CN115801056A - UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method - Google Patents
UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method, which comprises the following steps: receiving a discrete digital signal obtained by sampling conversion after front-end processing; a coarse capture stage: performing convolution processing on the discrete digital signal by adopting a locally reproduced preamble sequence, performing coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the convolution processing to obtain a first processing signal, responding to a detection preamble according to the strongest peak value of the first processing signal, and performing frequency offset rough estimation and CMR rough estimation when the preamble is detected; and a precise receiving stage: and performing frequency offset coarse compensation processing on the signal after the convolution processing by adopting the frequency offset coarse estimation to obtain a compensation signal, performing interpolation processing by taking the compensation signal as input, performing coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the interpolation processing to obtain a second processing signal, and performing residual frequency offset estimation and CMR (Carrier frequency response) precise estimation on the second processing signal. The invention can improve the reliability of preamble detection and acquisition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of UWB (ultra-wideband) preamble signal processing, in particular to a UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method.
Background
UWB systems are communication systems that employ nanosecond-wide pulses as chips. Because the UWB pulse has short duration and large bandwidth and has excellent capacity of distinguishing multipath signals, the flight time of the electromagnetic wave can be accurately measured (centimeter level) and used for high-precision distance measurement and positioning under the complex environmental conditions such as indoor environment and the like. The bandwidth of a UWB system is typically above 500MHz, and the ADC sampling frequency is typically at least 1GHz.
The UWB Preamble signal consists of a periodically repeated pseudorandom code sequence (PRN) modulated by the pulses, and each such modulated pseudorandom code sequence is referred to as a Preamble. The PRN used by the UWB preamble code has perfect cyclic autocorrelation characteristics, namely when the time difference of two functions (both adopted PRNs) participating in the correlation operation is 0, the PRNs have the maximum correlation peak, otherwise, the PRNs are 0; the PRN is selected and combined with the pulse modulation with large bandwidth, so that the multipath interference is reduced to an extremely low degree, the estimation performance of the time of arrival (TOA) of the electromagnetic wave is greatly improved, and the channel estimation algorithm is greatly simplified. Generally, through the well-designed UWB lead code, the design complexity of the UWB receiver is greatly reduced, and the performance of the UWB ranging and positioning system is improved. According to a UWB physical layer protocol, a PRN used by a UWB preamble has a length of 31 or 127, and a preamble sequence obtained through zero insertion processing (zero insertion rate is 4, 16, or 64) has an actual length that is multiplied, for example, after 16 times of PRN having a length of 31 is zero-inserted, a final preamble sequence length is increased to 16 times, that is, 496, where a possible value of the sequence is {1,0, -1}, each value corresponds to one chip, and each chip is modulated by a selected narrow pulse (usually, a gaussian pulse), so as to obtain the preamble; whereas the UWB preamble signal may consist of 16, 64, 1024 or 4096 consecutive preambles. The UWB receiver needs to perform detection and parameter estimation on the preamble signal, thereby implementing ranging and positioning and subsequent data demodulation and decoding. The current UWB receiver processes the preamble signal into an acquisition phase and a tracking phase. The existence of the preamble needs to be judged in the initial signal acquisition phase, and once the existence of the preamble is confirmed, the receiver shifts to a signal tracking phase. In the tracking stage, the receiver needs to perform frequency offset compensation and resampling on ADC data, so that the local signal and the received signal are kept synchronized, and conditions are created for subsequent correlation processing and coherent accumulation to obtain coherent gain. When the receiver has completed all preamble receptions, the CMR (channel matching response) represented by the accumulated data is processed to estimate the TOA (time of arrival) of the signal.
The receiver first finds the CMR peak point location, which represents the location of the strongest path, but the LOS (direct path) may not necessarily be the strongest path, so it is necessary to search forward the first local peak location greater than the threshold, starting at the location of the strongest path, and determine that the location near the peak is the LOS signal area. The threshold is typically set to be several times the noise.
After finding out the approximate position of the LOS signal in the channel impulse response, accurate arrival time estimation needs to be carried out next, a receiver extracts a plurality of sample points before and after the local peak point in the CMR, the amplitude of the sample points should be discrete sampling of the UWB pulse envelope, and the accurate estimation of the arrival time is the corresponding relation of the matched discrete points and the pulse envelope in time.
However, the signal-to-noise ratio of the acquisition or tracking process based on a single preamble is low, 1) is not conducive to reliable and efficient acquisition, 2) is not conducive to accurate and reliable estimation of signal parameters, and 3) is not conducive to detection and TOA estimation of direct path signals.
The related technical terms in this application are explained as follows:
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)
PRN: pseudo random number sequence of Pseudo random numbers
LOS: line OfSight, direct path
NLOS: non Line OfSight, non-direct path, i.e. reflected path
TOA Time of arrival
Radio Frequency, radio Frequency
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
CMR Channel Match Response
FFT: fast Fourier Transform, fast Fourier Transform.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method, which can improve the reliability of preamble detection and acquisition.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: provided is a UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method, comprising the following steps:
receiving a discrete digital signal obtained by sampling conversion after front-end processing;
a coarse capture stage: performing convolution processing on the discrete digital signal by adopting a locally reproduced preamble sequence, performing coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the convolution processing to obtain a first processing signal, responding to a detection preamble according to the strongest peak value of the first processing signal, and performing frequency offset rough estimation and CMR rough estimation when the preamble is detected;
and a precise receiving stage: and carrying out frequency offset coarse compensation processing on the signal after the convolution processing by adopting the frequency offset coarse estimation to obtain a compensation signal, carrying out interpolation processing by taking the compensation signal as input, carrying out coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the interpolation processing to obtain a second processing signal, and carrying out residual frequency offset estimation and CMR (precision measurement) accurate estimation on the second processing signal.
Specifically, the detecting the preamble according to the strongest peak response of the first processed signal is to determine whether the maximum amplitude value in the first processed signal is greater than Th times of the average value of all amplitudes of the first processed signal, and if so, detect the preamble.
When the coarse frequency offset estimation and the coarse CMR estimation are carried out when the lead code is detected, carrying out parabolic interpolation on the frequency of the maximum amplitude value in the first processing signal and two adjacent frequencies of the maximum amplitude value, and taking the frequency corresponding to the vertex of a parabola as the coarse frequency offset estimation value; setting a window by taking the frequency of the maximum amplitude value in the first processed signal as the center, wherein the window is used as a CMR rough estimation, and no preamble can reach a receiver at the time outside the window.
The convolution processing at the exact receive stage is performed within the window.
In the accurate receiving stage, the method is startedFor treatingCompleting the coarse frequency offset compensation process, wherein D 1 (n) is a compensation signal, D (n) is a signal after convolution processing,is a coarse estimate of the frequency offset, T s Is the sampling interval of the analog-to-digital converter in the receiver.
The times of correlation accumulation in the coarse acquisition stage are less than the times of correlation accumulation in the accurate receiving stage; the number of points of fast Fourier transform in the coarse capturing stage is smaller than that in the accurate receiving stage.
Advantageous effects
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and positive effects: the invention divides the preamble signal processing flow into two stages of coarse capture and accurate receiving, gradually improves the accuracy and reliability of the estimation of received signal parameters such as frequency deviation, CMR, TOA and the like, and adopts different coherent integration lengths and FFT configuration according to the accuracy degree of the signal parameter estimation so as to improve the signal-to-noise ratio as much as possible and accelerate the convergence speed of the estimation accuracy.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the timing relationship of the result of preamble convolution;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the coarse capture stage in the present embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram of coherent integration results in the coarse acquisition stage according to the present embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a time-frequency diagram of the FFT spectrum in the coarse capture stage in the present embodiment;
fig. 6 is a block diagram of the processing in the accurate reception stage in the present embodiment.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it should be understood that various changes or modifications of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teaching of the present invention, and such equivalents may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
The embodiment of the invention relates to a UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method, as shown in figure 1, comprising the following steps: receiving a discrete digital signal obtained by sampling conversion after front-end processing; a coarse capture stage: performing convolution processing on the discrete digital signal by adopting a locally reproduced preamble sequence, performing coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the convolution processing to obtain a first processing signal, responding to a detection preamble according to the strongest peak value of the first processing signal, and performing frequency offset rough estimation and CMR rough estimation when the preamble is detected; and a precise receiving stage: and carrying out frequency offset coarse compensation processing on the signal after the convolution processing by adopting the frequency offset coarse estimation to obtain a compensation signal, carrying out interpolation processing by taking the compensation signal as input, carrying out coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the interpolation processing to obtain a second processing signal, and carrying out residual frequency offset estimation and CMR (precision measurement) accurate estimation on the second processing signal. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
UWB electromagnetic waves received by the antenna are processed by the RF (radio frequency) front end and then ADC sampled and converted into discrete digital signals suitable for processing by digital ASICs, DSPs, FPGAs, or the like. The locally reproduced preamble sequence is then convolved to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and to prepare for subsequent further signal processing and parameter estimation. L is the length of the preamble in chips, U is the upsampling multiple, P (m) is the chip sequence of the preamble, and r (n) is the received ADC signal. Order: n = Li + j, then:
since the preamble is periodic, the convolution output can be organized as Phase and preamble: each time the convolutional signal of one preamble period is obtained, the next period is entered. For example, the preamble length is 496 chips and the upsampling multiple is 2, and the timing relationship is shown in fig. 2.
Before initially accessing a UWB system, a UWB receiver usually has no accurate prior information of frequency difference between the UWB receiver and a transmitting terminal, and the maximum allowable frequency difference is 20ppm and is regulated by a UWB physical layer standard, and the maximum allowable frequency difference is a carrier frequency f car For the 7987.2MHz carrier, for example, the frequency offset may be up to about 160kHz. Taking a preamble length 0.99359us as an example, the maximum number of preambles N for direct coherent accumulation max 3, otherwise there will be aliasing causing the frequency offset to not be reliably estimated and will likely suffer a large sincLoss attenuation:
the frequency offset also results in the transmit and receive end samples Zhong Chayi, which also limits the coherent accumulation time. Taking a chip 2ns as an example, the time of a preamble, the maximum deviation of the sampling time in chip unit is:
too long a coherent accumulation time (e.g., more than 50 preambles at 20ppm frequency offset) will not yield significant results. However, the TOA estimation and the CMR estimation require a higher signal-to-noise ratio to be reliable and accurate, i.e., longer coherent accumulation time. In order to solve the problem of the limitation of frequency offset on the coherent integration length, the embodiment divides the receiving process of the preamble signal into two stages: coarse acquisition and accurate reception. When available frequency offset prior information is not available, long-time coherent accumulation cannot be carried out, extremely weak LOS cannot be reliably detected and TOA cannot be estimated, at the moment, preamble signal processing is in a coarse acquisition stage, and only the frequency offset and CMR are roughly estimated according to the existence of a detection preamble code and the strongest peak response. Although the frequency offset estimation obtained in the rough acquisition stage is not accurate, the frequency error of hundred kHz level can be reduced to kHz level through compensation, and a condition is created for coherent accumulation for a longer time; with the roughly estimated CMR, subsequent signal reception may be performed within a time window, which is the portion of a preamble duration that contains the desired signal, to reduce power consumption and improve processing efficiency.
Although the range of possible frequency offsets of-160khz, 160khz can be segmented during the coarse acquisition phase and then compensated for sample clock bias to increase the effective accumulation time and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, this method of segmenting and compensating the frequency offsets to increase the accumulation time is burdensome in terms of processing complexity and power consumption in view of the GHz level sampling rate. For many mobile or portable UWB receiver devices sensitive to power consumption, signal search acquisition is a normal state and also a state with the largest power consumption, and reducing the power consumption of preamble search acquisition is a key concern.
The coarse capture stage in this embodiment is shown in fig. 3. The coarse acquisition relies on the strongest path signal and the signal-to-noise ratio requirement for detection is much lower relative to the parameter estimation, so that a smaller integration time for the coarse acquisition phase relative to the accurate reception phase is sufficient for detection. But the signal-to-noise ratio that a single preamble can provide is generally insufficient, i.e., a reasonable coherent accumulation of multiple preambles needs to be supported. Considering tolerance to possible frequency offset up to 160kHz and taking signal processing gain, power consumption, processing efficiency and flexibility into account, the coherent accumulation number may be set to 1-3, the number of FFT input samples is 4, 8 or 16, and zero is complemented by the same number of samples, i.e. corresponding FFT lengths are 8, 16 and 32. Let coherent accumulation length be M, the output of the ith coherent accumulation for phase j is represented as:
taking the number of FFT input samples 8 as an example, the data is shown in fig. 4. A 16-point FFT is performed and the spectral data represented in complex numbers is shown in fig. 5. Then when B is m_j And when the amplitude maximum value is larger than the amplitude mean value Th (which is a preset relative threshold), judging that the lead code is detected. The frequency index of the maximum may correspond to an approximation of the frequency offset, and the phase index may be a pairThe time of arrival of the strongest path should be.
The FFT actually only finds the spectrum over a set of discrete frequencies, the true value of the frequency offset is usually not aligned with any of the set of discrete frequencies, and if the frequency at which the maximum spectrum is located is used as the estimate of the frequency offset, the accuracy is low. Therefore, in the embodiment, the maximum frequency spectrum and two adjacent frequency spectrums thereof are used for performing parabolic interpolation to improve the frequency offset estimation precision, that is, the vertex of the interpolated parabola is used as the frequency offset estimation value.
Let the frequency spectrum with maximum amplitude be B bmax_pmax Then the CMR is roughly estimated as:
where K is a window width that is pre-selected to be large enough so that outside the window centered on the spectrum with the largest amplitude, no preamble can be considered to arrive at the receiver.
The flow of the accurate receiving Phase is shown in fig. 6, in the accurate receiving Phase, preamble convolution can be performed within the selected window, that is, convolution processing is performed only in part of Phase, so as to reduce the amount of computation and save resources.
Let the frequency offset estimation value in the coarse acquisition stage beThe frequency offset coarse compensation processing comprises the following steps:
T s for ADC sampling interval, for sampling rate f s The reciprocal of (c). The sampling rate corresponding to the frequency offset estimate is:
the corresponding sampling intervals are:
to obtain in order toFor spaced sampling points, the compensation signal D is required 1 (n) interpolate the input, which can typically be done using Farrow Filter.
The following processing from coherent accumulation to residual frequency offset estimation is similar to coarse acquisition. After coarse frequency offset compensation, the residual frequency error is in kHz, so that the coherent accumulation time and the number of FFT points can be further increased. Such as: coherent accumulation of 4, 8 or 16 preambles may be performed; the number of FFT input samples is 8, 16 or 32, and the corresponding number of FFT samples can be 16, 32 or 64, so as to achieve higher signal-to-noise ratio and frequency offset estimation accuracy. And adding the residual frequency offset estimation to the frequency offset rough estimation to obtain a more accurate frequency offset estimation value, wherein the error can be further reduced to 100Hz level. The improvement in signal-to-noise ratio makes the estimation of CMR less affected by noise and allows the potentially weak LOS signal to be significantly larger than noise after FFT processing and identified and estimated. With bmax representing the frequency index of the maximum amplitude spectrum, the LOS signal is the spectrum at bmax and at the earliest in phase and greater than Th times the noise, and its index in phase is denoted pmax.
Since the sampling rate of the signal is only 2 times of the bandwidth of the signal, and the estimation accuracy of the TOA phase with pmax is low, three frequency spectrums are generally required to be used for interpolation, for example, early-Minus-Late algorithm can be adopted.
The preamble signal may last for a maximum of 4096 preambles, and after the above-mentioned accurate reception, there may be a sufficient number of preambles remaining to continue the accurate reception. Because the frequency offset estimation error is further greatly reduced after one round of accurate receiving, the accurate receiving performed again can further increase the coherent integration so as to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and enable the TOA and CMR to be more accurately estimated.
It should be noted that, in general, the frequency of the base station is more accurate than that of the mobile terminal, i.e. the clocks of different base stations are close to the nominal value and significantly less than the dispersion of the clocks of the mobile terminal, then the historical frequency offset information of the mobile terminal communicating with the base station will have higher availability. In such a scenario, when the mobile terminal has available historical information of frequency offset, a coarse acquisition procedure similar to the precise reception may be adopted. Windowing cannot be done during the acquisition phase since it is not yet synchronized with the transmitter; the historical frequency offset information applied to the current reception may have an error between kHz and hundred kHz, and the coherent accumulation length should also be within a reasonable range.
It is not difficult to find that the preamble signal processing flow is divided into two stages of coarse capture and accurate receiving, so that the accuracy and reliability of the estimation of received signal parameters such as frequency offset, CMR, TOA and the like are gradually improved, and different coherent integration lengths and FFT configurations are adopted according to the accuracy degree of the signal parameter estimation, so that the signal-to-noise ratio is improved as much as possible and the estimation accuracy convergence speed is accelerated.
Claims (6)
1. A UWB preamble signal receiving and processing method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
receiving a discrete digital signal obtained by sampling conversion after front-end processing;
a coarse capture stage: performing convolution processing on the discrete digital signal by adopting a locally reproduced preamble sequence, performing coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the convolution processing to obtain a first processing signal, responding to a detection preamble according to the strongest peak value of the first processing signal, and performing frequency offset rough estimation and CMR rough estimation when the preamble is detected;
and a precise receiving stage: and carrying out frequency offset coarse compensation processing on the signal after the convolution processing by adopting the frequency offset coarse estimation to obtain a compensation signal, carrying out interpolation processing by taking the compensation signal as input, carrying out coherent accumulation and fast Fourier transform on the signal after the interpolation processing to obtain a second processing signal, and carrying out residual frequency offset estimation and CMR (precision measurement) accurate estimation on the second processing signal.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the detecting the preamble according to the strongest peak response of the first processed signal is to determine whether a maximum amplitude value of the first processed signal is greater than a Th times of a mean value of all amplitudes of the first processed signal, and if so, detect the preamble.
3. The UWB preamble signal reception processing method according to claim 2, wherein when the coarse frequency offset estimation and the coarse CMR estimation are performed when the preamble is detected, the frequency of the maximum amplitude value in the first processed signal and two adjacent frequencies thereof are subjected to parabolic interpolation, and a frequency corresponding to a vertex of a parabola is used as the coarse frequency offset estimation value; setting a window by taking the frequency of the maximum amplitude value in the first processed signal as the center, wherein the window is used as a CMR rough estimation, and no preamble can reach a receiver at the time outside the window.
4. The UWB preamble signal reception processing method according to claim 3, wherein the convolution processing at the precise reception stage is performed within the window.
5. The UWB preamble signal reception processing method of claim 1, wherein the accurate reception phase is performed byCompleting the coarse frequency deviation compensation process, wherein D 1 (n) is a compensation signal, D (n) is a signal after convolution processing,is a coarse estimate of the frequency offset, T s Is the sampling interval of the analog-to-digital converter in the receiver.
6. The UWB preamble reception processing method according to claim 1, wherein the number of correlation accumulations in the coarse acquisition stage is less than the number of correlation accumulations in the fine reception stage; the number of points of fast Fourier transform in the coarse capturing stage is smaller than that in the accurate receiving stage.
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