and then sown after 1-2 days.

In the fifth step, 7-10 days after sowing, water is added into 41% of glyphosate per mu for spraying to prevent and treat weeds before seedling, 80 g of Tecla broadleaf double-removing herbicide or sulfone is used in the seedling stage, and 80-90 g of quinclorac per mu of Tecla broadleaf double-removing herbicide is used.

Further, in the step six, 45 g/mu of 25% paclobutrazol is sprayed for 1-2 times based on the growth vigor of the potatoes in the bud and flowering period of the potatoes.

In the eighth step, the protective bactericide is sprayed for 2-3 times for preventing and treating early blight and late blight, and mancozeb, fluazinam, cyazofamid and bacillus subtilis are selected for full Tian Penwu;

Spreading the soil by phoxim mixed with the soil before the soil emergence of the soil insects, or spraying and controlling the soil emergence by deltamethrin or spraying the leaf surfaces of the deltamethrin.

Further, preventing and treating scab, soaking seed potato in 40% formalin 200 times solution for 2 hr, soaking seed potato, and cutting into blocks;

the initial stage of scab disease is controlled by one of agricultural streptomycin, hydrated mycin and thiabendazole.

Further, preventing and controlling black shank, sterilizing a potato seed cutter by boiling water or immersing the potato seed cutter in 5% carbolic acid liquid, immersing the potato seed in less than 0.2% kasugamycin, potassium permanganate solution and trichloroisocyanuric acid for 20-30 minutes, taking out and airing for sowing;

The early stage of blackleg disease is controlled by one of agricultural streptomycin, water-phase mycin and thiabendazole.

Further, the prevention and treatment of the wilt is realized by using 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1000 times of 50% trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets to dip seed potatoes;

the early stage of the disease is controlled by one of hymexazol, carboxin and acrylic acid hymexazol methyl cream.

Furthermore, one of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole and trichloroisocyanuric acid is adopted for preventing and controlling in the early stage of anthracnose;

Prevention of viral disease, seed potato treatment at 35 ℃ for 56 days or 36 ℃ for 39 days;

The early stage of viral disease is controlled by one of Ningnanmycin, moroxydine copper acetate, trichloroisocyanuric acid, lentinan aqua and moroxydine hydrochloride.

Further, preventing ring rot, placing the potato seeds in a room, stacking for 5-6 days, airing the potato seeds, or soaking the potato seeds in 50mg/kg copper sulfate diluent for 10 minutes, or soaking the potato seeds in 70% sodium disultone soluble powder according to the weight of 0.2% seeds, wherein the seed soaking is carried out in 500 times of 50% thiophanate wettable powder.

Compared with the prior art, the method has the beneficial effects that the planting land is arranged and selected, the seed potatoes are subjected to germination acceleration and light receiving treatment, the weight and quality of the cut seed potatoes and the number of bud eyes are controlled, after the seed potatoes are planted, the fertilization time and the fertilization amount are controlled according to the modulated fertilization proportion, the plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and controlled and the field management is enhanced based on the principle of pre-prevention and comprehensive prevention and control, the sowing density is 5000-6500, the number of harvested plants per mu is more than 5000, the yield of the potatoes per mu is 4500-6000 kg, and the quality of the potatoes is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of potato cultivation according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

Examples:

Referring to FIG. 1, the invention provides a technical scheme of a potato high-yield cultivation method;

1 main technical index:

1.1 yield index, namely 4500-6000 kg of potatoes per mu

1.2, The sowing density is 5000-6500, and the number of harvested strains per mu is more than 5000.

2 Requisite conditions

2.1, Selecting sandy loam with flat land, deep soil layer, medium and high fertility and good ventilation.

2.2 Selecting stubble, namely selecting gramineous crops or leguminous crops as the previous stubble, avoiding continuous stubble and top stubble, and controlling soil-borne diseases and underground pests in more than three years by rotation.

2.3 Soil preparation, namely, the potato belongs to deep ploughed crops, requires deep soil layers and loose soil, and generally requires ploughing depth of 25-30 cm.

2.4 Seed potato preparation

2.4.1 Selecting the variety of Long potato No. 3 stock with better high yield and higher disease resistance, green potato No. 9, xingjia No.2 and the like.

2.4.2, Starting to take out the pit 15 days before germination accelerating, accelerating germination at 8-18 ℃ under the condition of astigmatism, turning over once in 3-5 days during the germination accelerating period to ensure that the germination accelerating period is uniformly irradiated, and germinating and sowing after 2 weeks.

2.4.3 Cutting the potato seeds into potato blocks with the size of 40-50 g, wherein each potato block is provided with 2-3 bud eyes, the size of the cut potato blocks is uniform, and the diseased potato is continuously removed.

2.4.4 Potato seeds are treated to select complete potato seeds with smooth potato skin, fresh color, no plant diseases and insect pests and no damage to the potato seeds. After the potato seeds are diced, fludioxonil and sedaxane are selected for coating the potato seeds, and biological preparation agents such as thiophanate-methyl, kasugamycin and the like can also be selected for seed dressing. Preventing and controlling soil-borne, seed-borne diseases and soil insects. And (3) airing and placing a net bag or a scattered pile of small piles after seed dressing, keeping good ventilation, promoting wound healing, and sowing after 1-2 days.

3 Cultivation technique

3.1 Preparation before sowing

3.1.1 Soil preparation, namely fine soil preparation, wherein the quality of soil preparation operation reaches the standard of 'level, flat, loose, broken, clean and soil moisture'.

3.1.2 Fertilizing, namely, applying a base fertilizer and a base fertilizer, and carrying out full-layer fertilization before turning plow in autumn. The fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 2.5:1:5, the total amount of applied fertilizers per mu is 70 kg, and the seeder is used for strip application.

3.2 Sowing

3.2.1 Sowing period, namely, starting sowing in a come to life-cultivation area when the average ground temperature of a 10 cm soil layer is stabilized at 6-8 ℃, wherein the sowing depth is 8-10 cm, and the sowing period is preferably 4 months, 10 days to 5 months and 5 days. Avoiding the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as black nevus disease, fusarium wilt and the like which are slowly aggravated by low ground temperature and too deep seeding and emergence of seedlings.

3.2.2 Sowing depth, wherein the sowing depth is preferably 8-12 cm.

3.2.3 Sowing, namely, ridge sowing of fine seeds can be adopted, the row spacing of the mechanical ridge sowing is 90cm, and the plant spacing is 10-12cm. The sowing quantity is generally 300-320 kg/mu.

4 Technical measures for field management

The method has the advantages that the guidelines of 'prevention is mainly and comprehensively controlled' are maintained, and the pest and disease control and the field management are enhanced. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, the potato stands out an early word on field management, promotes plants to grow quickly, reaches a proper leaf area index as soon as possible, and enters tubers early to form expansion steps.

4.1 Water and fertilizer integration technology, namely, the water demand of the potato in the whole growth period is larger. Tubers start to form and expand from the bud stage to the flowering stage, water demand suddenly increases, and water and fertilizer integration drip irrigation is carried out for 4-5 times in the whole growth stage. The key of high yield is to keep the water content of the soil sufficient and make the potato block expand rapidly.

4.2 Chemical weeding, namely 7-10 days after sowing, and spraying 500 g/mu of 41% glyphosate per mu of water to prevent and treat weeds before seedling. 80 g of the potato grain double-removing herbicide or 80-90 g of the sulfone, quindox and per mu of the grain double-removing herbicide are used in the seedling stage.

4.3 Intertillage and hilling, namely hilling and spreading a capillary by combining with intertillage weeding after the seedlings are aligned, topdressing by 10-15 kg/mu, and topdressing by 10 kg/mu according to the growth vigor of crops by combining with intertillage high hilling in the bud period, so as to prevent potato blocks from being exposed, improve the quality and pull out field disease-sensing plants.

4.4 Chemical control, namely controlling the growth and promotion of the potato according to the growth vigor of the potato in the bud and flowering period (tuber forming and expanding initial stage), spraying 25% paclobutrazol for 1-2 times and 45 g/mu, spraying and controlling the stem and leaf to be vigorous, reducing the plant height and promoting tuber expansion.

4.5 Pest control measures come to life pest control of diseases and insect pests of potato mainly including early blight, late blight, potato beetles and the like. The potato is easy to generate and spread early and late epidemic diseases in the middle and later growth period, the temperature is about 20 ℃, and the disease is rapid and serious when the humidity is high, so that the prevention and the control are enhanced. In bud or early flowering period, 150-200 g/mu of 80% mancozeb wettable powder (Dasheng M-45) or 50 g/mu of 25% pyraclostrobin or 50 g/mu of pyraclostrobin can be used for preventing, spraying is carried out once every 20 days for 4-6 times, 68.7% silver method is used for preventing and killing late blight, and 25-30 kg of water is added for foliar spraying prevention and control. If the rain falls again within 6 hours after spraying, the spraying should be performed in time. In order to prevent pathogenic bacteria from developing drug resistance, drugs with different chemical compositions should be used alternately.

Technique for preventing and controlling disease and insect in seedling stage

The seedling stage refers to the period from emergence of potato tubers to bud emergence of plants, and is used for preventing and controlling important early blight, late blight, underground pests and the like. If the temperature of the air reaches 18 ℃ after emergence and the weather of continuous overcast and rainy weather is met, protective agents such as mancozeb, fluazinam or cyazofamid are sprayed for 1-2 times for protection and prevention. If the central disease plant appears, systemic therapeutic agents such as dimethomorph, eugenol or flubenfop and the like can be sprayed for 1-2 times to eliminate the central disease plant. The method is characterized in that phoxim is mixed with the ground for broadcasting before the soil emergence of the soil insects, or the pesticide such as deltamethrin is used for spraying and controlling after the soil emergence.

Control technology for tuber forming period

Tuber forming period is from bud emergence to flowering, and the important point of control at this time is early blight, late blight, scab and the like.

1. The early blight and late blight control can be performed by spraying protective bactericides for 2-3 times. Protective bactericides such as mancozeb, fluazinam, cyazofamid and bacillus subtilis are selected for field spraying. The application interval is determined according to the rainfall and the duration of the used medicament, and is generally about 5-10 days. The spraying should be performed in time when meeting rain within 4 hours after spraying the medicine.

2. Biological bactericides such as Pythium oliganum, bacillus and the like can be dripped for 1 time when the scab is serious.

3. The bacterial wilt is drip-irrigated or sprayed for 2-3 times by using the medicaments such as kasugamycin, copper chloride or benziothiazolinone.

4. The potato beetle can be prevented and treated by leaf spraying with high-efficiency cyhalothrin and the like, and the application interval is 7-10 days.

5. On the basis of adopting agricultural measures of eradicating weeds in fields and lands, cutting off intermediate hosts and habitats and the like, biological agents such as matrine, pyrethrum and the like can be preferentially selected for controlling aphids, and chemical agents such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and the like can be also adopted for spraying control.

Technology for preventing and controlling tuber expansion period

Tuber expansion period is from flower opening to stem and leaf aging, and the important point of control in this period is the strict retransmission period of pests such as late blight and early blight, and the important point of control of early and late blight all the year around. And the late blight prevention and treatment determines the optimal spraying time according to a field monitoring and early warning system or field nursery monitoring. The preparation is sprayed for 4-5 times, and the systemic therapeutic agent and the protective agent are selected to be used simultaneously. The control medicament can be dimethomorph, fluoxastrobin, azoxystrobin, fluopicolide, propamocarb and other medicaments, and the early blight control medicament can be propiconazole, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin and other medicaments. The application interval is determined according to the rainfall and the duration of the used medicament, and is generally about 5-10 days. The spraying should be performed in time when meeting rain within 4 hours after spraying the medicine. The plant growth is weaker and the land with serious early blight can be additionally applied with foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and the like. Biological bacterial agents such as bacillus 1 times of drip irrigation with drip irrigation conditions are used for plots with serious scab. And the land plots with serious black shank, ring rot and bacterial wilt can be drip-irrigated or sprayed for 2-3 times by using medicaments such as kasugamycin, cupric chloride or benziothiazolinone.

(IV) common disease hazard symptoms and occurrence rules of potatoes

The characteristic of occurrence of serious diseases and insects in different breeding stages of potatoes is to control diseases and insect pests such as early blight, late blight, fusarium wilt, black shank, scab, virus diseases, potato beetles and the like.

The main insect pests of the potatoes are potato flower worms, and the diseases are potato early blight, potato late blight, potato scab, potato black shank and the like. The control method for controlling the potato flower moths can be established according to the number of insect pests and the damage degree, so that the insects can be seen and controlled. The pesticide for preventing and treating late blight is sprayed at the bud stage, and is sprayed once every 7-10 days, and the spraying is performed four times, so that common medicaments such as metalaxyl, mancozeb, dasheng M-45, and antivirus alum can be selected, and different pesticides are sprayed alternately, and the same pesticide is not suitable to be used continuously.

1. Early and late blight

Early blight hazard characteristics. The leaf has round brown to dark brown spot, black concentric ring and small amount of black mould, yellow halo outside the spot, similar to the leaf spot, long round or prismatic spot, dark brown round spot or irregular spot, slightly concave spot, and dry rot and brown under the spot.

(II) late blight hazard characteristics. Water-immersed chlorosis spots usually occur from the leaf tips or leaf edges, and when the weather is wet, the spots rapidly expand to most or even all of the leaves, and can invade the leaf stalks and stems along the leaf edges to form brown streak spots. The back and stem of the leaf grow a round of mould along the edge of the disease, and white mould grows on the front of the leaf when the leaf is particularly moist. In drought weather, the disease spots are dry and brown, white mould is avoided, and the leaves are fragile and easy to crack. The potato blocks are ill, irregular purple spots are generated, the stuffing is slightly concave, the tissue is hard and dry-rotten, the diseased potato is cut from the spots, a layer of deep potato flesh is seen to be changed into reddish brown under the skin, and the soft-rotten and odorous potato is seen when the potato is wet.

(III) occurrence law

The potato late blight bacteria mainly uses mycelium to overwinter in tubers, seed potatoes with bacteria are a main source of disease infection, after the seed potatoes are sown, most of disease buds lose germination capacity or rot before soil emergence, and overwintering hyphae of a few disease potatoes start to move and expand along with seed potato germination and spread to the buds to form germs, namely central disease plants. After the central disease plant appears, the disease part generates conifer asca, and the disease part is infected again by wind and rain. Bacteria invade the leaves from the stomata or directly through the epidermis, while if the tubers are compromised they invade through the wound, the skin pores and the eyes. The bacteria are favored to warm and cool at night under high humidity conditions, and the relative humidity is more than 95 percent and is favorable for the formation of sporangia under the conditions of 18-22 ℃.

(IV) control method

When central disease plants appear in the field in the initial stage of disease, the central disease plants are immediately removed, and 1% -2% copper sulfate solution is sprayed or the method is used for preventing the disease by using Dasheng M45, mancozeb and antase, and the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 7 days, and 2-3 times are continuously carried out. If the disease is found to be large-area, the silver method is used for preventing and treating, the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 7 days, and the spraying is carried out for 2-3 times continuously.

2. Scab disease of the sore

Firstly, the tubers are mainly infected, light tan small protrusions are generated on the epidermis at first, the tubers are gradually enlarged, wood is tamponade, the surface is rough, and convex or concave scab-shaped hard plaques are formed on the surface of the lesion in the later period. The disease spots are limited to the epidermis and do not go deep into the potato.

(II) control method

① Selecting a disease-resistant variety, rotating the cultivation for more than 5 years with non-solanaceous vegetables, selecting places with high land features and rich soil for planting, reasonably densely planting, keeping ventilation, timely removing field disease residual branches, and applying acid fertilizer to improve the acidity of the soil.

② Selecting disease-free potato blocks for seed reserving, soaking seed potato in 40% formalin 200 times for 2 hr, and cutting into blocks after seed soaking, otherwise, easily generating crude drug injury.

③ The preparation can be used for preventing and treating agricultural streptomycin, hydrated mycin or thiabendazole at the initial stage of disease.

3. Black shank

The first hazard is that the plant mainly infects stems and tubers, the plant can be ill from the seedling stage to the growth stage, most of the plant is not drooping, the leaves are curled up and are not discolored, and the whole plant is wilted and the black shank is blackish brown and decayed.

1. The disease in seedling stage is that the plant is short, the internode is shortened, the leaf is curled up, the leaf color is faded, the stem basal tissue is blackened and rotten, the disease plant is wilted and dead, and the potato is not grown.

2. Tuber attack starts from umbilical region, black brown rot and stink, can spread several centimeters above stem or to whole stem, and the affected part is black brown, and transverse visible vascular bundle is black brown.

(II) control method

① Selecting disease-resistant varieties, reasonably rotating crop rotation, selecting places with high land topography and rich soil for planting, timely removing field disease residual branches, establishing disease-free seed-reserving places or detoxified seed potatoes, and reducing disease sources.

② The cutter can be sterilized by boiling water or immersed in 5% carbolic acid solution. The seed potato can be soaked in kasugamycin, potassium permanganate solution and trichloroisocyanuric acid with the concentration of less than 0.2% for 20-30 minutes, fished out and dried for sowing.

③ The preparation can be used for preventing and treating agricultural streptomycin, hydrated mycin or thiabendazole at the initial stage of disease.

4. Wilt disease of the heart

Firstly, the damage characteristic is that wilting appears on the overground part in the initial stage of disease, the disease stem is dissected, the potato tuber bundles turn brown, and white to pink hyphae are often produced on the disease part when the humidity is high.

(II) control method

① The rotation is carried out, a disease-free seed field is established, the whole potato is used for sowing as much as possible, the disease and residue in the field are removed in time, and the field fertilizer and water management is enhanced.

② If necessary, the seed potato can be soaked in 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1000 times of 50% trichloroisocyanuric acid tablet.

③ The initial stage of the disease can be controlled by using the following medicines such as hymexazol, carboxin or acrylic acid hymexazol methyl cream.

5. Anthrax (one) is a hazard characteristic, and when severe, can cause necrosis and desiccation of part of plants and cause rhizome rot.

1. Leaf contamination, namely leaf color is diluted in the initial stage of disease, top leaf is slightly back-rolled, and then whole plant wilts and dies.

2. The underground root is infected, the cortex tissue from the ground to the potato blocks is decayed, the potato blocks are easy to peel off, the lateral root is partially brown, the root is required to be necrotic, and the disease plants are easy to pull out.

3. Stem infection, the growth of many grey small particles and the growth of many black granular sclerotium in the cavity of stem base.

(II) control method

① The rotation is carried out, the field disease and residue are removed in time, the field fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and the high-temperature and high-humidity condition is avoided.

② The preparation can be used for preventing and treating azoxystrobin, difenoconazole or trichloroisocyanuric acid in the early stage of disease.

6. Viral disease

A hazard characteristic is that potato virus disease is one of the most serious diseases in potato production.

1. The leaves of the common flower leaf form are light flowers She Banbo which are alternately dark green and light yellow along the veins, and the leaves shrink to a certain extent. Some varieties only show light flowers and leaves, some varieties have obviously dwarfed plants, necrotic leaf spots occur on the whole plants, the whole plants die from top to bottom, tubers become smaller, and necrotic spots exist inside.

2. The yellowing leaf rolling type is that the leaf margin of a disease plant turns upwards, the leaf is yellow green, and the leaf is rolled into a cylinder when serious, but does not shrink, and the leaf is thick and brittle and is easy to break. Heavy plants are short and individually die in early stages.

3. The leaf type of the shrunken flowers is that the complex infection symptoms of the leaf and the general leaf of the leaf are shrunken leaves, the leaf is small, the top ends are severely shrunken, the plant is obviously dwarf, is in the shape of a hydrangea, does not bloom, is dead in a long period and has very small tubers.

(II) control method

① The healthy seed potato with virus is selected for cultivation, and the disease strain with disease is removed in the breeding process, so that aphids are prevented and treated in time, and the virus is prevented and treated.

② Seed potato is treated at 35 deg.c for 56 days or at 36 deg.c for 39 days to eliminate virus from seed potato, and the temperature change treatment is especially effective in cutting seed potato.

③ At the beginning of the disease, the preparation can be used for preventing and treating Ningnanmycin, moroxydine-copper acetate, trichloroisocyanuric acid, lentinan aqua or moroxydine hydrochloride.

7. Ring rot disease

The harm characteristic is that the disease is a systemic disease, and the disease can occur in the whole growing period and the storage period.

1. The disease in seedling stage is that branches are reduced, plants are short and small, overground parts are wilted, leaves are brown and mottled, the leaves become small and shrink, the edges of the leaves are burnt up and roll up, green parts are darker, and the seedlings are dead when serious.

2. Blade onset is that blade tip and blade edge develop from bottom to top to center, the initial stage of disease spots is water immersed, and the blade turns to grey green after the disease spots are withered, yellow and dead, but do not fall off. Stem onset, i.e. green maintenance, visible changes of the vascular bundle into yellowish brown after incision, and yellow pus is squeezed by hand.

3. Tuber onset, shrinking, slightly dark skin, rough epidermis after a period of time, reddish brown tail, red spots on bud eyes, light yellow cut of visible vascular bundles, and extrusion of bacterial pus.

(II) control method

① Selecting disease-resistant varieties, rotating with non-solanaceous vegetables for more than 5 years, selecting places with high land features and rich soil for planting, reasonably densely planting, maintaining ventilation and ventilation, establishing disease-free seed fields, sowing with whole potato as much as possible, and timely removing disease residues in the fields.

② Seed potato treatment, namely, placing seed potatoes in a room for stacking for 5-6 days, airing the seed potatoes, and continuously removing the rotten potato, wherein 50mg/kg of copper sulfate diluent is adopted for soaking for 10 minutes, or 70% of sodium disultone soluble powder is used for soaking the seed according to the weight of 0.2% of seed, and the 50% of thiophanate wettable powder is 500 times of the seed soaking, so that the seed soaking has certain control effect.

5. Mechanical harvesting

Harvesting in good time, namely harvesting in the middle and late 9 months when potato plants begin to withered and yellow. The seedlings are killed in the beginning of 9 months, harvesting is started in the middle ten days, freezing injury is avoided, damage is reduced, and commodity rate is improved. After harvesting, the potato seeds are dried for about 2 hours, so that the tuber skin is dried, soil is reduced, and the potato seeds are convenient to store. The harvested potatoes are measured and packaged, transferred and stored according to varieties and grades.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (10)

1. The potato high-yield cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

step one, seed potatoes are taken out of a cellar 15 days before sowing, sprouting is carried out at 8-18 ℃ under the astigmatic condition, the seed potatoes are turned once in 3-5 days during the sprouting period to be uniformly light-receiving, and sprouting and sowing are carried out after 2 weeks;

step two, seed cutting is carried out 2-3 days before sowing, seed potatoes are cut into potato blocks with the size of 40-50 g, and 2-3 bud eyes are arranged on the potato blocks;

step three, after the land is finished, applying a base fertilizer and a base fertilizer, and applying full-layer fertilizer before autumn ploughing, wherein the fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 2.5:1:5, the total amount of applied fertilizers per mu is 70 kg, and the fertilizer is applied by a seeder;

fourthly, sowing is started when the average ground temperature of the soil layer with the thickness of 10 cm is stabilized at 6-8 ℃, the sowing depth is 8-12 cm, fine seeds are sown by adopting ridges, the row spacing of the mechanical ridges is 90cm, the plant spacing is 10-12cm, and the sowing amount is 300-320 kg/mu;

step five, water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation is carried out for 4 to 5 times in the whole growth period of the potato seeds, and pre-emergence weed control is carried out 7 to 10 days after sowing;

Step six, after the seedlings of the potatoes are aligned, combined with intertillage weeding to perform hilling and capillary spreading, and topdressing by 10-15 kg/mu;

Step eight, treating potato early blight, potato late blight and plant diseases and insect pests;

and step nine, harvesting the potatoes after the potatoes grow, avoiding freeze injury, and airing the potato seeds after harvesting for 1-3 hours.

2. The high-yield potato cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, after potato seed cutting, fludioxonil and sedaxane are selected for potato seed coating, or thiophanate-methyl and kasugamycin are selected for seed dressing, and after the potato seed cutting is healed, sowing is carried out for 1-2 days.

3. The high-yield potato cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, 7-10 days after sowing, the weeds are prevented and treated before seedling by adding water with the concentration of 41% glyphosate per mu of 500 g/mu, and 80 g/mu of double-weeding broad-leaved herbicide or 80-90 g/mu of double-weeding broad-leaved herbicide is used in seedling stage.

4. The method for cultivating high yield potatoes according to claim 1, wherein in the sixth step, 45 g/mu of 25% paclobutrazol is sprayed 1-2 times based on the growth vigor of the potatoes from the bud emergence to the flowering period of the potatoes.

5. The high-yield potato cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the eighth step, protective bactericides are sprayed for preventing and treating early blight and late blight for 2-3 times, and mancozeb, fluazinam, cyazofamid and bacillus subtilis are selected for full Tian Penwu;

Spreading the soil by phoxim mixed with the soil before the soil emergence of the soil insects, or spraying and controlling the soil emergence by deltamethrin or spraying the leaf surfaces of the deltamethrin.

6. The method for cultivating high-yield potato according to claim 1, wherein the scab is prevented and treated, seed potato is soaked in 40% formalin 200 times solution for 2 hours, and then cut into pieces after soaking;

the initial stage of scab disease is controlled by one of agricultural streptomycin, hydrated mycin and thiabendazole.

7. The method for cultivating high yield potato according to claim 1, wherein the black shank is prevented and treated, the potato seed cutter is sterilized by boiling water or is soaked in 5% carbolic acid solution, the potato seed is soaked in less than 0.2% kasugamycin, potassium permanganate solution and trichloroisocyanuric acid for 20-30 minutes, and the potato seed is fished out and dried for sowing;

The early stage of blackleg disease is controlled by one of agricultural streptomycin, water-phase mycin and thiabendazole.

8. The method for cultivating high-yield potatoes according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that the potato is soaked in 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1000 times of 50% trichloroisocyanuric acid tablet for preventing and treating fusarium wilt;

the early stage of the disease is controlled by one of hymexazol, carboxin and acrylic acid hymexazol methyl cream.

9. The high-yield potato cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the initial stage of anthracnose is controlled by one of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole and trichloroisocyanuric acid;

Prevention of viral disease, seed potato treatment at 35 ℃ for 56 days or 36 ℃ for 39 days;

The early stage of viral disease is controlled by one of Ningnanmycin, moroxydine copper acetate, trichloroisocyanuric acid, lentinan aqua and moroxydine hydrochloride.

10. The method for cultivating high yield potato according to claim 1, wherein the potato is placed in a room for 5-6 days to be planted, or is soaked in 50mg/kg copper sulfate dilution for 10 minutes, or is soaked in 70% sodium disultone soluble powder according to 0.2% of the weight of the seed, and is soaked in 500 times of 50% thiophanate wettable powder.