CN102596102A - 骨移植物材料 - Google Patents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30003—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis
- A61F2002/30004—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis the prosthesis being made from materials having different values of a given property at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2002/30032—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis the prosthesis being made from materials having different values of a given property at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in absorbability or resorbability, i.e. in absorption or resorption time
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30767—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
- A61F2002/3092—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth having an open-celled or open-pored structure
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/0023—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in porosity
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/003—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in adsorbability or resorbability, i.e. in adsorption or resorption time
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Abstract
本发明涉及骨移植物材料和由所述材料形成的骨移植植入物。在某些实施方案中,骨移植植入物含有多孔基质,所述基质含有多个重叠和交锁的生物活性玻璃纤维,以及在基质中分散的多个的孔,其中所述纤维以大约5纳米至大约100微米的纤维直径为特征,并且所述孔以大约100纳米至大约1毫米的孔直径为特征。将植入物塑造成临床应用需要的形状。可将实施方案用于治疗骨缺损。例如,可将骨移植物材料润湿并模制成适合于植入的形式。然后,可将植入物引入准备的解剖学位点中。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2009年10月29日提交的且题目为“骨移植物材料”的美国临时专利申请号61/256,287的优先权,将其以其全部引入文中作为参考。本申请还涉及共同待决的2009年5月7日提交且题目为“动态生物活性的纳米纤维支架”的美国专利申请号12/437,531,该申请要求题目相同的2008年5月12日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/127,172的优先权。
领域
本发明一般性地涉及骨修复和恢复的材料,以及利用所述材料的方法。更具体地讲,本发明涉及纤维性骨移植物材料、由所述材料形成的植入物及相关使用方法。
背景
一直存在对改善的骨移植物材料的持续需求。已知的自体移植材料具有可接受的物理和生物学性质,并显示适合于骨生长的结构。然而,自体的骨的应用需要患者历经多次或长时间的外科手术,由此延长患者在麻醉状态下的时间,并引起相当大的疼痛,增加供体位置的感染和其他并发症的风险及发病率。
或者,可将同种异体移植装置用于骨移植。同种异体移植装置是从供体骨加工的。同种异体移植装置可具有合适的结构,以及降低患者风险和疼痛带来的益处,但是同样存在由疾病传染和排斥的可能性引起的增加的风险。自体移植物和同种异体移植装置还受限于形状和大小的变化。
不幸的是,自体移植和同种异体移植装置的质量本身是易变的,因为所述装置是由收集的天然材料制成的。类似地,自体移植物供应者还受到可安全地从患者抽取多少骨的限制,并且在严重疾病或虚弱情况下,所述量会严重受限。
目前,多种合成的骨移植物材料是可用的。最近,新材料例如基于生物活性玻璃(“BAG”)微粒的材料已越来越成为天然骨衍生的移植材料的可行的替代物或补充物。这些新的(非骨衍生的)材料具有避免患者在收集程序的疼痛和固有风险的益处。并且,非骨衍生的材料的应用能够降低疾病传染的风险。与自体移植和同种异体移植材料类似,所述新的人造材料可作为促进骨再生的骨传导支架。优选地,移植材料是可吸收的并最终被新的骨组织替换。
如今可得到的许多人造骨移植物包含具有类似于天然骨性质的材料,例如含有磷酸钙的组合物。示例性磷酸钙组合物包含B型碳羟基磷灰石(Ca5(PO4)3x(CO3)x(OH))。已装配了磷酸钙陶瓷并以各种形式植入哺乳动物中,所述形式包括但不限于成形的主体和粘固剂。不同的化学计量的组合物例如羟磷灰石(HA)、磷酸三钙(TCP)、磷酸四钙(TTCP)和其他磷酸钙(CaP)盐,以及矿物质都已得到应用,以期匹配天然骨的适应性、生物相容性、结构和强度。尽管基于磷酸钙的材料得到广泛接受,但是它们缺少用于广泛临床应用所必需的易于处理、柔性和作为液体载体/贮存介质的能力。磷酸钙材料本身是坚硬的,并且为了便于处理,通常作为与载体材料的混合物的一部分提供;所述混合物通常具有大约50∶50的活性磷酸钙成分与载体的比率,并可具有低至10∶90的比率。
已将孔隙率、孔的大小和孔的尺寸分布在促进骨的血管再形成、愈合和重塑中的作用认为是成功的骨移植物材料的重要作用因素。然而,目前能得到的骨移植物材料仍然缺乏理想的骨移植材料所必需的必要化学和物理性质。例如,目前可得到的移植材料趋于过快的再吸收,然而由于材料的化学组成和结构,有一些材料需要很长时间再吸收。例如,由羟基磷灰石制成的某些材料会需要非常长的时间再吸收,而由硫酸钙或B-TCP制成的材料会非常快地再吸收。此外,如果材料的孔隙率过高(例如大约90%),那么再吸收发生后,将没有足够的基底材料剩余以支持骨传导。相反,如果材料的孔隙率过低(例如30%),那么必须再吸收太多的材料,造成比较慢的再吸收速率。此外,过量的材料意味着在残留的移植材料中可能没有足够剩余的空间用于细胞浸润。其他方面,移植材料可能太软,因此临床使用期间任何一种施加在它们上面的物理压力可导致它们失去其所保持的液体。
因此,存在着对改善的骨移植物材料的持续需求,其需要提供最佳骨移植所必需的必要的生物材料、结构和临床操作。还需要的是为骨移植提供改善的作用机制的骨移植物材料,其通过生理学过程而不是仅从模板保证要实现的新组织形成。同样,存在对人造骨移植物材料的持续需求,所述材料可按要求生产,以具有不同水平的孔隙率,例如纳、微、中和大孔隙率。此外,需要能够选择性构建和构造的骨移植物材料,以具有不同的或阶段性的再吸收能力,并可按照不同手术和解剖应用所需而容易地模制或定型为临床相关的形状。具体地讲,非常需要提供包括下述特性的骨移植物材料:具有不同程度的孔隙率、差别的生物再吸收性、压缩抵抗力和射线不透性,并且其还能使活性成分含量相对于载体材料例如胶原最大化。甚至更期望的是具有上述所有优点的骨移植物材料,并且所述材料包括抗菌性以及允许在临床环境中容易操作的药物递送。本发明的实施方案符合了这些需求和其他需求。
简述
本发明提供骨移植物材料和由所述材料形成的骨移植植入物。还提供的是利用所述骨移植物材料和植入物治疗骨缺损的方法。所述骨移植物材料通过提供最佳骨移植所必需的生物材料、结构和临床操作而符合上述未满足的需求。此外,所述骨移植物材料提供改善的骨移植作用机制,通过诱导和形成的生理过程而不是仅从模板和置换方面来保证要实现的新组织形成。此外,可按照需求生产所述人造骨移植物材料,以具有不同水平的孔隙率,例如纳、微、中和大孔隙率。可将骨移植物材料选择性构建和构造,以具有不同的或阶段性的再吸收能力,并可按照不同手术和解剖应用中所需而容易地模制或定型为临床的相关形状。此外,所述骨移植物材料可具有不同程度的孔隙率、差别的生物再吸收性、压缩抵抗力和射线不透性的特性,并且还能使活性成分含量相对于载体材料例如胶原最大化。所述骨移植物材料还具有抗菌性,并允许药物递送。该材料还可在临床环境中容易地处理。
在一个实施方案中,骨移植植入物包含大孔基质,所述基质含有多个重叠和交锁的生物活性玻璃纤维以及在基质中分布的多个的孔,其中所述纤维的特征为具有大约5纳米至大约100微米的纤维直径。孔可具有大约100纳米至大约1毫米的直径。能够将植入物塑造成临床应用需要的形状。还可将生物活性玻璃颗粒分布于基质中。
在另一实施方案中,提供治疗骨缺损的方法。该方法包括提供骨移植植入物,其中骨移植植入物含有多孔支架,所述支架具有多个重叠和交锁的生物活性玻璃纤维,以及遍布支架的多个的孔,其中所述纤维的特征为具有大约5纳米至大约100微米的纤维直径,且孔的特征为具有大约100纳米至大约1毫米的孔直径。准备所要治疗的解剖学位点,以便接受骨移植植入物。然后,将骨移植植入物引入骨缺损处。
附图简述
对于本发明涉及的领域的技术人员而言,通过参照附图理解下述的示例性实施方案,本发明的上述特征和其他特征将变得很明显。在这些图中:
图1A是根据本发明第一个实施方案的动态纤维性生物活性玻璃基质的说明。
图1B是图1A的基质的放大视图。
图2A是图1的纤维状生物活性玻璃基质形成的第一个交锁、缠绕的多孔结构的透视图。
图2B是图1的纤维状生物活性玻璃基质形成的第二个交锁、缠绕的多孔结构的透视图。
图2C是图1的纤维状生物活性玻璃基质形成的第三个交锁、缠绕的多孔结构的透视图。
图3A是根据本发明的另一个实施方案的具有纤维和微粒的动态纤维生物活性玻璃基质的说明。
图3B是图3A基质的放大视图。
图4A是根据本发明的示例性生物活性玻璃纤维骨移植物材料的说明,所述材料具有有组织的平行纤维排列,具有与交互的纤维层交叉定向关系的下行的纤维层。
图4B是含有生物活性玻璃微粒的随机排列的玻璃纤维结构的示例性生物活性玻璃纤维骨移植物材料示意图。
图4C是示例性生物活性玻璃纤维骨移植物材料示意图,其构建为具有下行纤维层的网孔,所述下行纤维层排列成相对于前一层的纤维层具有不同程度的孔隙率,由此提供细胞滤器功能。
图5A是根据本发明的医学药盒实施方案的包装容器的透视图。
图5B是包含置于药盒中的纤维状生物活性骨移植物材料的图5A的实施方案的透视图。
图5C是从药盒中取出的图5B的骨移植物材料的透视图。
图6A图解显示了基于其孔径大小分布的骨移植物材料的实施方案的体积作用。
图6B图解显示了基于其孔径大小分布的骨移植物材料的实施方案的表面积作用。
图7显示1天和3天后本发明实施方案的纤维的慢速拍摄显微照片。
图8显示3天后本发明实施方案的纤维的慢速拍摄显微照片。
图9显示在不同时间间隔,本发明实施方案的纤维的细胞生长特性的慢速拍摄显微照片。
图10显示在不同时间间隔,本发明实施方案的纤维在测试期间呈现的成骨细胞生长图。
图11显示已接种间质干细胞的纤维的显微照片。
图12显示对哺乳动物进行测试的一系列放射影像,比较不同时间间隔的骨移植物材料的实施方案与其他材料的性能。
图13显示在哺乳动物测试期间,图12的骨移植物材料的实施方案与其他材料所显示的新骨生长的组织形态测定比较。
图14显示在哺乳动物测试期间,图12的骨移植物材料的实施方案与其他材料所显示的新骨生长的图解比较。
图15显示在哺乳动物测试期间,图12的骨移植物材料的实施方案与其他材料所剩余的残留材料相对于时间的图解比较。
图16显示在哺乳动物测试期间,图12的骨移植物材料的实施方案与其他材料所显示的机械强度的图解比较。
实施方案的详述
本发明提供由所述材料制成的骨移植物材料和骨移植植入物。所述骨移植物材料提供最佳骨移植必需的生物材料、结构和临床处理。此外,所述骨移植物材料提供改善的骨移植作用机制,经生理学过程而不是仅从模板实现新组织的形成。此外,可根据需要生产所述骨移植物材料,以具有各种水平的孔径,例如纳、微、中和大孔径。可将骨移植物材料进行选择性地构造和构建,以具有不同的或阶段性的再吸收能力,同时可按照不同手术和解剖应用中所需而容易地模制或定型为临床的相关形状。此外,所述骨移植物材料可具有不同程度的孔隙率、不同的生物再吸收性、压缩抵抗力和射线不透性的特性,并且还可使活性成分含量相对于载体材料例如胶原最大化。所述骨移植物材料还具有抗菌性,并保证药物递送。该材料还可在临床环境中容易地处理。
本发明的实施方案可利用多孔(例如具有纳、微、中和大孔径)骨移植物材料。骨移植物材料可含有生物活性(“BAG”)纤维或者BAG纤维与材料颗粒的组合。由于纤维的大小和长度,骨移植物材料是可模制或可填充到期望的形状中的动态结构,同时维持其多孔结构。骨移植物材料可以是骨传导和/或骨刺激的。通过改变实施方案中所用成分的直径和化学组成,骨移植物材料可具有不同的再吸收性,其可促进进一步的功能如药物(包括抗生素)递送。
骨移植物材料的实施方案可包括具有相对小的并且特别是小于100纳米直径的BAG纤维。在一个实施方案中,纤维直径可以是小于10纳米,并且在另一实施方案中,纤维直径可以是大约5纳米。因为实施方案中所用的材料是生物活性的材料,所以当其与体液互相作用时,骨移植物材料可在其表面形成CaP层。
在另外的实施方案中,骨移植物材料可包含与纤维组合的颗粒。颗粒物质的存在可用于调整或控制骨移植物材料的再吸收速率和再吸收性能,以及提供机械强度和压缩抵抗力。颗粒可以是生物活性的玻璃、硫酸钙、磷酸钙或羟基磷灰石。颗粒可以是固体的或者其可以是多孔的。
骨移植物材料可以是可模制的,并可以将其包装在功能模具中,以方便临床处理。此外,可将骨移植物材料与其他添加剂如胶原等混合,例如以更方便处理。骨移植物材料和胶原复合物可以是泡沫形式,并且可另外将泡沫形式塑造成条状、连续的碾压板、海绵状或栓状。然而,应该理解泡沫可采取任何结构,具有任何多种形状和尺寸。
此外,骨移植物材料和胶原复合物可采用油灰或其他可模制的材料形式。例如在一个实施方案中,可将BAG纤维和颗粒与胶原浆体混合,倒入所需形状的模具中,并冻干以得到需要的泡沫形状。在另一实例中,根据所用胶原类型,泡沫材料可具有固定的形状或者可在加入流体例如盐水、血液或骨髓抽出物后将泡沫材料转化成油灰形式。例如,可通过将骨移植物材料与其他添加剂例如CMC、透明质酸或藻酸钠混合来生产油灰。能提供油灰形式的骨移植物材料的能力可使材料易于使用,因为可通过注射或涂抹而将油灰直接应用至损伤位置。并且,油灰组合物的易于处理和成型性使临床医生能容易和快速地将材料塑成任何需要的形状。
现在,参考引用附图所解释的实施方案。虽然如此,应该理解这并不意味着限制本发明的范围,在图解的装置中进行变更和其他修改以及文中解释的本发明原理的其他应用,对本发明所涉及的领域的技术人员而言应该是正常发生的。
本发明涉及人造骨移植物材料,所述材料可以多种组成和结构形式生产,用于以移植物形式引入生物相容的、生物可吸收的结构基质,从而用于骨缺损的治疗。骨移植物材料可以是具有不同生物再吸收性的骨刺激和/或骨传导的植入物。在一些实施方案中,骨移植物材料可主要由BAG纤维构成。
在一个实施方案中,通过控制组成和生产变量例如生物活性玻璃纤维直径、大小、形状和表面特性,以及生物活性玻璃颗粒的含量和结构特性和加入其他添加剂例如磷酸三钙、羟基磷灰石等,可选择性地确定骨移植物材料。通过选择性控制所述生产变量,能够提供具有可选择的程度的特性(例如孔隙率、生物吸收度、组织和/或细胞穿透性、钙生物利用率、柔性、强度、压缩性等)的人造骨移植物材料。下文更详细地讨论所公开的骨移植物材料的这些和其他特性。
骨移植物材料中所用的生物活性玻璃可具有类似于45S5(46.1mol%SiO2,26.9mol%CaO,24.4mol%Na2O和2.5mol%P2O5)、58S(60mol%SiO2,36mol%CaO和4mol%P2O5)、S70C30(70mol%SiO2,30mol%CaO)等的组成。可将骨移植物材料调制,以具有特定的所需特性,例如提高的X-射线不透光性(例如通过加入锶)、降低的或加快的体内溶出速率、表面构造等。
骨移植物材料可作为骨缺损部位的骨骼活动的支架。骨移植物中所用的支架材料可以是生物活性玻璃,例如45S5玻璃,所述生物活性玻璃能够是骨传导和骨刺激的。
本发明的骨移植物材料可以是弹性的、可塑的或者可使该材料模仿、增加或置换特定形状的结构。例如,可将骨移植物材料制成外科手术操作中所用的髋臼杯和其他骨骼模型组件。可将骨移植物材料制成任何临床可用的形状例如条状、块状、楔状等。可通过模制而成型,如下文更详细地描述的;或者简单地通过切、撕、折叠而成型或将纤维状材料分成需要的构型,用于临床使用。
在实施方案中,骨移植物材料是由活性玻璃纤维制成的,可将其生产成具有所需大小的预定横截面直径。例如可通过电动旋压或激光旋压来形成纤维,以生成连续均匀的纤维。在一个实施方案中,可由均匀直径的纤维支架制成骨移植物材料。此外,可形成具有不同直径和/或横截面形状的生物活性玻璃纤维,并且甚至可将生物活性玻璃纤维拉成空心的管状。另外,可将纤维织网、编织、缠绕等,用于提供各种形状。
例如,由于材料中各玻璃纤维的随机关系形成的大量空的空间,各纤维并列或不与其他纤维成直线而生产的生物活性玻璃纤维骨移植物材料可产生具有玻璃绒或“棉球”外观的骨移植物材料。所述生产使骨移植物材料具有整体上软的或柔顺的质地,使外科医生能用手将材料制成任何需要的完整形状,以满足特定患者的外科手术操作的手术或解剖学的需求。所述材料还可容易地引入添加剂,该添加剂可随机分散于整个骨移植物材料中,例如包含的生物活性玻璃颗粒,抗菌纤维,颗粒状药物,微量元素例如锶、镁、锌等,矿物性钙源等。此外,生物活性玻璃纤维还可包被有机酸(例如甲酸、透明质酸等),矿物性钙源(例如磷酸三钙、羟基磷灰石、硫酸钙等),抗微生物剂,抗病毒剂,维生素,x-射线遮光剂或其他这些材料。
正如生物活性玻璃纤维一样,可以利用具有各种尺寸和构型的颗粒实现生物活性玻璃颗粒的引入,以包括粗糙的表面、非常大的表面积等。例如,可将颗粒调制,以包括有孔的内腔,以实现颗粒内表面积的暴露。这类颗粒能更快的吸收,保证调制的材料的特征为不同的再吸收性。例如,穿孔或多孔的颗粒可以均匀的直径或均匀的穿孔尺寸为特征。可将颗粒提供的孔径视为赋予骨移植物材料或骨移植物材料形成的植入物的第二种孔径范围。通过改变生物活性玻璃纤维和颗粒(如果包括的话)的大小、横切面直径、表面构造和构型,制造商有能力提供具有选择性的可变特性的生物活性骨移植物材料,在植入患者之前和之后,所述特性可显著影响材料的功能。
图1A和1B说明了根据本发明的第一个实施方案的生物活性纤维状支架10。支架10是由限定三维多孔支持物支架或基质10的多个交锁纤维15构成的。支持基质10是由互相交锁或互相编织的、但不是必需在交叉点17融合的生物活性玻璃纤维10构成的。因此,至少一些纤维15可互相移动,具有一定程度的自由,形成本质上是动态的支持网10。用作所形成的动态纤维支架10的小连接体19的纤维15的组成通常是生物活性玻璃、陶瓷或玻璃-陶瓷配方,以便在纤维直径和结构尺寸范围内,支架纤维15通常以具有生物活性属性为特征。
限定动态支架10的纤维15的直径通常是足够小,以保证通过其所形成的三维支架10的固有的交锁,而不需要烧结、融合或其他将纤维15连接在所述交叉点17的手段,但是如果需要,可采用一些这类融合或连接,以进一步加强支架10。因此,支架10是自束缚的,不会完全崩裂,然而限定支架小连接体19的单个纤维15是自由的,能互相移动一小段距离,赋予了支架10的动态性质,因此支架10保持柔性,而同时又为其上面的组织形成和生长提供足够的支持。
正如下文将详细描述的,以基本具有低于1微米(1000纳米)直径为特征的多个纤维15是足够形成动态支架10的,以基本具有低于100纳米直径为特征的多个纤维15也一样。支架10还可由多个具有多种直径分布的纤维15构建,其中可利用直径的组合来产生动态柔性、结构支持、内部空隙大小、空隙分布、压缩性、溶出或再吸收速率等的特定组合。例如,一些纤维15可以是迅速反应并快速再吸收至骨骼,以诱导起始骨生长。此外,可将一些骨移植物材料的残留物例如其他的纤维15或微粒设计成历经更长的时间再吸收,其能在以前被吸收的材料消失后继续支持骨生长。所述分层或阶段性的再吸收在第一次骨生长活动发生后,对还未完全愈合的外科手术位置是非常重要的。通过提供不同水平的再吸收的发生,所述材料使愈合过程得到更好的控制,避免了“全有或全无”的情形。
通常,构建物范围内的纤维直径范围从纳米水平(其中将纳米纤维定义为具有低于1微米(亚微米)直径的纤维)开始到至多大约100微米;更典型地,纤维直径范围是大约0.005微米至大约10微米;还更典型地,纤维直径范围是大约0.05微米至大约6微米;还更典型地,纤维直径范围是大约0.5微米至大约20微米;还更典型地,纤维直径范围是大约1微米至大约6微米。在所有情况下,可加入预定量的较大纤维,以按照需要改变所得到的支架10的一种或多种性质。应该指出:当较小(通常低于10微米)直径的纤维15的量减少且更多的支架结构10含有相对较大直径的纤维15时,整个构建物10通常趋向于变成更低的自束缚。因此,通过改变结构纤维15的相对直径和长宽比,可调整产生的支架结构10,以具有更大或更小的柔性和更小或更大的承载刚度。此外,可将纤维15在特定尺寸例如纳米级大小的尺寸上构建,以提高用于细胞附着和反应的表面积。在一个实施方案中,骨移植物材料包含至少一种纳米纤维。
一种影响动态支架10的机制的因素是引入相对小直径的纤维15和产生的植入物20。可利用各种方法制造多孔纤维支架10,形成交锁、缠绕、定向的三维纤维植入物20。
如图1A和1B所说明的,所述纤维15不是必需连续的,但是可以是短的和不连续的,或者是长的连续纤维15和短的不连续纤维15的某些组合。纤维15接触而限定交叉点17并且限定孔或空隙37。通过改变纤维直径和相互作用模式,可控制产生的植入物的孔隙率,以及其孔径分布。这能控制植入物的总孔隙率(至多约95%或甚至更高),以及控制孔径大小和分布,保证材料用预定的纳-(孔直径低于大约1微米,并小到100纳米或者甚至更小)、微-(孔直径大约1微米至大约10微米)、中-(孔直径大约10微米至大约100微米)和大-(孔直径超过大约100微米,并大到1mm或者甚至更大)孔隙率制造。孔37通常是具有大约100纳米至大约1mm大小的孔径大小范围,具有作为选定的纤维尺寸范围和尺寸分布以及选定的形成工艺的函数的孔径范围和孔径分布。然而,应该理解纤维和孔径大小不限于所述范围,并且当说明书涉及纳米纤维和纳米孔时,很好理解本发明的骨移植物材料可同样含有较大尺寸的纤维和孔,以产生纤维和孔的直径的范围。
参考图6A和6B,显示了示例性植入物20中的一种孔径大小的分布及其体积分布和表面积分布作用的例子,其在下文还将进一步描述。因此,所得的植入物或装置20可以是经纺粘法(spunlaid)或纺吹法(spun blown)、熔吹法、湿粘法(wet laid matt)或“玻璃组织(glass tissue)”方法等制造的无纺织物,并且可将其形成具有毛毯、薄纱、棉球、棉花糖等特征。
通常,大-、中-和微孔同时存在于装置20中,并且更通常地,大-、中-和微孔是互联的。此处,过多地定量每种类型的孔是不必要的,因为本领域技术人员可利用各种技术例如汞侵入孔法、氦测比重法、扫描电镜等容易地表征孔隙率。尽管在规定尺寸范围内超过少数的孔的存在是需要的,以便使装置20具有基本程度的所述特定类型的孔隙率,但不必要求具体的数目或百分数。相反,应将本领域技术人员的定性评价用于测定大-、中-、微-和/或纳孔。在一些实施方案中,按照孔体积的测定,多孔的纤维状植入物20的总孔隙率应是相对高的,并通常表示为百分数。0%的孔隙体积指完全的或理论上的致密材料。换句话说,具有0孔隙率的材料完全没有孔隙。同样地,100%的孔隙体积应指“完全孔隙”或空气。本领域技术人员是熟悉孔隙体积的概念的,并能容易地计算和使用它。
骨移植植入物20通常具有超过大约30%的孔体积,并且更通常地,可具有超过50%的孔体积或者60%也是可常规实现的。在一些实施方案中,支架植入物20可具有至少大约70%的孔体积,而其他实施方案通常可具有超过大约75%或者甚至80%的孔体积。甚至可制备具有大于大约90%~97%的孔体积的骨移植植入物。
对于一些骨移植植入物20来讲,具有包括大-、中-和微孔并且在某些情况下还有纳孔的孔径梯度是有利的。当浸湿骨移植植入物20时,保持产生适当的压缩抵抗力和柔性的纤维和颗粒的组合。骨移植植入物20通常还以互联的孔径为特征,因为这与增加的毛细管作用和芯吸能力相关。所述骨移植植入物20应当能迅速地芯吸并保持液体物质,用于随时间缓慢释放。
纤维15通常具有非融合的连接体35,其响应于环境例如生理波动、细胞压力差异、搏动性愈合环境中的流体动力学等的改变而提供支架10的精细柔性和移动。所述体内环境能够并将随愈合过程的进程改变,所述改变可持续几个月或者甚至更长的时间。整个愈合过程中,支架10通常维持其适当的支持性能和孔径37的分布,以便不会抑制愈合机制。愈合过程中,经交锁和缠绕的纤维15所限定的孔径37可起到运载生物液体和构建骨的材料至新骨生长位点的作用。同样,液体缓慢溶解由生物活性玻璃等制造的纤维15,以便在愈合过程的动态应答中支架10、特别是孔径37在大小和形状方面发生变化。
通常,支架10提供足够细胞、小分子、蛋白质、生理体液、血液、骨髓、氧气等渗透的三维微结构,以流过支架10的整个体积。此外,支架10的动态性质赋予其检测或响应微环境并根据微环境中的力和压力施加因素而调整其结构20的能力。
此外,当物理地置于不规则形状缺损部位,例如通常发现于骨、组织或类似的生理位置的空隙、孔或组织平面中时,支架10通常具有足够的三维几何学,以顺应骨移植植入物或装置20。当插入缺损部位时,装置20通常经历某种程度的压缩,同时维持支架10的可渗透性。通常,当与任何骨空隙填充物一起放置时,装置20保持在缺损壁的天然组织的2mm内。
由支架10制造的骨移植植入物或装置20可看起来类似于毛毯、棉球、纺织物、纱布等。所述形式能芯吸、黏附和含有液体、蛋白质、骨髓抽吸物、细胞,并将所述实体维持在有效的体积内,但不必都是全部保留的;例如如果压缩,一些液体可从结构中排出。
骨移植植入物或装置20的另一个优点是它们能用多种载体或改性剂修饰动态纤维支架10或者将动态纤维支架10与多种载体或改性剂混合,以改善处理、可注射性、放置、最小化的侵入性注射、位点顺应性和保持等,同时维持相同的“母体”微结构。所述载体可理想地改变装置20的宏观操作性能,并保持支架10的微观(通常在低于100微米的级别)结构。所述载体迅速(通常在少于大约两周内;更通常在少于大约两天内)再吸收,基本不改变支架的形状、微结构、化学和/或生物活性性质。所述载体包括泊洛沙姆、甘油、碱性氧化物共聚物、骨髓抽吸物等。
图2A显示例如条状或片状形式的植入物20的实施方案。图2B显示例如类似于棉球的三维结构形式的植入物20的实施方案。在一个实例中,将多个交锁的纤维15旋转或吹成随机朝向的装配物20,其具有棉球状的常规外表。纤维15通常以具有小于大约1000nm(1微米)至大约10,000nm(10微米)的直径为特征。可将产生的棉球状装置20成形为通常大约1至大约6厘米未压缩的直径,但也可形成任何常规尺寸,并且可压缩至其起始尺寸的大约1/2至1/4。在一些情况下,一旦除去压力,装置20可基本回归至原始大小和形状(除非将其用液体润湿,该种类型液体将装置固定成需要的形状和密度或者是真空压缩的)。然而,在一些情况下,装置20可保持不变形。通过改变一些纤维15的相对直径,可产生“棉球”至“棉花糖”状的结构,具有小于大约10nm至大于大约10微米的不同范围的纤维直径。
图2C显示例如织网或织物形式的植入物20的实施方案。在一个实施中,可将纤维15纺织、编织或另外地成型为具有纱布样稠度的纤维装置20。纤维15的直径通常是大于约1微米,并且其直径可以是大到约100微米。纤维15的微观朝向通常是随机的,但纤维可以是某种程度的或完全有序的。在宏观上,纤维15通常更为有序。所述装置20可引入不同量的较小的纤维15,以维持自束缚作用。
图3A和3B解释本发明的另一个实施方案,相应于上文图1A和1B所述的生物活性纳米纤维支架110,但是其间分布有玻璃微球或颗粒140。玻璃颗粒140通常由与纤维115相同的通用组合物制成,但是也可替代地由其他不同的组合物构成。植入物120中存在颗粒140的一个优点是其有助于植入物120的整体抗压性。因为植入物120的一种功能通常是吸收和维持供给骨再生长的营养液,向植入物提供某种水平的抗压性是有利的,以便液体不被过早地“挤出”。无论是球状或颗粒状,颗粒物140使植入物变硬,而植入物主要是由缠绕的纤维115构成的多孔支架。
通常,玻璃颗粒140是常规的球状,但是可具有其他规则或不规则的形状。玻璃颗粒140通常大小可变,直径范围从大约为纤维115(更通常是小连接体119)的宽度至比通常的纤维宽度更大的量级。按照需要,颗粒140还可以是不同形状的,从常规的球状至类球状或者椭圆形至不规则形。甚至可将颗粒140塑造成常见的扁平的血小板状;此外,可将血小板状物(或其他形状)塑造成具有孔或内部孔隙,以增加有效表面积和溶出速率。类似地,可改变颗粒140的形状,以影响骨细胞黏附、颗粒包被性等因素。
在一个实施方案中,玻璃颗粒140可具有大约20微米至大约1毫米的平均直径。在另一实施方案中,颗粒140可具有大约300微米至大约500微米的平均直径。在另一实施方案中,颗粒140可具有大约350微米的平均直径。
对于纤维,可将生物活性玻璃颗粒140包被有机酸(例如甲酸、透明质酸等)、矿物质钙源(例如磷酸三钙、羟基磷灰石、硫酸钙等)、抗微生物剂、抗病毒剂、维生素、x-射线遮光剂或其他这类物质。虽然较小的颗粒可趋向于停留在纤维交叉点117中或在其周围,但是较大的颗粒趋向于包埋在支架120自身中,并借助纤维115的网而保持位置。孔大小的微球可趋向于停留在孔137中。
玻璃颗粒140可由预定的生物活性材料构成,并且当将支架110体外放置时,将其调整为经过预定的时间而溶解,以便按照预定的速率释放预先选择的矿物质、骨生长介质等。可改变玻璃颗粒140的组成、大小和形状,以调整生物活性玻璃的再吸收速率,并由此调整矿物质等进入体内的速率(并且类似地,调整颗粒140能为支架植入物20提供增加的抗压性的时间)。例如,对于给定的生物活性玻璃组成和颗粒体积而言,不规则形状的颗粒140具有比球状颗粒140更大的表面积,并因此更快速的溶解。
此外,玻璃颗粒140可以是空心的生物活性玻璃、聚合体或类似的微球,其填充了药物、抗生素、抗病毒剂、维生素等的特定混合物,以便在骨再生长位点和其周围按预定速率释放并持续预定的时间长度。释放速率和释放持续时间可以是颗粒尺寸、孔隙率和壁厚度以及其分布函数的函数。
如上文所讨论的,可随机构造骨移植物材料的形状和质地,以使其总体积、表面积和柔性最大化或者完全相反,可以以非常严格和均一的排布例如以网状或矩阵型装配方式,用生物活性玻璃纤维生产骨移植物材料。如图4A-4C的非限制性示例所解释的,在网状或矩阵装配中,可将玻璃纤维以叠加的排列布置,以定向方式限制柔性;或者纤维可以是层状的,其中交替的层互相是交叉关系。在图4A中,显示基质装配体110,其具有不连续的含有纤维115和颗粒140的层的有序构型。图4B中,显示纤维115和分散在其中的颗粒140的随机排列构型的基质装配体。图4C中,显示各层具有不同孔隙度的构型,所述不同的孔隙度归因于各层的纤维115和颗粒140的间隔差异。也就是说,由于不均衡间隔的纤维115和颗粒140,孔径137的大小在整个基质装配体中是不同的。应该理解:尽管为了解释文中的概念,图4A和4C显示了分散对齐的纤维115,但是材料110的各层可包含无组织的和随机排列的纤维115和颗粒140。
本发明的一个优点是多种可选择的构型和结构排布,其同样产生外科大夫要用的不同功能的材料。如图4A-C所示的,本发明的骨移植物材料可包含包埋在生物活性玻璃纤维结构中的生物活性玻璃颗粒。通过确定颗粒的数量、大小和性质,所述颗粒的引入可影响生成的骨移植物材料的压缩性、生物吸收度和孔隙率。还可将其他的添加剂例如磷酸钙(CaP)、硫酸钙(CaS)、羟基磷灰石(HA)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、胶原、甘油、明胶等引入生物活性玻璃纤维骨移植物材料的多种不同的构造的任一种中,以辅助骨发生和患者恢复。
在一个实施方案中,将骨移植物材料的表面积最大化,以增加向材料的结构基质内的骨生长。另一个有用的变量是能选择性构成和构造骨移植物材料的能力,以提供不同孔隙度例如纳-、微-、中-或大-孔隙度的层,以便起细胞滤器的作用,控制所选择的细胞向材料内渗透的深度。因为可选择性改变骨移植物材料的制备来包括具有不同横截面直径、形状和/或组成物的生物活性玻璃纤维和/或颗粒,所以可调配材料的性质,以产生具有不同吸收能力的骨移植物材料。所述特征让外科大夫可特异性选择满足特定情形或特定患者需求的骨移植物材料。控制骨向所述材料的生物活性玻璃基质内生长的速度使外科大夫在为个体患者的特定需求选择适当的骨移植物材料时能实现几乎无限的灵活性。
在另一个实施方案中,用锶部分地代替钙配制生物活性玻璃。用锶部分代替钙生产具有降低的再吸收/反应速率和增加的放射密度或辐射不透明度的生物活性玻璃。因此,生物活性玻璃保持存在于体内一段较长的时间,并还提供更容易看见的x-射线靶点。
在另一个实施方案中,可将银(或其他抗菌材料)加入到生物活性玻璃纤维支架的结构基质中。银是抗菌物质并提高生物活性玻璃材料的内在抗菌性质。通常,将银作为掺杂剂加到非常精细的生物活性玻璃纤维中,以便非常精细的纤维在植入位点溶解时快速释放银,使银作为抗菌剂预防外科手术后的即发感染,同时,剩余的支架材料继续发挥功能。或者,将Ag作为纤维引入,并与生物活性玻璃纤维编织在一起,或者作为与上文讨论的玻璃颗粒类似的颗粒等。当然,改变生物活性玻璃的组成以使纤维成形而产生碱性(8-10的高pH值)玻璃,也可提供具有抗菌性质的材料。
本发明的一个优点是可方便地将其模制成各种形状。通过将材料包装在功能托盘(其中托盘作为模具)中,可在手术室中将材料以各种形状提供。尤其是,当加入流体例如血液、盐水、骨髓、其他天然体液时,材料成为粘合物质。
在一个实施方案中,如图5A至5D所示,将骨移植物材料作为手术盒200的组件提供。盒200包括具有凹槽或孔212的托盘部分210,或者更通常地,一套用于贮存、保持和操作骨移植物材料10、110的成套凹槽和用于密封托盘部分210的盖部分220。托盘和盖部分210、220通常由热塑性塑料构成,但是也可由任何方便的材料制成。
最深的凹室212通常具有简单的几何形状,例如矩形块或楔形,以便所装载的骨移植物材料同样具有简单的几何形状。通常,将骨移植物材料10、110作为生物活性玻璃纤维的缠绕的或互相编织的团块提供。可将生物活性玻璃纤维用易于在手术中置于骨空穴中的形式提供(例如纺织物或网状形式)或者将其以置入前需要另外制备的形式提供(例如更疏松的缠绕形式),所述另外的制备需要加入液体例如盐水、甘油、明胶、血浆或胶原凝胶或者薄片,以帮助使生物活性玻璃物质更柔顺和结构单一。可任选地将所述液体包含于试剂盒包装200中或者单独提供。
在一个实例中,提供试剂盒200,其包括托盘主体210及与托盘主体连接的盖子200。托盘主体210包括一个或多个凹槽212,以便容纳一份生物活性玻璃纤维10。这份生物活性玻璃纤维可以是纺织的、编织的、缠绕的或作为松散的堆积物提供。这份生物活性玻璃纤维可任选地包括其他组成的纤维,例如抗菌剂银、聚合物或替代的玻璃组合物,并还任选地包括颗粒物或者相同生物活性玻璃组合物的微粒,或者替代组合物例如替代的玻璃、金属、金属氧化物、药物、营养剂和/或抗菌剂等。试剂盒还可任选地包括液体例如用于与生物活性玻璃混合的盐水或胶原凝胶。
在操作中,外科医生移去试剂盒200的盖子220并移出一部分所包含的生物活性玻璃材料10。然后,外科医生可将生物活性玻璃材料成形并确定大小以插入骨空穴中。所述过程可包括将适当的液体例如盐水、胶原凝胶、血浆、血液等加入到生物活性玻璃材料中,以达到所需程度的柔性和/或结构完整性。一旦根据需要确定生物活性玻璃材料的大小和形状,就将其插入到骨空穴中。可将所述过程作为单步操作或者作为一系列步骤进行。
图6A和6B用图解说明基于孔径大小分布的骨移植物材料实施方案的体积作用和表面积作用。按照所示的,在一个实施方案中,植入物20的骨移植物材料可具有不同孔径例如纳-、微-、中-和大-孔径的结构。如图6A和6B所示的,尽管中孔和微孔占据骨移植物材料的大部分体积,但是纳孔占据骨移植物材料提供的大部分表面积。也就是说,对于给定的体积,实施方案可利用包括纳孔的孔径分布,以获得给定体积下的更大表面积。当然,所述实施方案可提供所述的及其他的特征和优点。
图7显示1天和3天后,本发明的实施方案的纤维的慢速拍摄显微照片,而图8显示浸没在37℃的模拟体液中3天后,本发明的实施方案的纤维的慢速拍摄显微照片。
图9显示一系列慢速拍摄扫描电子显微照片(SEM),表明在本发明的玻璃纤维支架上培育2天、4天和6天的成骨细胞。如所显示的,6天培养期间具有提高的细胞密度。图10显示每支架起始接种100,000 MC3T3-E1细胞后2天、4天和6天时,图9玻璃纤维支架上所显示的成骨细胞生长图。图11显示接种间质干细胞的纤维的显微照片。所述细胞可有助于成骨细胞增殖和分化的骨刺激作用。可基于测定DNA含量、以及出现增高的骨钙蛋白和碱性磷酸酶水平来测量所述作用。
比较性动物研究
图12-16显示在哺乳动物(尤其是在兔子上)上,本发明纤维状骨移植物材料的实施方案的一些测试结果。在测试中,制造具有大约5mm直径和10mm长度的双侧远端股骨缺损。在比较研究中,除了本发明骨移植物材料的实施方案之外,用市售骨移植物替代物(产品1号和2号)进行所述测试。产品1号是硅酸盐取代的骨移植物材料(ACTIFUSE TM,从ApaTech,Inc.of Foxborough,MA.获得的),并且产品2号是合成的骨移植物替代物(VITOSS TM,从Orthovita of Malvern,PA获得的)。具体地讲,图12显示一系列完成测试的放射影像,比较骨移植物材料的实施方案与产品1和2在第4周、第6周和第12周的性能。图13显示另一系列在哺乳动物上完成测试的图象,比较骨移植物材料的实施方案与产品1和2的性能。图14显示哺乳动物测试期间,骨移植物材料的实施方案与产品1和2呈现的新骨生长的组织形态学比较。图15显示哺乳动物测试期间,骨移植物材料的实施方案与产品1和2剩余的残留材料随时间的组织形态学比较。图16显示哺乳动物测试期间,骨移植物材料的实施方案与产品1和2呈现的机械强度的组织形态学比较。
尽管将本文的骨移植物材料描述为用于骨移植,但是认为还可将本文的移植材料用于软组织或者软骨修复。因此,文中提供的纤维状移植材料的应用可包括许多不同的医疗用途,尤其是其中需要新结缔组织形成时。
虽然已用附图和前面的描述详细解释和描述了本发明,但是这应当认为是示例性而非限制性的。应该理解:在前面的说明书中已经以满足最佳模式和能够满足要求而显示和描述了实施方案。应该理解:本领域普通技术人员可容易地对上述实施方案进行几乎无限的非实质性修改和变更,并且试图在本说明书中描述所有这些实施方案变体是不现实的。因此,应该理解意味着保护所有在本发明的主旨范围内的所有修改和变更。
Claims (32)
1.骨移植植入物,其包含:
基质,所述基质含有多个重叠和交锁的生物活性玻璃纤维,以及在基质中分布的多个的孔;
其中所述纤维以大约5纳米至大约100微米的纤维直径为特征;
其中所述孔以大约100纳米至大约1毫米的孔直径为特征;和
其中将植入物形成临床应用需要的形状。
2.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中纤维具有大约500纳米至大约20微米的直径。
3.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中纤维以均匀的直径为特征。
4.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中孔以均匀的直径为特征。
5.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包括多个在基质分布的颗粒。
6.权利要求5的骨移植植入物,其中颗粒包含有孔的内腔,并提供植入物的第二种孔隙率范围,而多个基质的孔提供第一种孔隙率范围。
7.权利要求5的骨移植植入物,其中颗粒包括生物活性玻璃、硫酸钙、磷酸钙或羟基磷灰石。
8.权利要求5的骨移植植入物,其中颗粒包括粗糙的表面。
9.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中基质的组分是抗菌的。
10.权利要求9的骨移植植入物,其中抗菌组分是碱性的。
11.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中玻璃纤维至少部分地包被一种或多种包衣植入物,所述包衣植入物选自有机酸、矿物性钙源、抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、维生素、甘油、胶原、盐水和x-射线遮光剂。
12.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包括在基质中分布的添加剂,其中所述添加剂选自微量元素、有机酸、矿物性钙源、药物、抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、维生素和x-射线遮光剂。
13.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包括在多孔基质中的孔径梯度。
14.权利要求13的骨移植植入物,其中将孔径梯度设计成可变地影响部分骨移植植入物的再吸收。
15.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还含有胶原。
16.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中植入物是泡沫形式的。
17.权利要求16的骨移植植入物,其中泡沫形式是条状、连续的碾压板、海绵状或栓状。
18.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中植入物是油灰形式的。
19.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其中纤维是中空管状的。
20.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包含磷酸钙。
21.权利要求20的骨移植植入物,其中磷酸钙是多孔的。
22.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包含磷酸三钙。
23.权利要求22的骨移植植入物,其中磷酸三钙是多孔的。
24.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包含银。
25.权利要求1的骨移植植入物,其还包含羧甲基纤维素或藻酸钠。
26.治疗骨缺损的方法,所述方法包括:
提供骨移植植入物,其中骨移植植入物含有多孔支架,多孔支架包含多个重叠和交锁的生物活性玻璃纤维,以及多个在支架中分布的孔,其中所述纤维以大约5纳米至大约100微米的纤维直径为特征,并且所述孔以大约100纳米至大约1毫米的孔直径为特征;
准备要治疗的解剖学位点,以接受所述骨移植植入物;和
将骨移植植入物引入到骨缺损中。
27.权利要求26的方法,其还包含处理骨移植植入物的多孔支架,以使其是可模制的。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中处理多孔支架包括用可流动的溶液润湿支架。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中可流动的溶液是盐水。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中可流动的溶液是天然的体液。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中天然的体液包含血细胞。
32.权利要求28的方法,其还包括将润湿的多孔支架模制为需要的形状,以形成适合于引入骨缺损处的骨移植植入物。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2010313347A1 (en) | 2012-05-17 |
| CA2779103A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
| KR20120101021A (ko) | 2012-09-12 |
| JP2013509261A (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
| US20110144764A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
| MX2012004919A (es) | 2012-08-15 |
| WO2011053725A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
| EP2493424A1 (en) | 2012-09-05 |
| EP2493424A4 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
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