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CN102803711B - 压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统 - Google Patents

压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102803711B
CN102803711B CN201080027494.2A CN201080027494A CN102803711B CN 102803711 B CN102803711 B CN 102803711B CN 201080027494 A CN201080027494 A CN 201080027494A CN 102803711 B CN102803711 B CN 102803711B
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shroud
pressure
wind turbine
base
enclosure
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CN102803711A (zh
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詹姆斯·史密斯
彼得·史密斯
戴维·史密斯
杰勒德·史密斯
安德鲁·史密斯
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New World Energy Enterprises Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/04—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor  having stationary wind-guiding means, e.g. with shrouds or channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
    • F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00—Transmission of mechanical power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D15/00—Transmission of mechanical power
    • F03D15/10—Transmission of mechanical power using gearing not limited to rotary motion, e.g. with oscillating or reciprocating members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/70—Bearing or lubricating arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/80—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers
    • F03D80/88—Arrangement of components within nacelles or towers of mechanical components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/02—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement for radial load only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1025—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant
    • F16C33/1045—Details of supply of the liquid to the bearing
    • F16C33/1055—Details of supply of the liquid to the bearing from radial inside, e.g. via a passage through the shaft and/or inner sleeve
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    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/44—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/46—Gearings having only two central gears, connected by orbital gears
    • F16H3/48—Gearings having only two central gears, connected by orbital gears with single orbital gears or pairs of rigidly-connected orbital gears
    • F16H3/52—Gearings having only two central gears, connected by orbital gears with single orbital gears or pairs of rigidly-connected orbital gears comprising orbital spur gears
    • F16H3/54—Gearings having only two central gears, connected by orbital gears with single orbital gears or pairs of rigidly-connected orbital gears comprising orbital spur gears one of the central gears being internally toothed and the other externally toothed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/04—Combinations of toothed gearings only
    • F16H37/041—Combinations of toothed gearings only for conveying rotary motion with constant gear ratio
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H57/00—General details of gearing
    • F16H57/04—Features relating to lubrication or cooling or heating
    • F16H57/0467—Elements of gearings to be lubricated, cooled or heated
    • F16H57/0479—Gears or bearings on planet carriers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/007—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations the wind motor being combined with means for converting solar radiation into useful energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
    • F05B2240/132—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines creating a vortex or tornado effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/10—Stators
    • F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
    • F05B2240/133—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines with a convergent-divergent guiding structure, e.g. a Venturi conduit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/02—Geometry variable
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/30—Arrangement of components
    • F05B2250/32—Arrangement of components according to their shape
    • F05B2250/323—Arrangement of components according to their shape convergent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/50—Inlet or outlet
    • F05B2250/501—Inlet
    • F05B2250/5011—Inlet augmenting, i.e. with intercepting fluid flow cross sectional area greater than the rest of the machine behind the inlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/40—Transmission of power
    • F05B2260/403—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components
    • F05B2260/4031—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components as in toothed gearing
    • F05B2260/40311—Transmission of power through the shape of the drive components as in toothed gearing of the epicyclic, planetary or differential type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/31—Wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/61—Toothed gear systems, e.g. support of pinion shafts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
    • H02S10/10—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power including a supplementary source of electric power, e.g. hybrid diesel-PV energy systems
    • H02S10/12—Hybrid wind-PV energy systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract

本发明提供一种压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统，该系统包括两部分式圆锥形的罩，该罩直接位于涡轮机的上风向，以通过自涡轮机产生增大的功率输出方式来增强通过涡轮机的叶片的空气的自然流动。

Description

压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统，该压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统能够与新的风力涡轮机形成一体或能够被改装为现有的风力涡轮机。该设计使用直接位于风力涡轮机上游的改进的罩。改进的罩的使用通过提供来自涡轮机的提高的功率输出而增大了引导穿过涡轮机的叶片的气流。
背景技术
在当今的全球变暖的环境以及环境意识中，可再生能源变得越来越重要，陆上和海上的风力涡轮机是最为得到认可的可再生能源的形式。尽管涡轮机已经证明是用于发电的可行方案，但它们具有其局限性。风力涡轮机的主要问题之一是决定风力涡轮机性能的最大极限的已知为“贝兹极限”的现象。这是由穿过涡轮机的转子的压力降低造成的，在该涡轮机中叶片正后方的空气是低气压，且叶片正前方的空气比大气压大。此叶片前方的增加的压力使环绕涡轮机的一些风或上游空气转向，这样限制了能够由涡轮机提取的工作量。
然而，由于波动的风速，在大多数风力涡轮机中，很少达到贝兹极限，该波动的风速是当使用风力涡轮机时的另一缺点。不能够保证风速，因此由风力涡轮机产生的功率是不一致的，且当供应消费用电时，这显然产生问题。结果，通常需要仔细选择安置风力涡轮机的位置，在具有更高的主流风速的区域中选择位置，且还通常选择适度海拔的位置。还优选地，涡轮机的叶片离地特定高度，因为在高空风速通常更高，原因是地平面经受阻力且高空空气的粘性低。然而，不考虑高度，在诸如涡轮机叶片的固体上方的气流中，湍流是增加的阻力以及热传递的原因。因此，在这样的应用中，且在此情况的风力涡轮机中，流经叶片的空气或“风”的湍流越大，由风到涡轮机叶片的能量传递越低效。
发明内容
根据本发明，提供一种压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统，该系统包括罩，所述罩至少包括：第一部分和第二部分，所述第一部分和所述第二部分通过间隙互相隔开。
优选地，所述间隙环绕所述罩的大致整个周向延伸。
优选地，所述间隙沿大致径向延伸。
优选地，所述罩包括三个或三个以上的部分，各部分分别通过间隙与相邻的部分隔开。
优选地，所述系统包括支撑件，所述支撑件将所述第一部分和所述第二部分相对于彼此固定。
优选地，所述支撑件包括支柱的大致圆形的阵列，所述支柱在所述罩的所述第一部分和所述第二部分之间延伸，且固定到所述罩的所述第一部分和所述第二部分。
优选地，所述罩的各部分是大致圆锥形状。
优选地，所述第一部分比第二部分具有更陡的锥度。
优选地，所述系统包括压力释放装置，所述压力释放装置可操作成改变所述罩内的空气压力。
优选地，所述压力释放装置包括所述罩内的一个或多个孔。
优选地，所述压力释放装置包括一个或多个活板，所述活板设置在所述罩的壁上的对应的孔周围，所述活板或各所述活板可在封闭所述孔的闭合位置和露出所述孔的打开位置之间移动。
优选地，使用中，当所述罩内达到阈值压力时，所述活板或各所述活板自所述闭合位置可移开。
优选地，各活板朝着所述闭合位置偏置。
优选地，各活板被弹性偏置。
优选地，所述系统包括底座，所述罩安装在所述底座上。
优选地，所述罩可在所述底座上枢转或可与所述底座一起枢转。
优选地，所述底座包括可安装风力涡轮机的平台。
优选地，所述系统包括导向装置，所述导向装置适于移动所述系统以面对风。
优选地，所述系统包括一个或多个喷嘴，所述喷嘴安装在所述罩周围，且可操作成将空气注射到所述罩内周围的气流中和/或所述罩周围的气流中。
优选地，所述底座包括管道，所述管道用于将空气供给所述一个或多个喷嘴。
优选地，所述一个或多个喷嘴与所述底座一体地形成。
优选地，所述系统适于安装到现有的空调系统的排气口。
优选地，所述系统包括与所述罩一体地形成的风力涡轮机。
附图说明
图1示出根据本发明的压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统的前透视图，没有示出风力涡轮机；
图2示出图1的压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统的侧视图；
图3示出图1和图2的压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统的前视图。
具体实施方式
现在参照附图示出的整体表示为10的压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统，该压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统适于增强穿过另外的传统的风力涡轮机(未示出)的气流的速度和/或分布，以便提高所述涡轮机的功率输出。自如下附图的描述中将理解，增强系统10可以被改装为现有的风力涡轮机，或可以与新的风力涡轮机形成一体。
增强系统10包括基本上是圆锥形的罩12，该罩12在两端部开口，且在示出的优选实施方式中，该罩12安装到底座14上，罩12能够在底座14上旋转，以跟随主流风，如后文中将详细描述的。
罩12包括第一部分16和第二部分18，该第一部分16和第二部分18通过周向地延伸的间隙20而互相隔开。还设想可以提供附加的部分(未示出)，且各部分与相邻的部分分别通过相应的间隙(未示出)分开。此实施方式中示出的间隙20在基本平行于罩12的纵轴线的方向延伸，尽管可替选地还设想到其它方向。
在示出的实施方式中，第一部分16和第二部分18通过呈圆形阵列的支柱22的形式的支撑件而互相固定，这些支柱22跨越间隙20在第一部分16和第二部分18之间延伸，且固定到第一部分16和第二部分18。罩12自身通过多个带(tie)24固定到底座14，这些带24自邻近底座14顶部的位置向外延伸固定到罩12，且在罩12的底部提供相同的设置。罩12还优选地通过提供环绕第一部分16和第二部分18的许多加固环26来加固。这些加固环可以由金属或任何其它合适的材料制成。罩12本身还可以由任何合适的材料形成，例如金属片、玻璃纤维、碳化纤维等。将理解，罩12的结构以及将罩12固定到底座14的方法能够变化，只要保持将第一部分16和第二部分18分开的间隙20提供的基本功能。
增强系统10还包括压力释放装置，该压力释放装置为在第一部分16和第二部分18内的活板28的阵列的形式，各活板28被安置成覆盖且因此封闭第一部分16或第二部分18的侧壁中的对应的孔30。活板28能够在封闭对应的孔30的闭合位置和露出孔30的打开位置之间移动，且因此使得来自罩12的内部的气流能够到罩12的外部，如下文将详细描述的。
在示出的实施方式中，活板28朝闭合位置弹性偏置。这通过将各活板28固定到围绕罩12的外部定位的悬臂32实现，臂32适当地弹性偏压罩12。这可以通过多种方式实现，例如通过提供片簧、卷簧、气动/液压油缸或任何其它功能等同物。选择弹性偏置使得当罩12内到达预定压力时，弹性偏置可以被克服。采用这种方式，如果压力超过预定值，活板28将被向外推动，以使对应的孔30露出，因此释放罩12内的压力。后文中将详细描述此压力释放的目的。将理解，可以通过任何其它合适的装置控制活板28的操作，例如使用电子控制装置与合适的致动器(未示出)配合以控制活板28的移动。能够提供压力传感器(未示出)以监控罩12内的压力，且压力传感器将此信息传送给电子控制装置，以允许正确地控制活板28。
最后，系统10包括一对导流叶片34，该导流叶片在罩12的外部安装在自加固环26延伸的框架36上。导流叶片34被定位成为增强系统10提供风向标，以跟随主流风，且因此最大化引导到风力涡轮机(未示出)的能量。这可以以许多备选方式实现，例如使用自底座14或罩12延伸的单个导流叶片，或通过使用电和/或机械致动器(未示出)以便跟随主流风，且使轴承或偏航机构上方的罩12或增强系统10跟随风转动。
接着转向增强系统10的操作，罩12基本是截锥形，尽管在示出的实施方式中，第一部分16比第二部分18具有更陡峭的锥度。罩12的整体形状是圆锥形的，且在使用中风力涡轮机(未示出)直接安装在由第二部分18限定的较小直径端部的下游。涡轮机(未示出)优选地例如通过涡轮机的毂(未示出)安装到设置在底座14上的平台38。然而，涡轮机可以通过任何其它合适的装置相对于增强系统10固定，且设想涡轮机(未示出)可以使用单独的支撑件(未示出)而非增强系统10的支撑件。然后，系统10被允许使用风向标以面对迎面而来的风，该风由罩12收集，且气流因此被加速且被改变方向到涡轮机的叶片上，且穿过涡轮机的叶片，以进行发电。
使用中，最初，湍流风流入罩12的第一部分16，且由于第一部分16的渐缩形状，此风被加速且通过罩12而被改变方向，同时部分地降低了风的湍流。接着，此风进入第二部分18，其中间隙20在第一部分16和第二部分18之间形成过渡。如以上所提及的，第二部分18相对于第一部分16具有较小的角度或锥度，如图2中能够清楚地看到的。当气流自第一部分16到第二部分18时，为避免罩12的内侧壁上的气流累积过多压力，间隙20允许一些压力自罩12的内部释放，以便加速气流以及维持气流的连续性，且因此防止在第一部分16和第二部分18之间的过渡处引入湍流。接着，空气继续通过第二部分18，其中由于第二部分18的锥度，空气的速度再次增加，且残余的湍流显著降低或消除。加速的空气流接着离开第二部分18，且流过风力涡轮机(未示出)，以产生电能或机械能。
通过降低第二部分18相对于第一部分16的锥度，穿过罩12的压力的增加能够被控制，以防止产生过多的压力，这能够限制接着能够通过罩12的空气的体积。然而，根据当地的风势，可能还经受罩12内压力峰值，导致不一致的气流通过罩12，且因此导致经由风力涡轮机(未示出)的不一致的功率产生。为克服此问题，涡轮机系统10被提供有活板28的阵列的形式的压力释放装置以及罩12上的对应的孔30。在示出的实施方式中，压力释放装置被设置在第一部分16和第二部分18上，然而将理解它能够被限制于一个部分或另一部分或全部省除。这样，当这样的压力峰值在罩12内产生时，该阵列或活板28逆着它们的弹簧偏置力而被迫打开，因此实现罩12内的压力降低。因此，这将确保一致的气流通过罩12，以使传递给风力涡轮机(未示出)的能量最大。取决于系统10的尺寸，且尤其是罩12的尺寸，都可以通过改变活板28的弹簧偏置力来改变打开活板28的阈值压力。还设想，压力释放装置可能采用除活板28的阵列之外的形式，只要保持基本的压力降低功能。
将理解，系统10的基本形状和/或配置可以变化同时保持以上提及的功能。作为示例，罩12的内表面或外表面，或导流叶片34可能被提供有安装在其上的、用于收集太阳能的装置(未示出)，以补充涡轮机自身产生的功率。可替选地，由这样的太阳能收集装置产生的电能够被用于驱动风力涡轮机的的起动马达(未示出)，以在降低的风速期间，允许涡轮机工作。
此外，系统10可能包括一个或多个喷嘴(未示出)，该喷嘴设置在罩12周围且适于以一定速度且一方向朝向罩12发出高速喷射的空气，或将高速喷射的空气发射到罩12内，高速喷射的空气通过降低湍流、控制压力且增加流过罩12的空气的速度而影响所述空气流。除罩12周围的喷嘴的位置外，喷嘴的数量以及设计也可以根据需要变化。例如，设想底座14本身能够形成喷嘴，其中通过底座14的内部供应空气，且在面向罩12的内部的位置的、底座14的侧壁内形成一个或多个孔或喷嘴(未示出)。这样，喷射的空气将自底座14直接发出，避免提供单独的喷嘴阵列的需求。
增强系统10能够例如在相当大型的通风系统(未示出)的排气位置安装有罩12，该通风系统例如用于地下停车场或大的办公楼等。这样，废气中能量不会被浪费，而能够借助于增强系统10而用于发动涡轮机，以进行发电。
通过使用本发明的压力控制的罩12，风力涡轮机能够具有增加的能量输出。
还应注意，由于涡轮机在每平方米的吹扫面积产生更多能量，能够降低叶片尺寸，且也能够降低叶片所定位的高度，因此降低涡轮机的初始成本且增加能够部署风力涡轮机的位置的数量。
因此，本发明的压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统10提供简单却高效的、提高风力涡轮机性能的装置和方法。增强系统10包括非常少的活动部件，这有利于可靠性同时使成本最小。可以以任意适合的材料制造涡轮机系统10的各个部件，但优选地以诸如塑料、复合材料或其它材料之类的轻质材料制造。

Claims (22)

1.一种压力控制的风力涡轮机增强系统，包括罩，所述罩至少包括：第一部分和第二部分，所述第一部分和第二部分通过间隙互相隔开，其中，所述第一部分比所述第二部分具有更陡的锥度，所述间隙允许压力自所述罩的内部释放，以便使流过所述罩的气流加速。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述间隙环绕所述罩的基本上整个周向延伸。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述间隙沿大致径向方向延伸。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述罩包括三个或三个以上的部分，各部分分别通过相应的间隙与相邻的部分隔开。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述系统包括支撑件，所述支撑件将所述第一部分和所述第二部分相对于彼此固定。
6.如权利要求5所述的系统，其中，所述支撑件包括支柱的大致圆形的阵列，所述支柱在所述罩的所述第一部分和所述第二部分之间延伸，且固定到所述罩的所述第一部分和所述第二部分。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述罩的各部分是大致圆锥形状。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述系统包括压力释放装置，所述压力释放装置可被操作以改变所述罩内的空气压力。
9.如权利要求8所述的系统，其中，所述压力释放装置包括在所述罩内的一个或多个孔。
10.如权利要求8所述的系统，其中，所述压力释放装置包括一个或多个活板，所述活板设置在所述罩的壁上的对应的孔周围，所述活板可在封闭所述孔的闭合位置和露出所述孔的打开位置之间移动。
11.如权利要求10所述的系统，其中，在使用中，当所述罩内达到阈值压力时，所述活板可从所述闭合位置移动。
12.如权利要求10或11所述的系统，其中，各活板朝着所述闭合位置偏置。
13.如权利要求12所述的系统，其中，各活板被弹性偏置。
14.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述系统包括底座，所述罩安装在所述底座上。
15.如权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述罩可在所述底座上枢转或可与所述底座一起枢转。
16.如权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述底座包括可安装风力涡轮机的平台。
17.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述系统包括导向装置，所述导向装置适于使所述系统移动成以面对风。
18.如权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述系统包括一个或多个喷嘴，所述喷嘴安装在所述罩周围且可被操作以将空气注入所述罩内的气流中和/或所述罩周围的气流中。
19.如权利要求18所述的系统，其中，所述底座包括管道，所述管道用于将空气供给所述一个或多个喷嘴。
20.如权利要求18所述的系统，其中，所述一个或多个喷嘴与所述底座一体地形成。
21.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述系统适于安装到现有的空调系统的排气口。
22.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中，所述系统包括与所述罩一体地形成的风力涡轮机。
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