CN102926402A - Weathering resistant double-isolation safe passageway method for underground cavities under tourist condition - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a weathering resistant double-isolation safe passageway method for guaranteeing the safety of tourists and the long-term protection on underground cavities under tourist conditions, and relates to an underground thin-shell structure composed of a single underground passageway laid on an underground cavity base plate or a plurality of underground passageways communicated with one another. The weathering resistant double-isolation safe passageway is composed of a protective cushion layer paved on the underground cavity base plate, a transparent viewing window arranged in the passageway, a totally transparent section and a wall transparent section structure; and the method adopts door sealing and window sealing technologies of a double-layer glass structure, the technology of a top plate eave baffle plate for preventing slope rolling stones at an entrance of the cavity and extending out of the cavity passageway, and the like. The weathering resistant double-isolation safe passageway method takes the safety of the tourists and the demands of the tourists on tourism into full consideration, and simultaneously, facilitates long-term protection of the underground cavities and retarding weathering of surrounding rocks.

Description

A weather-proof and double-isolated safe passage method for underground caverns under tourist conditions

technical field

The invention relates to a weather-resistant double-isolated safe passage method for ensuring the safety of tourists and long-term protection of underground caverns under the condition of tourism. The above-mentioned underground caverns include ancient catacombs, cave temples, ancient underground rock engineering (such as ancient underground quarries), karst caves, etc.

Background technique

1. The urgency of anti-weathering and long-term protection of underground caverns under tourism conditions

There are a large number of underground caverns left in the history. These cave groups were built by people living in different dynasties according to different purposes (such as religious activities, mining, quarrying, residence and military affairs, etc.), because they often reflect the social conditions, artistic characteristics and cultural heritage of the era in which they were built. Ancient engineering scientific thinking and superb technology, so a considerable part of them not only become cultural relics protection units at different levels in the country, but also become objects of appreciation for tourists and popular science tourism bases. Obviously, under the conditions of tourism, these cave groups will face the dual challenges of how to ensure the safety of tourism and how to protect them for a long time (especially against weathering). For the former, it will become difficult due to the deterioration of the surrounding rock of the cavern. For the latter, the problem is also very complicated, and its complexity is often related to the damage degree of the surrounding rock of the cavern, while the damage of the surrounding rock mainly depends on the geological conditions (including lithology, structure, etc.), engineering conditions (including cave span, The complexity of the cave height and multi-cavity structure) and the environmental conditions of the surrounding rock. The seriousness of the problem is that there are not many methods to prevent the weathering of surrounding rocks.

In many areas of our country (especially in the southwest), some karst caves have also been developed as tourist attractions. Most of these karst caves take millions of years or even longer to form. Karst caves are not only good tourism resources, but also have high scientific research value (for example, information can be extracted from stalactites and stalagmites to study paleoenvironment). However, with the increase of tourists, the CO ₂ left in the cave by tourists due to breathing will also increase, and the stalactites and stalagmites in the cave will be eroded by CO ₂ . What's more, some tourists will permanently damage the cave by breaking the stalactites and stalagmites in the cave. At present, there are no relevant protective measures in the karst caves that have been developed for tourism.

2. Survey of Existing Technologies for Weatherproofing and Long-Term Protection Methods

After the investigation of various underground caverns developed for tourism in China, it was found that a considerable part of them did not adopt weathering and long-term protection measures. Through the analysis of caverns that have adopted anti-weathering and long-term protection measures, it can be summarized as the following methods:

(1) Protective methods for repairing damaged areas and monitoring _CO2 in caves

Among the caves investigated, there is a category of caves with no windows and no openings (horizontal openings) on the roof, and only vertical openings, such as cave temples. Through investigation, it is found that many cave temples (such as some caves in Dunhuang Grottoes, a world cultural heritage), have adopted the above-mentioned anti-weather and long-term protection measures. The management department first repaired the damaged cave entrance in accordance with the principle of cultural relics protection, and also adopted measures to limit the number of tourists entering the cave for each group, regularly monitor the CO ₂ content left in the cave due to tourists’ breathing, not allow photography, and no lights in the cave (only allowed The tour guide uses flashlight lighting to explain) and other anti-weather measures. In addition, railings are also set up in the cave to prevent tourists from getting close to the cave wall.

(2) Protection methods for repairing damaged areas and closing openings (horizontal openings)

Take the Longyou Grottoes, a key cultural relic protection unit in Zhejiang Province, as an example. The management department repaired the collapsed part of the entrance of No. 3 cave of Longyou Grottoes. At the same time, according to the characteristics that the entrance of Longyou Grottoes, an underground project, is on the roof and becomes a horizontal opening, measures were taken to seal the entrance of the cave with a transparent cover.

3. Effect analysis of existing long-term protection methods and technologies against weathering

The Dunhuang Grottoes and Longyou Grottoes both adopt restoration methods for the damaged areas that have occurred, which is not only necessary but also very effective. In terms of anti-weathering, the management department of Dunhuang Grottoes is correct to note that tourists exhaling CO ₂ can cause weathering of surrounding rocks, so the measures they have taken to limit the number of tourists entering the cave and monitor CO ₂ are also appropriate; in addition, all It is also appropriate to prohibit electrified entry into the cave and prohibit photography, because the light of flashlights and photography contains ultraviolet rays that accelerate the weathering of surrounding rocks. The anti-weather measures adopted by Longyou Grottoes are also necessary and effective. The transparent cover added for the horizontal opening is made of plexiglass. It can prevent rainwater and dust from entering the cave, help reduce the temperature and humidity changes in the cave, and help slow down the weathering of the surrounding rock in the cave.

Obviously, the above-mentioned measures are necessary, scientifically based and effective, but not sufficient. The reasons are as follows: First, under tourist conditions, it is impossible for tourists not to enter the cave, and they have to leave the exhaled CO ₂ in the cave, and CO ₂ contributes to the weathering of surrounding rocks. Because CO ₂ is heavier than air, and the opening of the cavern is small, it cannot be discharged naturally. Restricting the number of people entering the cave can reduce CO ₂ , and the amount of deposited CO ₂ in the cave can be known through monitoring, but neither of them can reduce the content of CO ₂ in the cave; weathering; thirdly, the existence of the cave entrance is not conducive to the maintenance of constant temperature and humidity in the cavern. Excessive temperature and humidity changes will not be conducive to the weathering of the cavern; Fifth, failure to take effective measures to prevent the top plate from falling due to weathering that may hurt tourists.

Contents of the invention

In view of the needs of weatherproofing and long-term protection of caverns under tourism conditions, and the existing methods currently used have some shortcomings that hinder practical applications, the patent request of the present invention proposes double protection against weathering of caverns under tourism conditions. Quarantine safe travel channel method. It is a single underground passage that is basically not in contact with the roof and side walls of the cavern, but lies on the bottom plate, or is composed of several interconnected underground passages that are closed except for the entrance and exit. The method consists of a protective cushion layer laid on the bottom of the cavern, a transparent viewing window, a fully transparent section and a transparent section of the wall technology set in the passage, a double-layer glass structure door sealing technology and window sealing technology, and anti-rolling rocks on the side slope of the cave entrance. It is composed of the roof eaves baffle technology extending out of the opening passage. Specifically, through the engineering geological research of the underground caverns, and fully considering the tourism requirements, a relatively safe tour route is selected in the underground caverns that not only meets the tourist travel needs, but also determines the construction conditions; along the selected tour route design And build a single underground passage that is not in contact with the cave roof and side walls, but lies on the cave floor or a tourist safety passage composed of several interconnected underground passages; the underground cave floor rocks and Reversible protective cushions are laid on the carved parts, and LED lighting systems are arranged in the tourist safety passages for tourists to walk; The transparent viewing window allows the tourists in the passage to view the cavern outside the passage through the transparent viewing window. If necessary, a transparent section and a fully transparent section of the wall can also be set. Management personnel enter and exit the interior of the underground cave; the entrance of the tourist safety passage is designed as a closed door structure to realize the isolation between the passage and the outside of the cave. A steel structure or reinforced concrete eave baffle protruding from the outside of the cave is set above the tourist safety passage near the entrance. The eave baffle is tilted into the cave to resist the impact of potentially unstable rocks on the side slope of the cave entrance.

The present invention is a method of anti-weathering and double-isolated safe travel passages for caverns proposed under the conditions of tourism. Compared with the two existing methods described in this specification, the measures taken by the present invention for the safety protection of tourists are more comprehensive. At the same time, the measures for long-term protection of caverns and weathering of surrounding rocks are relatively comprehensive, and the tourism needs of tourists are fully considered.

Specifically, it is explained through the following three parts:

1. The present invention proposes a more comprehensive method in terms of ensuring the safety of tourists and managers entering the cave and the weatherproofing and long-term protection of the cavern. Its advantages are as follows:

(1) It can effectively solve the problem of falling blocks and hurting people on the roof of the cavern due to fracturing and weathering

When the roof of the cavern is relatively high (for example, the height of the roof of Longyou Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes is nearly 20m), the roof will often fall due to fracturing and weathering, and may unfortunately hurt tourists and management under certain conditions. By. But what the present invention adopts comprises the vertical view window on the side wall and the rear end wall and the horizontal view window of the band protective net on the channel top plate is supported enough to prevent falling blocks and injuring people with the reinforced concrete thin shell structure; According to the research results of geological conditions, the specific location of the transparent section is determined: the fully transparent section is used in the place where the roof is unlikely to fall off, and the wall transparent section is used in the place where the roof is likely to fall off, that is, the transparent wall and the horizontal window. (with protective net) reinforced concrete roof to protect tourists and managers walking in the passage.

(2) The safety of the travel route passed by the channel can be guaranteed by taking comprehensive measures

The traveling route of the channel is a road section with a high degree of safety, which is selected after detailed engineering geomechanics research and full consideration of the travel plan, where you can watch the various scenic spots; for the damage to the road section and the nearby upper roof, such as For cracks, etc., pillars can be used to support the roof; for cracks in the road sections and nearby roofs, side walls, and rock pillars, special treated anchor rods or anchor cables can be used for reinforcement; if necessary, a monitoring system should be established to ensure safety. .

(3) It can avoid the threat of the cave entrance slope collapse and rolling stones to tourism safety

As for the collapse and rolling stones of the cave entrance above the entrance and exit of the passage, the roof and eaves baffles extending from the passage to the outside of the cave are used to prevent them, so as long as tourists follow a certain route when entering the cave, safety can be guaranteed. Of course, for the stability of large openings and slopes, a separate special research can be established.

2. In terms of preventing cavern weathering and long-term protection of caverns, the applicant first expounds the following two points of view: first, both theory and practice show that weathering of surrounding rock is a restrictive factor affecting long-term protection of caverns, so in When carrying out long-term protection of caverns, it is first necessary to fully consider the weathering of surrounding rocks; second, there are many factors that cause weathering of surrounding rocks, such as temperature changes, humidity changes, water seepage, sunlight, wind, rain, tourists exhaled CO ₂ , biological weathering (including weathering caused by grass, shrubs, moss, etc. growing at the entrance of the cave), etc. Therefore, from the perspective of long-term protection, it is necessary to comprehensively prevent and control various weathering factors. According to the above viewpoint, the present invention proposes a corresponding method. Its advantages are as follows:

(1) As mentioned above, the passage for tourists to walk is isolated from the cave, so not only does it not affect the tourists entering and leaving the cave, but it can also effectively prevent the CO ₂ exhaled by tourists from acting on the surrounding rock;

(2) For the cavern, because the space between the cave entrance and the passage is sealed with a double-layer glass door structure or heat-insulating and moisture-proof materials, it can not only effectively block the rain, water, and sunlight from outside the cave, but also can be more efficient. It is better to reduce the variation range of temperature and humidity in the cave to a lower level;

(3) Compared with the single layer, the double layer in the double layer glass structure helps to further reduce the range of temperature change.

In summary, the present invention allows the environment of the chamber to remain substantially unchanged. This obviously helps slow down the weathering of the surrounding rock.

3. In terms of tourism level, the present invention proposes corresponding methods. Its advantages are as follows:

(1) When the structure of the cave is complex and the passage is long, the comfort of tourists can be increased by means of the ventilation pipe installed in the passage;

(2) The communication device installed in the channel can meet the communication needs of tourists;

(3) Arrange science popularization venues and lounges in wider passageways;

(4) Because the transparent viewing window and the transparent section (including the fully transparent section and the wall transparent section) set by the passage can meet the needs of tourists to watch.

Description of drawings

The drawings described here are used to provide further understanding of the present invention, constitute a part of the application, and do not limit the present invention. In the attached picture:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the double-isolated safety passageway for weather protection in underground caverns under tourist conditions

Figure 2 is a structural schematic diagram of a horizontal window made of double-layer glass with a protective net on the roof of the channel

Figure 3 is the layout of the eaves baffles and railings to block potential dangerous stones and block areas located on the roof of the outer section of the passage door

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the door closure structure

Wherein reference sign explanation:

1 mountain body; 2 vertical viewing window on the back wall of the passage; 3 rear wall of the passage; 4 horizontal viewing window (without protective net); 5 cracks on the roof of the cavern; 6 ground surface; 7 anchor rod (cable); 8 Passage inner door; 9 vertical viewing window on the passage side wall; 10 structural surface developed in the mountain; 11 fully transparent section; 12 cave roof; 13 horizontal viewing window with protective net; 14 cave window; 15 steel Structure or reinforced concrete roof; 16 window sealing structure; 17 steel structure or reinforced concrete column; 18 ventilation pipe; Cavern stone threshold; 24 protective screen frame; 25 stainless steel wire of protective net; 26 window frame; Isolation railing in the dangerous stone drop area outside the door; 32 possible dangerous stone drop area; 33 side wall of the opening; 34 side glass door frame; 35 side glass door; 36 side glass door frame and the boundary wall of the opening side wall; Door frame boundary line; 38 passage opening; 39 front glass door; 40 front glass door frame and upper boundary of passage opening; 41 front glass door frame; 42 air pump

Detailed ways

The invention provides a weather-resistant double-isolated safety channel method for ensuring the safety of tourists and long-term protection of underground caverns under the condition of tourism.

1. The long-term protection in underground cavern (group) tourism and ensuring the safety of cave entrants (tourists and managers) are implemented in the following manner:

(1) Carry out systematic and in-depth engineering geology and rock mechanics research work on the underground caverns that are planned to be developed for tourism, and determine the damaged areas and potential damaged areas, their manifestations and causes, etc. A higher level of travel. If the tourist safety channel is established according to the above-mentioned travel route, not only the reliability of the channel can be improved, but also the expense of building the channel will be less.

(2) For the damaged areas and potential damaged areas found in the engineering geological survey that affect the tourism safety and the stability of the cavern, they should be reinforced or preventive measures should be taken before the passage is established. Measures should generally be taken with minimal intervention in underground cavities. For example, for the damage that occurs on the roof, the column can be used to support the roof, and technical measures such as anchor rods (cables) with few construction damage surfaces can also be used.

(3) If there are damaged areas and potential damaged areas affecting the stability of the cavern group on the slope outside the tunnel, especially the slope at the entrance, existing technologies such as anchor rods and anchor cables can be used for reinforcement. For non-cultural relic protection surfaces, measures such as spray coating, columns and anchor beams can also be considered.

The strengthening techniques described in the above (1)-(3) are not part of the present invention, but they are the basis for implementing the double-isolated tourist safety passages described in the present invention. This is why they are briefly described when discussing specific channel implementations.

(4) Prevention and control methods for the problem of falling blocks in the roof of underground caverns

The results of the applicant's survey of some cave roofs show that it is not uncommon for the roof to fall off. For example, it has happened in large underground caves such as the Huashan Mysterious Grottoes in Anwei, the Longyou Grottoes in Zhejiang, and the Panlong Cave in Huangyan, Jinxiu. There are two main reasons for this: first, the caverns have been built for a long time, and the weathering problem is serious. As a result, the strength of the structure and the structural surface is reduced, and weathering cracks appear; second, the span of large and medium-sized underground projects is relatively long. Larger, it is easier to be cut out by the combination of structural surfaces under unfavorable stress conditions and possibly unstable blocks. When these blocks fall under certain conditions, the so-called dropped blocks are formed. In addition, modern man-made blasting or other disturbances have occurred in some caverns, which can also generate new crack surfaces and make the problem more serious.

Although the approximate range of possible block drop can be delineated geologically, it is difficult to make an accurate prediction of its occurrence location and occurrence time due to the randomness of the block drop problem. Apparently, under the situation that it is difficult to grasp the law of dangerous stone falling blocks, for cave entrants (including tourists and managers), the threat of falling blocks and hurting people is relatively great. In order to solve the above thorny problems, the safe passage technology for tourism will solve the problem in the following situations:

·For the cavern (or certain section cavern) that can be sure that any dangerous rocks will not fall in a long period of time according to the engineering geological work, the fully transparent section 11 can be adopted.

When the investigation results of the engineering geology on the spot show that there is a possibility that dangerous rocks may fall from the roof of a certain section of the cavern, it is planned to install a horizontal viewing window 13 with a protective net on the steel structure of the passageway or the reinforced concrete roof 15 (see Figure 2 ) to meet the requirements of being safe and being able to watch (including taking pictures) the scenic spots outside the channel. First, if the dangerous stone falls from the roof, set up a steel structure or reinforced concrete roof with sufficient strength to block the falling block. If necessary, set a protective net with sufficient strength on the horizontal viewing window to block the falling block. To effectively protect the entrants who are positioned in the passage; the second, because the horizontal viewing window is positioned on the top plate, tourists can watch (or photograph) the landscape on the cavern roof 12 outside the passage through them.

(5) Prevention and control methods for rock rolling on the side slope at the exit of the passage

Generally speaking, the entrance slope of the cavern is often steeper, so when tourists enter a certain distance before the outer door 22 of the safe passage, or just leave the outer door not far away, they may be affected by rolling stones and dangerous stones falling from the entrance slope. threaten. In order to allow tourists to effectively avoid the area where dangerous rocks may fall, Figure 3 provides relevant measures: first, use the steel structure or reinforced concrete roof 15 on the outer section of the passage door to block the rolling stones or dangerous stones flying from above. block; second, set the eaves baffle 20 protruding out of the hole made of steel structure or reinforced concrete on the outermost part of the above-mentioned roof to block the rolling stones and dangerous stones flying from above; Or for the safety of tourists passing through the waiting area after leaving the passage, a railing 30 in the extension area outside the passage door and an isolation railing 31 in the dangerous stone drop area outside the cave door are installed to ensure that tourists do not enter the possible dangerous stone drop area 32 .

2. In terms of weatherproofing and long-term protection of large and medium-sized caverns under tourist conditions, the following methods should be followed:

(1) With the help of a closed passage (see Figure 1) to completely isolate the tourists walking in the passage from the cavern, two purposes are achieved: first, to effectively block the CO ₂ exhaled by the tourists, while the CO 2 ₂ is one of the factors that accelerate the weathering of surrounding rocks; the second, due to the transparent viewing window (comprising the vertical viewing window 2 on the rear end wall of the passage and the vertical viewing window 9 on the side wall) set for the passage, located on the top plate The horizontal viewing windows 4 and 13, the transparent passage inner door 8 for the management personnel of the scenic spot to enter and exit the cavern and passage, and the fully transparent section 11 of the passage that may be set, and the transparent side walls of the transparent section of the wall are all made of double glass It allows tourists in the passage to take pictures casually, and because the double-layer glass will reduce the heat conduction between the passage and the cave, which is conducive to maintaining a constant temperature in the cave. Theoretical studies have shown that temperature change is one of the important factors leading to rock weathering.

(2) Block the hole that communicates with the outside world by means of a door-sealing structure (as shown in Figure 4 ) and the passage outer door 22 , and block the cavern window 14 that communicates with the outside world with the window-sealing structure 16 . As a result, the cavern is completely isolated from the environment outside the cave, so as to prevent rainwater (especially acid rain) from outside the cave, strong wind with strong erosion and sand and dust, and ultraviolet rays in the sun from entering the cave It plays an important role in reducing the range of temperature and humidity changes, and constant temperature and humidity are conducive to the weathering of caverns. Of course, the double glazing adds to the effect of keeping the cave at a constant temperature and humidity.

3. In terms of helping to improve the level of tourism, it will be implemented in the following ways:

(1) According to the investigation of the tourism situation of some ancient underground projects that have been developed for tourism, including the inquiry of tourists who are traveling in the cave, it is found that some tourist routes in the cave have turbid air caused by the accumulation of exhaled CO ₂ , A situation that makes someone feel uncomfortable. In order to solve this problem, the present invention arranges ventilation pipe 18 in order to increase the comfort level of tourists during travel.

(2) In order to meet the needs of tourists to communicate with the outside of the cave, a telephone can also be provided in the passage.

(3) Since the passage inner door 8 between the passage and the cavern is provided, managers can manage both. In addition, the inner door is also made of double-glazed glass, so it also provides an additional place for tourists to watch and take pictures.

The specific embodiments described above have further described the purpose, technical solutions and beneficial effects of the present invention in detail. It should be understood that the above descriptions are only specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Protection scope, within the spirit and principles of the present invention, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc., shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A kind of anti-weathering double-isolation safe passage method for ensuring the safety of tourists and the long-term protection of underground caverns under tourist conditions, the method comprising: (a) Through the engineering geological research of underground caverns, and fully considering the tourism requirements, choose a relatively safe travel route in the underground caverns that not only meets the tourism needs of tourists, but also determines the construction conditions; (b) Design and construct a single underground passage along the selected travel route that does not touch the cave roof and side walls, but lies on the cave floor, or a travel safety passage composed of several interconnected underground passages; (c) Lay reversible protective cushions on the rocks and carved parts of the underground cavern floor that the tourist safety passage passes through, and arrange LED lighting systems in the tourist safety passage for tourists to walk; (d) Arrange LED lighting systems at appropriate locations in underground caverns, and set up transparent viewing windows at appropriate locations of tourist safety passages for the arrangement of tourist attractions, so that tourists in the passage can view the caverns outside the passage through transparent viewing windows , if necessary, a transparent section and a fully transparent section of the wall can also be set. In addition, a transparent door is set at a suitable part inside the tourist safety passage for management personnel to enter and exit the interior of the underground cavern; (e) The entrance of the tourist safety passage is designed as a closed door structure to realize the isolation between the passage and the outside of the cavern. At the same time, the inside and outside of the cavern is also designed as a sealed window structure to realize the complete isolation between the inside and outside of the cavern; (f) A steel structure or reinforced concrete eaves baffles protruding from the outside of the cave shall be installed above the entrance of the tourist safety passage. The eaves baffles are tilted into the cave to resist the impact of potentially unstable rocks on the side slope of the cave entrance. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the safe passage for tourists is a steel structure or reinforced concrete shell structure, and the shell structure is closed except for the inner door and the outer door of the passage. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the transparent viewing window includes a vertical viewing window positioned on the passage side wall and end wall and a horizontal viewing window located on the top plate of the passage, if necessary, the upper part of the horizontal viewing window Stainless steel rope nets are set to protect the potentially unstable blocks on the roof of the underground cavern; both vertical and horizontal viewing windows are made of double-glazed structures. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the transparent section of the wall is made of a transparent side wall and a steel structure or a reinforced concrete roof with a horizontal viewing window; the side wall is made of a double-glazed structure, The roof is made of opaque steel structure or reinforced concrete, but has horizontal viewing windows made of double-glazed structures. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the fully transparent section is a section of transparent tourist safety passage, which is made of fully transparent side walls and top plates; the fully transparent section is made of steel structure or reinforced concrete structure As a frame, it is composed of a double-layer glass structure. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: said door sealing structure is a transparent door with a steel structure as a door frame and a double glass structure as the main body, and it adopts materials and materials that are not harmful to the surrounding rock of the cavern. The process seals the hole, and its installation process is completely reversible. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the window sealing structure is made of a window sealing frame made of double-layer glass with good heat insulation effect, and its purpose is to ensure sufficient lighting in the cavern, It also keeps the temperature and humidity in the cave basically stable, and prevents the wind, rain, sunlight, sand and dust outside the cave from entering the cave to accelerate the weathering of the surrounding rock.

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