CN118818711B - Optical lens - Google Patents
Optical lensInfo
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- CN118818711B CN118818711B CN202410859437.4A CN202410859437A CN118818711B CN 118818711 B CN118818711 B CN 118818711B CN 202410859437 A CN202410859437 A CN 202410859437A CN 118818711 B CN118818711 B CN 118818711B
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- optical lens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
- G02B13/002—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface
- G02B13/0045—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface having five or more lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B30/00—Camera modules comprising integrated lens units and imaging units, specially adapted for being embedded in other devices, e.g. mobile phones or vehicles
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Lenses (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种光学镜头，共六片透镜，沿光轴从物侧到成像面依次包括：具有负光焦度的第一透镜，其物侧面为凸面，其像侧面为凹面；具有正光焦度的第二透镜，其像侧面为凸面；具有正光焦度的第三透镜，其物侧面为凹面，其像侧面为凸面；具有负光焦度的第四透镜，其物侧面和像侧面均为凹面；具有正光焦度的第五透镜，其物侧面为凸面；具有负光焦度的第六透镜，其像侧面为凹面。本发明提供的光学镜头，通过特定的表面形状搭配和合理的光焦度分配，使镜头具有低成本、高解像、高成像品质等一个或多个优点。
This invention provides an optical lens comprising six lenses, arranged sequentially along the optical axis from the object side to the image plane: a first lens with negative optical power, its object side being convex and its image side being concave; a second lens with positive optical power, its image side being convex; a third lens with positive optical power, its object side being concave and its image side being convex; a fourth lens with negative optical power, both its object side and image side being concave; a fifth lens with positive optical power, its object side being convex; and a sixth lens with negative optical power, its image side being concave. The optical lens provided by this invention, through a specific combination of surface shapes and a reasonable allocation of optical power, achieves one or more advantages such as low cost, high resolution, and high image quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of imaging lenses, in particular to an optical lens.
Background
In modern automotive technology, vehicle cameras play a vital role. They include multiple types of cameras, such as inward looking, rearward looking, forward looking, side looking, and around looking cameras, each with its unique application scenario. For example, the rearview camera is mainly used for reversing images, and the looking-around camera provides 360-degree panoramic view, so that the perception capability of a driver is greatly enhanced.
Among the vehicle-mounted cameras, a front-view camera is a core component of an ADAS (advanced driving assistance system), which is generally mounted on a front windshield, and is mainly responsible for forward collision early warning, lane departure warning, pedestrian detection, and the like. Currently, the price of a front-view camera is usually far higher than that of other types of cameras due to the complex algorithm and chip processing involved, which also reflects the importance of the front-view camera in a vehicle-mounted camera system. With the rapid development of advanced driving assistance systems, the requirements for the front view lens are also increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an optical lens having a good imaging effect.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to provide an optical lens having an advantage of excellent imaging quality.
The invention adopts the technical scheme that:
an optical lens comprising six lenses in order from an object side to an imaging surface along an optical axis:
The first lens with negative focal power has a convex object side surface and a concave image side surface;
a second lens having positive optical power, the image side surface of which is convex;
The object side surface of the third lens is a concave surface, and the image side surface of the third lens is a convex surface;
a fourth lens element having negative optical power, both the object-side and image-side surfaces thereof being concave;
a fifth lens with positive focal power, the object side surface of which is a convex surface;
A sixth lens having negative optical power, an image-side surface of which is a concave surface;
The real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens, the effective focal length f of the optical lens and the radian theta of the maximum half field angle of the optical lens satisfy 1.0< (IH/2)/(f multiplied by theta) <1.1.
Further preferably, the focal length f6 of the sixth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy-4.5 < f6/f < -1.6.
Further preferably, the optical lens of claim 1, wherein the radius of curvature R1 of the object-side surface of the first lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 7.2< R1/f <9.5, and wherein the radius of curvature R2 of the image-side surface of the first lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 0.8< R2/f <1.5.
Further preferably, the radius of curvature R1 of the first lens object-side surface and the radius of curvature R2 of the first lens image-side surface satisfy 5.8< R1/R2<9.1.
Further preferably, the radius of curvature R1 of the object side surface of the first lens and the focal length f1 of the first lens meet the condition that R1/f1< -2.9 is below-4.8, and the radius of curvature R2 of the image side surface of the first lens and the focal length f1 of the first lens meet the condition that R2/f1< -0.2 is below-0.8.
Further preferably, the radius of curvature R5 of the object side surface of the third lens and the focal length f3 of the third lens satisfy-4.1 < R5/f3< -1.8, and the radius of curvature R6 of the image side surface of the third lens and the focal length f3 of the third lens satisfy-0.8 < R6/f3< -0.2.
Further preferably, the radius of curvature R7 of the object side surface of the fourth lens and the focal length f4 of the fourth lens satisfy 3.2< R7/f4<11.8, and the radius of curvature R8 of the image side surface of the fourth lens and the focal length f4 of the fourth lens satisfy-1.3 < R8/f4< -0.5.
Further preferably, the radius of curvature R1 of the first lens object-side surface and the radius of curvature R2 of the first lens image-side surface satisfy 0.1< (R1-R2)/(R1+R2) <0.9.
Further preferably, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens and the entrance pupil diameter EPD of the optical lens satisfy 1.7< IH/EPD <2.7.
Further preferably, the light-transmitting half-aperture d1 of the first lens object side surface and the light-transmitting half-aperture sagittal height Sag1 of the first lens object side surface satisfy 0< Sag1/d1<0.2, and the light-transmitting half-aperture d2 of the first lens image side surface and the light-transmitting half-aperture sagittal height Sag2 of the first lens image side surface satisfy 0.1< Sag2/d2<0.6.
The optical lens provided by the invention adopts six lenses with specific focal power, and can improve the imaging quality of the optical lens, reduce the aberration, improve the imaging quality of the optical lens and enable the lens to have one or more advantages of low cost, high resolution, high imaging quality and the like through specific surface shape collocation and reasonable focal power distribution.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or additional aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent and may be better understood from the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph showing a field curvature of an optical lens in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing F-theta distortion of an optical lens according to example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an axial aberration diagram of the optical lens in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a vertical axis chromatic aberration diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is an MTF graph of the optical lens in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a graph showing the field curvature of the optical lens in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a graph showing F-theta distortion of an optical lens in example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is an axial aberration diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a vertical axis chromatic aberration chart of the optical lens in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is an MTF graph of the optical lens in example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 14 is a graph showing the field curvature of the optical lens in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 15 is a graph showing F-theta distortion of an optical lens in example 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 16 is an axial aberration diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 17 is a vertical axis chromatic aberration chart of the optical lens in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 18 is an MTF graph of the optical lens in example 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an optical lens in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 20 is a graph showing the field curvature of an optical lens in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 21 is an F-theta distortion graph of an optical lens in example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 22 is an axial aberration diagram of the optical lens in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 23 is a graph showing a vertical axis chromatic aberration of an optical lens in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 24 is an MTF graph of the optical lens in example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 25 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 26 is a graph showing the field curvature of an optical lens in embodiment 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 27 is an F-theta distortion graph of an optical lens in example 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 28 is an axial aberration diagram of the optical lens in embodiment 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 29 is a graph showing a vertical axis chromatic aberration of an optical lens in embodiment 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 30 is an MTF graph of the optical lens in example 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 31 is a schematic diagram of an optical lens in embodiment 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 32 is a graph showing the field curvature of an optical lens in embodiment 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 33 is an F-theta distortion graph of the optical lens in example 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 34 is an axial aberration diagram of the optical lens in embodiment 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 35 is a graph showing a vertical axis chromatic aberration of an optical lens in embodiment 6 of the present invention.
Fig. 36 is an MTF graph of an optical lens in example 6 of the present invention.
The invention will be further described in the following detailed description in conjunction with the above-described figures.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the application, various aspects of the application will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these detailed description are merely illustrative of embodiments of the application and are not intended to limit the scope of the application in any way. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the specification. The expression "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It should be noted that in the present specification, the expressions of first, second, third, etc. are only used to distinguish one feature from another feature, and do not represent any limitation on the feature. Accordingly, a first lens discussed below may also be referred to as a second lens or a third lens without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
In the drawings, the thickness, size, and shape of the lenses have been slightly exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In particular, the spherical or aspherical shape shown in the drawings is shown by way of example. That is, the shape of the spherical or aspherical surface is not limited to the shape of the spherical or aspherical surface shown in the drawings. The figures are merely examples and are not drawn to scale.
In this context, near the optical axis means the area near the optical axis. If the lens surface is convex and the convex position is not defined, it means that the lens surface is convex at least at the paraxial region, and if the lens surface is concave and the concave position is not defined, it means that the lens surface is concave at least at the paraxial region. The surface of each lens closest to the object is referred to as the object side of the lens, and the surface of each lens closest to the imaging plane is referred to as the image side of the lens.
It will be further understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "having," "containing," and/or "including," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Furthermore, when a statement such as "at least one of the following" appears after a list of features that are listed, the entire listed feature is modified instead of modifying a separate element in the list. Furthermore, when describing embodiments of the application, use of "may" means "one or more embodiments of the application. Also, the term "exemplary" is intended to refer to an example or illustration.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other. The application will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings in connection with embodiments.
The optical lens provided by the embodiment of the invention consists of six lenses, and the six lenses are a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens and a sixth lens in sequence from an object side to an imaging surface along an optical axis.
In some embodiments, the first lens may have a negative optical power, with a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The second lens element may have positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface thereof is convex or concave, and an image-side surface thereof is convex. The third lens element may have positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface thereof is concave and an image-side surface thereof is convex. The fourth lens element may have negative refractive power, and both the object-side surface and the image-side surface thereof may be concave. The fifth lens element may have positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface thereof is convex, and an image-side surface thereof is convex or concave. The sixth lens element with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface or a concave image-side surface.
In some embodiments, the second lens has positive optical power and the object side thereof is concave, the fifth lens has positive optical power and the image side thereof is convex, and the sixth lens has negative optical power and the object side thereof is convex.
In some embodiments, the second lens has positive optical power and the object side surface thereof is convex, the fifth lens has positive optical power and the image side surface thereof is concave, and the sixth lens has negative optical power and the object side surface thereof is convex.
In some embodiments, the second lens has positive optical power and the object-side surface thereof is convex, the fifth lens has positive optical power and the image-side surface thereof is convex, and the sixth lens has negative optical power and the object-side surface thereof is concave.
In some embodiments, the second lens has positive optical power and the object side thereof is convex, the fifth lens has positive optical power and the image side thereof is convex, and the sixth lens has negative optical power and the object side thereof is convex.
In some embodiments, the optical lens may further include a diaphragm, and the diaphragm may be located between the second lens and the third lens. It will be appreciated that the aperture may be used to limit the amount of light entering to vary the brightness of the image. In addition, when the diaphragm is located between the second lens and the third lens, the diaphragm can reasonably distribute the actions of the first lens to the sixth lens, for example, the first lens and the second lens can be used for receiving light rays to a greater extent, and the third lens to the sixth lens can be used for correcting the action of aberration, which is beneficial to balancing the structure of the whole optical system. Further, when the diaphragm is located between the second lens and the third lens, correction of the diaphragm aberration is facilitated.
In some embodiments, the optical lens may further include an optical filter and a protective glass, and the optical filter and the protective glass may be disposed between the sixth lens and the imaging surface in order along the optical axis. The optical filter is used for filtering the interference light and preventing the interference light from reaching the imaging surface of the optical lens to influence normal imaging. The protective glass plays a role in protecting the optical lens, prevents the photosensitive chip from being damaged, can improve the anti-impact and scratch-resistant capabilities of the optical lens, and has little influence on the imaging quality of the optical lens.
In some embodiments, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens, the effective focal length f of the optical lens, and the radian θ of the maximum half field angle of the optical lens satisfy 1.0< (IH/2)/(f x θ) <1.1. The lens meets the range, is favorable for realizing the balance of large image surface and high-quality imaging of the optical lens, has larger imaging area and has higher resolving power. Preferably, 1.00< (IH/2)/(fXθ) <1.06.
In some embodiments, the focal length f6 of the sixth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy-4.5 < f6/f < -1.6. The range is satisfied, so that the sixth lens has proper negative focal power, the imaging area can be increased, and the imaging quality can be improved. Preferably, -4.2< f6/f < -2.1.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R1 of the first lens object-side surface and the effective focal length f of the optical lens are 7.2< R1/f <9.5, and the radius of curvature R2 of the first lens image-side surface and the effective focal length f of the optical lens are 0.8< R2/f <1.5. The curvature radius of the object side surface of the first lens and the effective focal length of the optical lens are controlled to be in a proper range, and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the first lens and the effective focal length of the optical lens are controlled to reduce curvature of field and spherical aberration, so that high-quality imaging is facilitated. Preferably 8.1< R1/f <9.0;1.0< R2/f <1.3.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R1 of the first lens object-side surface and the radius of curvature R2 of the first lens image-side surface satisfy 5.8< R1/R2<9.1. The curvature radius of the object side surface of the first lens and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the first lens are controlled to be in a proper range, so that field curvature can be further reduced, distortion correction difficulty of a subsequent lens is reduced, and imaging quality is improved. Preferably, 6.4< R1/R2<8.3.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R1 of the object-side surface of the first lens element and the focal length f1 of the first lens element satisfy-4.8 < R1/f1< -2.9, and the radius of curvature R2 of the image-side surface of the first lens element and the focal length f1 of the first lens element satisfy-0.8 < R2/f1< -0.2. The curvature radius of the object side surface of the first lens and the focal length of the first lens are controlled to be in a proper range, and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the first lens and the focal length of the first lens are controlled to be in a proper range, so that field curvature and spherical aberration can be further reduced, and the resolution of the lens can be improved. Preferably, -4.5< R1/f1< -3.3; -0.6< R2/f1< -0.5.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R5 of the object-side surface of the third lens element and the focal length f3 of the third lens element satisfy-4.1 < R5/f3< -1.8, and the radius of curvature R6 of the image-side surface of the third lens element and the focal length f3 of the third lens element satisfy-0.8 < R6/f3< -0.2. The range is satisfied, the curvature radius of the object side surface of the third lens and the focal length of the third lens are controlled, and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the third lens and the focal length of the third lens are controlled to be in a proper range, so that astigmatism and coma can be reduced, the aberration correction difficulty of the subsequent lens is reduced, and the imaging quality is improved. Preferably-3.9 < R5/f3< -2.1; -0.6< R6/f3< -0.5.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R7 of the object-side surface of the fourth lens element and the focal length f4 of the fourth lens element satisfy 3.2< R7/f4<11.8, and the radius of curvature R8 of the image-side surface of the fourth lens element and the focal length f4 of the fourth lens element satisfy-1.3 < R8/f4< -0.5. The range is satisfied, the curvature radius of the object side surface of the fourth lens and the focal length of the fourth lens are controlled, and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the fourth lens and the focal length of the fourth lens are controlled to be in a proper range, so that spherical aberration and astigmatism can be reduced, chromatic aberration can be reduced by matching with a subsequent lens, and imaging quality is improved. Preferably 3.7< R7/f4<11.5, -1.1< R8/f4< -0.8.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R1 of the first lens object-side surface and the radius of curvature R2 of the first lens image-side surface satisfy 0.1< (R1-R2)/(R1+R2) <0.9. The curvature radius of the object side surface of the first lens and the focal length of the first lens are controlled to be in a proper range, and the curvature radius of the image side surface of the first lens and the focal length of the first lens are controlled to be in a proper range, so that field curvature and spherical aberration can be further reduced, and the resolution of the lens can be improved. Preferably, 0.7< (R1-R2)/(R1+R2) <0.8.
In some embodiments, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens and the entrance pupil diameter EPD of the optical lens satisfy 1.7< IH/EPD <2.7. The range is satisfied, the width of the light beam entering the optical lens can be increased, so that the brightness of the optical lens at the image plane is improved, and the occurrence of dark angles is avoided. Preferably 2.0< IH/EPD <2.5.
In some embodiments, the light-transmitting half-aperture d1 of the first lens object side surface and the light-transmitting half-aperture sagittal height Sag1 of the first lens object side surface satisfy 0< Sag1/d1<0.2, and the light-transmitting half-aperture d2 of the first lens image side surface and the light-transmitting half-aperture sagittal height Sag2 of the first lens image side surface satisfy 0.1< Sag2/d2<0.6. The range is met, the light-transmitting half-caliber of the object side surface and the image side surface of the first lens and the corresponding light-transmitting half-caliber rise are reasonably limited, the light trend of the edge view field can be effectively controlled, and the imaging quality of the edge view field is improved. Preferably, 0< Sag1/d1<0.1;0.25< Sag2/d2<0.50.
In some embodiments, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens and the total optical length TTL of the optical lens is 3.2< TTL/IH <4.5. The optical lens meets the range, is beneficial to realizing the balance of small volume and large image plane of the optical lens, so that the lens has smaller total length and higher resolution capability. Preferably 3.3< TTL/IH <4.2.
In some embodiments, the maximum field angle FOV of the optical lens and the aperture value FNO of the optical lens satisfy 32 < FOV/FNO < 43. The method meets the range, is favorable for expanding the field angle of the optical lens and increasing the aperture of the optical lens, is favorable for acquiring more scene information by the optical lens, meets the requirement of large-range detection, and is favorable for improving the problem that the relative brightness of the edge field of view is fast to drop by realizing the characteristic of the large aperture, thereby being favorable for acquiring more scene information. Preferably 35.7 ° < FOV/FNO <39.5 °.
In some embodiments, the back focal length BFL of the optical lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy BFL/f >0.35. The optical lens meets the above range, reduces the interference of aberration such as aberration and coma, improves the resolution and definition of imaging, and improves the stability of the optical lens. Preferably 0.37< BFL/f <0.44.
In some embodiments, the maximum field angle FOV of the optical lens, the effective focal length f of the optical lens, and the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens satisfy 50 ° < FOV x f/IH <60 °. The range is satisfied, the angle of view, focal length and real image height of the optical lens are reasonably controlled within a reasonable range, and the imaging quality of the lens can be improved on the premise of meeting the specification requirement. Preferably 54.6 ° < FOV x f/IH <57.3 °.
In some embodiments, the focal length f1 of the first lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy-2.6 < f1/f < -1.6. The optical lens has the advantages that the range is met, the first lens has proper negative focal power, large-angle light collection is realized, the inclination angle of incident light is reduced, and the generation of high-order aberration is reduced. Preferably, -2.5< f1/f < -1.9.
In some embodiments, the focal length f2 of the second lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 1.1< f2/f <2.7. The range is satisfied, so that the second lens has proper positive focal power, can collect light rays, and enables the light rays to be stable in trend. Preferably 1.3< f2/f <2.5.
In some embodiments, the focal length f3 of the third lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 1.7< f3/f <4.1. The range is satisfied, so that the third lens has proper positive focal power, lens aberration can be balanced, and imaging quality is improved. Preferably 1.8< f3/f <3.9.
In some embodiments, the focal length f4 of the fourth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy-1.4 < f4/f < -0.3. The range is satisfied, so that the fourth lens has proper negative focal power, the chromatic aberration of the lens can be optimized, and the imaging quality is improved. Preferably, -1.2< f4/f < -0.5.
In some embodiments, the focal length f5 of the fifth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 0.3< f5/f <1.3. The range is satisfied, so that the fifth lens has proper positive focal power, the spherical aberration can be optimized, and high-quality imaging is realized. Preferably 0.6< f5/f <1.0.
In some embodiments, the combined focal length f12 of the first lens and the second lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens meet 0.8< f12/f <5.1. The optical lens meets the above range, enables the focal power of the front lens group of the optical lens to be in a proper range, can collect light rays, reduces the aberration correction difficulty of the lens, and improves the imaging quality of the optical lens. Preferably 1.0< f12/f <4.9.
In some embodiments, the focal length f3 of the third lens, the focal length f4 of the fourth lens, the focal length f5 of the fifth lens, and the focal length f6 of the sixth lens satisfy-2.4 < (f3+f4)/(f5+f6) < -0.2. The focal lengths of the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens and the sixth lens are reasonably controlled within a proper range, the focal power duty ratio of each lens can be reasonably distributed, and the structural stability of the optical lens is improved. Preferably, -2.2< (f3+f4)/(f5+f6) < -0.5.
In some embodiments, the radius of curvature R9 of the object-side surface of the fifth lens and the focal length f5 of the fifth lens satisfy 0.5< R9/f5<1.4. The range is satisfied, the curvature radius of the object side surface of the fifth lens and the focal length of the fifth lens are controlled within a proper range, the distortion correction difficulty of the subsequent lens can be reduced, and the image plane size is increased. Preferably 0.7< R9/f5<1.2.
In some embodiments, the light passing half aperture d1 of the first lens object side surface, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens, and the maximum field angle FOV of the optical lens satisfy 1.5< d 1/(IH/2)/tan (FOV/2) <3.1. The range is satisfied, the front end caliber, the real image height and the maximum field angle of the optical lens are reasonably limited, the whole geometric shape of the optical lens can be reasonably arranged, and the structural stability of the optical lens is improved. Preferably, 1.7< d 1/(IH/2)/tan (FOV/2) <2.9.
In some embodiments, the total optical length TTL of the optical lens and the sum ΣCT of the thicknesses of the centers of the first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens and the sixth lens satisfy 1.6< TTL/ΣCT <3.2. The above range is satisfied, and high pixel characteristics can be realized, thereby improving the imaging quality of the optical lens. Preferably 1.8< TTL/ΣCT <3.0.
In some embodiments, the center thickness CT2 of the second lens and the center thickness CT3 of the third lens satisfy 1.4< CT2/CT3<3.3. The center thicknesses of the first lens and the second lens are reasonably configured to meet the range, so that the requirements of the lens on the processability and the manufacturability are met, and the stability of the structure and the imaging quality is improved. Preferably 1.4< CT2/CT3<3.1.
In some embodiments, the fourth lens and the fifth lens form a cemented lens group, and an image side surface of the fourth lens and an object side surface of the fifth lens are cemented surfaces. The optical lens has the advantages of being capable of effectively correcting chromatic aberration of the optical lens, reducing eccentric sensitivity of the optical lens, balancing aberration of the optical lens, improving imaging quality of the optical lens, reducing assembly sensitivity of the optical lens, reducing difficulty of processing technology of the optical lens and improving assembly yield of the optical lens.
In some embodiments, the fourth lens and the fifth lens form a cemented lens group having positive optical power, and an image side surface of the fourth lens and an object side surface of the fifth lens are cemented surfaces. The combined focal length f45 of the fourth lens and the fifth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens satisfy 3.2< f45/f <168.8.
In some embodiments, the fourth lens and the fifth lens form a cemented lens group having negative optical power, and an image side surface of the fourth lens and an object side surface of the fifth lens are cemented surfaces. The combined focal length f45 of the fourth lens and the fifth lens and the effective focal length f of the optical lens meet the condition that-90.9 < f45/f < -3.1.
In some embodiments, the optical lens satisfies the following conditional expression ：4.9mm<f<5.9mm;60°<FOV<75°;2.6mm<EPD<3.2mm;21mm<TTL<27mm;1.6<FNO<2.0;5.5mm<IH<7.3mm;18°<CRA<31°;BFL>1.9mm., where f represents an effective focal length of the optical lens, FOV represents a maximum field angle of the optical lens, EPD represents an entrance pupil diameter of the optical lens, TTL represents an optical total length of the optical lens, FNO represents an aperture value of the optical lens, IH represents a true image height corresponding to the maximum field angle of the optical lens, CRA represents a chief ray incident angle at the maximum image height of the optical lens, and BFL represents a back focal length of the optical lens. Preferably ,5.2mm<f<5.5mm;63°<FOV<72°;2.8mm<EPD<3.1mm;22.8mm<TTL<26.2mm;1.7<FNO<1.9;6.1mm<IH<6.9mm;22.8°<CRA<26.2°;1.9mm<BFL<2.4mm. meets the above ranges, the optical lens has at least one or more of the advantages of large target surface, low cost, high resolution, etc.
In some embodiments, the first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens and the sixth lens may be spherical lenses or aspherical lenses, and compared with spherical structures, the aspherical structures can effectively reduce the aberration of the optical system, so as to reduce the number of lenses and reduce the size of the lenses, and better achieve miniaturization of the lens. More specifically, the first lens, the third lens, the fourth lens and the fifth lens of the present invention adopt spherical lenses, and the second lens and the sixth lens adopt aspherical lenses.
In various embodiments of the present invention, when an aspherical lens is used as the lens, each aspherical surface shape of the optical lens satisfies the following equation:
Wherein z is the distance between the curved surface and the curved surface vertex in the optical axis direction, h is the distance between the optical axis and the curved surface, c is the curvature of the curved surface vertex, K is the quadric surface coefficient, B, C, D, E, F is the fourth-order, sixth-order, eighth-order, tenth-order and twelfth-order surface coefficients respectively.
The invention is further illustrated in the following examples. In various embodiments, the thickness, radius of curvature, and material selection portion of each lens in the optical lens may vary, and for specific differences, reference may be made to the parameter tables of the various embodiments. The following examples are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the following examples, and any other changes, substitutions, combinations or simplifications that do not depart from the gist of the present invention are intended to be equivalent substitutes within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, a schematic structure of an optical lens 100 according to an embodiment 1 of the present invention is shown, where the optical lens 100 includes, in order from an object side to an imaging plane along an optical axis, a first lens L1, a second lens L2, a stop ST, a third lens L3, a fourth lens L4, a fifth lens L5, a sixth lens L6, a filter G1, and a cover glass G2.
The first lens element L1 has a negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave;
The second lens element L2 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is convex;
The third lens element L3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex;
the fourth lens element L4 has negative focal power, and both the object-side surface S7 and the image-side surface S8 thereof are concave surfaces;
The fifth lens element L5 has positive refractive power, and both an object-side surface S8 and an image-side surface S9 thereof are convex;
the fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 form a cemented lens group with positive optical power, i.e., the cemented surface between the image side surface of the fourth lens L4 and the object side surface of the fifth lens L5 is S8;
The sixth lens element L6 with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface S10 and a concave image-side surface S11;
the object side surface S12 and the image side surface S13 of the optical filter G1 are planes;
the object side surface S14 and the image side surface S15 of the protective glass G2 are planes;
The imaging surface S16 is a plane.
The first lens L1, the third lens L3, the fourth lens L4, and the fifth lens L5 are glass spherical lenses, and the second lens L2 and the sixth lens L6 are glass aspherical lenses.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 100 in embodiment 1 are shown in table 1-1.
TABLE 1-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 100 in example 1 are shown in tables 1-2.
TABLE 1-2
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 100 are shown in fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
Fig. 2 shows a field curve of example 1, which indicates the degree of curvature of light rays of different wavelengths on a meridional image plane and a sagittal image plane, the horizontal axis indicates the amount of shift (unit: mm), and the vertical axis indicates the half angle of view (unit: °). From the graph, the field curvature of the meridian image plane and the sagittal image plane is controlled within-0.04 mm to 0.04mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct the field curvature.
Fig. 3 shows the F-theta distortion curve of example 1, which represents the F-theta distortion of light rays of different wavelengths at different image heights on the imaging plane, the horizontal axis represents the F-theta distortion value (in:%) and the vertical axis represents the half field angle (in: °). From the graph, the F-theta distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-0.5%, the image compression of the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved.
Fig. 4 shows an axial aberration diagram of example 1, which represents aberration of each wavelength on the optical axis at the imaging plane, the horizontal axis represents an axial aberration value (unit: mm), and the vertical axis represents a normalized pupil radius. As can be seen from the figure, the offset of the axial aberration is controlled within-0.01 mm-0.02 mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration.
Fig. 5 shows a vertical axis color difference graph of example 1, which shows color differences at different image heights on an imaging plane for each wavelength with respect to a center wavelength (0.55 μm), with the horizontal axis showing a vertical axis color difference value (unit: μm) for each wavelength with respect to the center wavelength, and the vertical axis showing a normalized field angle. As can be seen from the figure, the vertical axis chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-1.5 mu m to 4 mu m, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of an edge view field and a secondary spectrum of the whole image surface.
Fig. 6 shows an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of example 1, which represents the lens imaging modulation degree of different spatial frequencies at each view field, the horizontal axis represents the spatial frequency (unit: lp/mm), and the vertical axis represents the MTF value. As can be seen from the graph, the MTF values of the embodiment are above 0.35 in the whole view field, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge view field, and the MTF image has good imaging quality and good detail resolution.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 7, a schematic diagram of an optical lens 200 according to an embodiment 2 of the present invention is shown, and the main difference between the optical lens 200 and the embodiment 1 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and the lens thickness of the lens surfaces are different, the object-side surface S3 of the second lens element L2 is a convex surface, the image-side surface S9 of the fifth lens element L5 is a concave surface, and the fourth lens element L4 and the fifth lens element L5 form a cemented lens assembly with negative optical power.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 200 in example 2 are shown in table 2-1.
TABLE 2-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 200 in example 2 are shown in table 2-2.
TABLE 2-2
| Face number | K | B | C | D | E | F |
| S3 | -1.04E+00 | -5.30E-04 | -1.60E-05 | 7.73E-07 | -1.45E-07 | 7.85E-09 |
| S4 | -5.05E+00 | -5.91E-05 | -2.10E-05 | 8.83E-06 | -1.24E-06 | 7.78E-08 |
| S10 | -4.32E+01 | -1.07E-02 | -2.52E-04 | 9.20E-05 | -2.31E-05 | 1.60E-06 |
| S11 | -2.50E-01 | -9.39E-03 | 1.59E-04 | 2.73E-05 | -6.01E-06 | 3.49E-07 |
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 200 are shown in fig. 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 8, the curvature of field of the meridional image plane and the sagittal image plane are controlled within-0.03 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct curvature of field. As can be seen from fig. 9, the F- θ distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-5%, the image compression in the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved. As can be seen from fig. 10, the offset of the axial aberration in the embodiment is controlled within-0.01 mm to 0.02mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration. As can be seen from FIG. 11, the vertical chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-1 μm to 3 μm, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of the marginal field of view and the secondary spectrum of the whole image surface. As can be seen from fig. 12, the MTF values of the embodiment are all above 0.45 in the whole field of view, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge field of view, which indicates that the optical lens has better imaging quality and better detail resolution.
Example 3
Referring to fig. 13, a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens 300 according to an embodiment 3 of the present invention is shown, and the main difference between the optical lens 300 and the embodiment 1 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and the lens thickness of the lens surfaces are different, the object-side surface S3 of the second lens element L2 is a convex surface, the image-side surface S9 of the fifth lens element L5 is a concave surface, and the fourth lens element L4 and the fifth lens element L5 form a cemented lens assembly with negative optical power.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 300 in example 3 are shown in table 3-1.
TABLE 3-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 300 in example 3 are shown in table 3-2.
TABLE 3-2
| Face number | K | B | C | D | E | F |
| S3 | 3.36E+00 | -1.12E-03 | -2.23E-05 | -1.39E-06 | 5.66E-08 | -3.61E-09 |
| S4 | -3.38E+00 | -9.80E-05 | -2.25E-05 | 3.43E-06 | -3.43E-07 | 1.46E-08 |
| S10 | -5.00E+01 | -8.16E-03 | -4.20E-04 | 9.17E-05 | -1.78E-05 | 1.04E-06 |
| S11 | -4.47E-01 | -6.02E-03 | -1.92E-04 | 4.31E-05 | -4.80E-06 | 2.17E-07 |
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 300 are shown in fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 14, the curvature of field of the meridional image plane and the sagittal image plane are controlled within-0.03 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct curvature of field. As can be seen from fig. 15, the F- θ distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-4%, the image compression in the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved. As can be seen from fig. 16, the offset of the axial aberration in the embodiment is controlled within-0.01 mm to 0.02mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration. As can be seen from FIG. 17, the vertical axis chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-1.5 μm to 3 μm, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of the marginal field of view and the secondary spectrum of the whole image plane. As can be seen from fig. 18, the MTF values of the embodiment are all above 0.35 in the whole field of view, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge field of view, which indicates that the optical lens has better imaging quality and better detail resolution.
Example 4
Referring to fig. 19, a schematic structural diagram of an optical lens 400 according to an embodiment 4 of the present invention is shown, and the main difference between the optical lens 400 and the embodiment 1 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and the lens thickness of the lens surfaces are different, the object-side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is a convex surface, the object-side surface S10 of the sixth lens L6 is a concave surface, and the fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 form a cemented lens assembly with negative optical power.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 400 in example 4 are shown in table 4-1.
TABLE 4-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 400 in example 4 are shown in table 4-2.
TABLE 4-2
| Face number | K | B | C | D | E | F |
| S3 | 3.06E+00 | -9.26E-04 | -2.45E-05 | -8.01E-07 | 2.37E-08 | -1.40E-09 |
| S4 | -3.26E-01 | -2.48E-04 | -2.02E-06 | -1.70E-06 | 1.83E-07 | -6.37E-09 |
| S10 | 4.91E+01 | -2.54E-03 | -2.41E-04 | 5.75E-05 | -9.67E-06 | 5.48E-07 |
| S11 | 1.07E+01 | -2.39E-03 | -4.52E-05 | -1.73E-06 | -1.21E-07 | -2.19E-08 |
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 400 are shown in fig. 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 20, the curvature of field of the meridional image plane and the sagittal image plane are controlled within-0.03 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct curvature of field. As can be seen from fig. 21, the F- θ distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-2%, the image compression in the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved. As can be seen from fig. 22, the offset of the axial aberration in the embodiment is controlled within-0.01 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration. As can be seen from FIG. 23, the vertical chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-2 μm to 3 μm, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of the marginal field of view and the secondary spectrum of the whole image plane. As can be seen from fig. 24, the MTF values of the embodiment are all above 0.4 in the whole field of view, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge field of view, which indicates that the optical lens has better imaging quality and better detail resolution.
Example 5
Referring to fig. 25, a schematic diagram of an optical lens 500 according to embodiment 5 of the invention is shown, and the main difference between the present embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and the lens thickness of each lens surface are different, and the object-side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is a convex surface.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 500 in example 5 are shown in table 5-1.
TABLE 5-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 500 in example 5 are shown in table 5-2.
TABLE 5-2
| Face number | K | B | C | D | E | F |
| S3 | -1.31E+00 | -5.38E-04 | -1.55E-05 | -1.37E-06 | 9.28E-08 | -1.68E-08 |
| S4 | -2.59E+00 | -1.72E-04 | -4.31E-05 | 4.82E-06 | -5.77E-07 | 1.31E-08 |
| S10 | -5.00E+01 | -9.92E-03 | -1.51E-03 | 3.84E-04 | -4.33E-05 | 1.93E-06 |
| S11 | -1.34E+00 | -1.76E-02 | 7.71E-04 | 2.85E-05 | -8.09E-06 | 4.01E-07 |
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 500 are shown in fig. 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 26, the curvature of field of the meridional image plane and the sagittal image plane are controlled within-0.04 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct curvature of field. As can be seen from fig. 27, the F- θ distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-4.5%, the image compression in the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved. As can be seen from fig. 28, the offset of the axial aberration in the present embodiment is controlled within-0.02 mm to 0.02mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration. As can be seen from FIG. 29, the vertical chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-1 μm to 4 μm, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of the marginal field of view and the secondary spectrum of the whole image plane. As can be seen from fig. 30, the MTF values of the embodiment are all above 0.4 in the whole field of view, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge field of view, which indicates that the optical lens has better imaging quality and better detail resolution.
Example 6
Referring to fig. 31, a schematic diagram of an optical lens 600 according to an embodiment 6 of the invention is shown, and the main difference between the present embodiment and the embodiment 1 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and the lens thickness of each lens surface are different, the object-side surface S3 of the second lens element L2 is a convex surface, and the object-side surface S10 of the sixth lens element L6 is a concave surface.
The relevant parameters of each lens in the optical lens 600 in example 6 are shown in table 6-1.
TABLE 6-1
The surface profile parameters of the aspherical lens of the optical lens 600 in example 6 are shown in table 6-2.
TABLE 6-2
| Face number | K | B | C | D | E | F |
| S3 | -1.88E+00 | 3.88E-05 | -2.41E-05 | 2.86E-06 | -2.90E-07 | 1.00E-08 |
| S4 | -8.74E+00 | -1.59E-04 | -2.66E-05 | 5.76E-06 | -7.25E-07 | 3.41E-08 |
| S10 | -1.51E+01 | -9.70E-03 | -4.27E-04 | 1.44E-04 | -3.20E-05 | 2.06E-06 |
| S11 | 4.82E+00 | -7.87E-03 | 4.10E-05 | 2.85E-05 | -5.22E-06 | 2.75E-07 |
In the present embodiment, a field curve graph, an F- θ distortion graph, an axial aberration graph, a vertical axis chromatic aberration graph, and an MTF (modulation transfer function) graph of the optical lens 600 are shown in fig. 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 32, the curvature of field of the meridional image plane and the sagittal image plane are controlled within-0.04 mm to 0.03mm, which indicates that the optical lens can well correct curvature of field. As can be seen from fig. 33, the F- θ distortion of the optical lens is controlled within 0-5%, the image compression in the edge angle area is gentle, and the definition of the unfolded image is effectively improved. As can be seen from fig. 34, the offset of the axial aberration in the embodiment is controlled within-0.01 mm to 0.02mm, which indicates that the optical lens can better correct the axial aberration. As can be seen from FIG. 35, the vertical chromatic aberration of the longest wavelength and the shortest wavelength is controlled within-1 μm to 3 μm, which shows that the optical lens can excellently correct chromatic aberration of the marginal field of view and the secondary spectrum of the whole image plane. As can be seen from fig. 36, the MTF values of the present embodiment are all above 0.4 in the whole field of view, and in the range of 0-160 lp/mm, the MTF curve is uniformly and smoothly reduced in the process from the center to the edge field of view, which indicates that the optical lens has better imaging quality and better detail resolution.
Referring to table 7, the optical characteristics corresponding to the above embodiments include the effective focal length f, the total optical length TTL, the aperture value Fno, the real image height IH corresponding to the maximum field angle, the maximum field angle FOV, and the numerical value corresponding to each conditional expression in each embodiment.
TABLE 7
In summary, the optical lens provided by the embodiment of the invention adopts six lenses with specific focal power, and can improve the imaging quality of the optical lens, reduce the aberration, improve the imaging quality of the optical lens and enable the lens to have one or more advantages of low cost, high resolution, high imaging quality and the like through specific surface shape collocation and reasonable focal power distribution.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The foregoing examples illustrate only a few embodiments of the invention and are described in detail herein without thereby limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which are all within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
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