CN102586186A - 通过clec-6激活人抗原呈递细胞 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明包括利用新的抗CLEC-6抗体及其片段用于调控免疫细胞的活性的组合物和方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2008年2月22日、申请号为200880013398.5、发明名称为“通过CLEC-6激活人抗原呈递细胞”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
发明的技术领域
一般而言,本发明涉及抗原呈递和免疫细胞激活领域,具体地,涉及通过CLEC-6C型凝集素激活免疫细胞。
发明背景
不限制本发明的范围,描述与树突细胞相关的发明背景。
树突细胞通过提供可溶性细胞间信号继而病原菌识别而在控制先天性和获得性免疫的界面中起着关键作用。树突细胞的这些功能主要依赖于特定的表面受体,“模式识别受体(PRR)”,最为典型的例子是toll样受体(TLR)和C型凝集素或凝集素样受体(LLR)(1-3)。在目前的模式中,TLR的主要作用是提醒DC以产生白细胞介素12(IL-12)和其它炎症细胞因子以起始免疫应答。C-型LLR作为巨噬细胞和DC中强大的抗原捕获和摄取机制的组成部分发挥作用(1)。然而,与TLR相比,LLR可能具有更宽泛的生物功能,包括细胞迁移(4)、细胞间相互作用(5)。LLR的这些多重功能可以是由于不同于TLR,LLR能够识别自身和非自身的事实。然而,LLR的复杂性,包括免疫细胞中表达的众多LLR的冗余性,是对各个LLR的详细功能理解的主要障碍之一。此外,大多数这些受体的天然配体仍然没有被鉴定出来。虽然如此,最近研究的证据表明LLR与TLR协同在微生物感染过程中可以对激活免疫细胞起作用(6-14)。
发明概述
本发明包括利用抗人CLEC-6单克隆抗体(mAb)以及鉴定它们的生物功能的组合物和方法,其中这些生物功能是预期的抗CLEC-6mAb及其替代物的治疗应用的基础。本发明包括接触抗原呈递细胞,例如树突细胞(DC),所述细胞表达CLEC-6并在与特定的DC激活相关的摄取抗原而导致改变的体液和细胞免疫应答中发挥作用。本发明的发明人开发并鉴定了特异的能够激 活具有CLEC-6的细胞的试剂(agent),以及在接受这些信号的细胞中导致的变化对免疫系统中其它细胞的影响。这些影响(单独,或者与其它信号协同(即共激活))高度预测对特定疾病状态的治疗效果或者在接种免疫中增强的保护性效果。
发现作为LLR成员之一的CLEC-6单独或与其它细胞信号协作在激活细胞(包括DC)方面发挥功能。CLEC-6介导的细胞激活受抗CLEC-6mAb的诱导,因而抗人CLEC-6mAb或其替代物在开发针对疾病的试剂中是有用的。
本发明包括用于增加表达CLEC-6的抗原呈递细胞的抗原呈递效力的组合物和方法,通过使抗CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段与抗原呈递细胞接触来进行,其中抗原呈递细胞被激活。所述抗原呈递细胞可以是分离的树突细胞、外周血单核细胞、单核细胞、髓样树突细胞及它们的组合。在一个具体实施方案中,抗原呈递细胞是已在体外与GM-CSF和IL-4、干扰素α、抗原及其组合一起培养的分离的树突细胞、外周血单核细胞、单核细胞、B细胞、髓样树突细胞及这些细胞的组合。所述方法还可包括用GM-CSF和IL-4激活抗原呈递细胞的步骤,其中与CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段的接触增加抗原呈递细胞上的CD86和HLA-DR的表面表达。
发现可以使用本发明用CLEC-6特异性抗体或片段激活抗原呈递细胞,以增加抗原呈递细胞上的CD86、CD80和HLA-DR的表面表达。如果抗原呈递细胞是树突细胞(CD),用CLEC-6特异性抗体和GM-CSF和IL-4激活的DC具有图4的基因表达谱。用CLEC-6特异性抗体激活的抗原呈递细胞分泌IL-6、MIP-1a、MCP-1、IP-10、TNFa及其组合,而如果APC是树突细胞,则它们分泌IL-6、MIP-1a、MCP-1、IP-10、TNFa、IL-12p40、IL-1a、IL-1b及其组合。当激活已与GM-CSF和IL-4或干扰素α接触的树突细胞时,CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段以及CD40配体进一步增强对树突细胞的激活。当与GM-CSF和IL-4或干扰素α以及CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段接触时,DC增加其共刺激活性。
在另一个实施方案中,可以使用本发明的方法通过经TLR9受体和CLEC-6凝集素共激活抗原呈递细胞来激活抗原呈递细胞,其中所述细胞增加细胞因子和趋化因子的产生,甚至触发B细胞增殖。还发现在B细胞存在下,用CLEC-6和LOX-1共激活抗原呈递细胞,诱导B细胞免疫球蛋白类别转换。TLR9受体可被TLR9配体、抗TLR9抗体或其片段、抗TLR9-抗CLEC-6杂交抗体或其片段、抗TLR9-抗CLEC-6配体结合物所激活。CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段的例子可选自克隆12H7、12E3、9D5、20H8及它们的组合。用CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段通过CLEC-6-受体激活的树突细胞也激活单核细胞、树突细胞、外周血单核细胞、B细胞及它们的组合。
本发明的再一个实施方案包括与粘附蛋白(Cohesin)/锚定蛋白(Dockerin)对的一半(half)结合的CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段。CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段可以与粘附蛋白/锚定蛋白对的一半结合,而互补性一半(complementary half)可以与抗原结合。抗原可以是分子、肽、蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物、脂质、细胞、病毒或其部分、细菌或其部分、真菌或其部分、寄生虫或其部分。在另一个实施方案中,CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段与粘附蛋白/锚定蛋白对的一半结合,而该对的另一半与一种或多种细胞因子结合,所述细胞因子选自白细胞介素,转化生长因子(TGF),成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF),血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF),表皮生长因子(EGF),结缔组织活性肽(CTAP),成骨因子,以及这些生长因子的生物活性类似物、片段和衍生物,B/T细胞分化因子,B/T细胞生长因子,促有丝分裂细胞因子,趋化细胞因子和趋化因子,集落刺激因子,血管生成因子,IFN-α,IFN-β,IFN-γ,IL1,IL2,IL3,IL4,IL5,IL6,IL7,IL8,IL9,IL10,IL11,IL12,IL13,IL14,IL15,IL16,IL17,IL18等,瘦素(leptin),肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin),巨噬细胞刺激蛋白,血小板衍生生长因子,TNF-α,TNF-β,NGF,CD40L,CD137L/4-1BBL,人淋巴毒素-β,G-CSF,M-CSF,GM-CSF,PDGF,IL-1α,IL1-β,IP-10,PF4,GRO,9E3,促红细胞生成素,内皮抑素(endostatin),血管抑素(angiostatin),VEGF,包括β转化生长因子(例如TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3)在内的转化生长因子(TGF)超基因家族;骨形态发生蛋白(例如BMP-1、BMP-2、BMP-3、BMP-4、BMP-5、BMP-6、BMP-7、BMP-8、BMP-9);肝素结合生长因子(成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF));抑制素(例如抑制素A、抑制素B);生长分化因子(例如GDF-1);以及活化素(例如活化素A、活化素B、活化素AB)。
本发明还包括用于将髓样树突细胞与浆细胞样树突细胞分开的方法,该方法通过利用CLEC-6表达将表达CLEC-6的髓样树突细胞、B细胞或单核细胞与不表达CLEC-6的浆细胞样树突细胞分离来进行。
本发明包括表达CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段的杂交瘤,其中所述CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段激活抗原呈递细胞表达新的表面标记物、分泌一种或多种细胞因子或者既表达新的表面标记物又分泌一种或多种细胞因子,所述杂交瘤例如克隆12H7、12E3、9D5、20H8及其组合。抗CLEC-6杂交瘤产生的抗体可用于增强B细胞免疫应答的方法中,通过触发B细胞上的CLEC-6受体以增加抗体的产生、分泌细胞因子、增加B细胞激活表面标记物的表达及其组合。B细胞分泌IL-8、MIP-1a及其组合,和/或增加IgM、IgG和IgA的产生。
本发明还包括用于增强T细胞活化的方法,通过用CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段触发树突细胞上的CLEC-6受体并使T细胞与CLEC-6活化的树突细胞接触来进行,其中T细胞的活化被增强。所述T细胞可以是原初CD8+T细胞,而所述树突细胞可以与GM-CSF和IL-4、干扰素α、抗原及其组合相接触。发现由CLEC-6活化的DC激活的T细胞增强T细胞分泌的IL-10、IL-15,和4-1BBL的表面表达,及其组合。T细胞在暴露于用抗CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段激活的树突细胞时也增殖。
本发明还包括由哺乳动物细胞分泌的抗CLEC-6免疫球蛋白或其部分和与免疫球蛋白结合的抗原。所述抗CLEC-6抗原特异性结构域可以是全长抗体、抗体可变区结构域、Fab片段、Fab’片段、F(ab)2片段、以及Fv片段、以及Fabc片段和/或具有部分Fc结构域的Fab片段。所述抗CLEC-6抗体还可用于制备疫苗,所述疫苗包含用CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段活化的树突细胞。
本发明还包括单独或与共激活剂一起结合(engage)免疫细胞上的CLEC-6受体,组合活化抗原呈递细胞的试剂用于治疗性目的的应用;免疫细胞上的CLEC-6结合剂用于制备疫苗的应用,该CLEC-6结合剂与或不与激活剂一起与一种或多种抗原连接;抗CLEC-6剂作为免疫细胞的共激活剂用于增强通过免疫细胞上表达的除CLEC-6外的细胞表面受体引起的免疫应答的用途;能够通过CLEC-6受体结合并活化免疫细胞的抗CLEC-6抗体V区序列的用途;和/或与一种或多种毒性剂连接的DC-CLEC-6结合剂用于在已知或怀疑由经CLEC-6的免疫细胞的不适当激活导致的疾病的情况下或在表达CLEC-6的病理(pathogenic)细胞或组织的情况下的治疗性目的的用途。
另外一个实施方案包括模块式rAb载体,其包含CLEC-6特异性抗体结合结构域,该结合结构域与一个或多个含有粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的一半的抗原载体结构域连接。所述抗原特异性结合结构域可包含抗体的至少一部分和/或与粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的一半构成融合蛋白的抗体的至少一部分。在一个实施方案中,所述rAb还可包含与抗原结合的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半,其中所述与抗原结合的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半与所述的模块式rAb载体形成复合物,或者与抗原构成融合蛋白的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半。rAb的抗原特异性结构域可以是全长抗体、抗体可变区结构域、Fab片段、Fab’片段、F(ab)2片段、以及Fv片段、以及Fabc片段和/或具有部分Fc结构域的Fab片段。
附图简述
为了更完全的理解本发明的特征和优点,现参考发明详细以及附图进行说明,在附图中:
图1A和1B显示体内和体外培养的DC表达CLEC-6。图1A显示来自正常供体的PBMC用抗CD11c、CD14、CD19和CD3以及抗CLEC mAb进行染色。对各个抗体染色的细胞作门以检测CLEC-6的表达水平。图1B显示来自正常供体的单核细胞在GM-CSF存在下用IL-4(IL-4DC)或IFNa(IFNDC)培养,并用抗CLEC-6mAb或同型对照抗体染色。C.髓样DC(Lin-HLA-DR+CD11c+CD123-)是用FACS分选仪从血中纯化得到,并用抗CLEC-6mAb染色。空的和实的柱状图代表分别用同型对照和抗CLEC-6mAb染色的细胞。
图2显示抗CLEC-6mAb活化DC。IFNDC(1x105/200ul/孔)在用不同mAb克隆包被的培养板中培养18小时。用Luminex分析培养物上清液以测量细胞因子和趋化因子。
图3A和3B显示抗CLEC-6mAb活化DC。图3A显示IL-4DC(1x105/孔/200ul)用抗CLEC-6刺激18小时,然后细胞用抗CD86和HLA-DR染色。图3B显示用FACS分选仪从血中纯化得到的髓样DC。mDC(1x105/孔/200ul)用抗CLEC-6刺激18小时,然后细胞用抗CD86、CD80和HLA-DR染色。
图4显示用抗CLEC-6或对照mAb刺激12小时的IL-4DC的基因表达谱。用RNeasy柱(Qiagen)提取总RNA,并用2100Bioanalyser(Agilent)进行分析。用Illumina totalprep labeling试剂盒(Ambion)制备生物素标记的cRNA靶标,并与Sentrix Human6 BeadChips(46K转录本)杂交。这些微阵列由附着在装于硅片表面上蚀刻的微孔内的50mer寡聚核苷酸探针组成。用链霉抗生物素-Cy3染色后,微阵列表面用Illumina制造的亚微米分辨扫描仪成像(Beadstation 500X)。数据分析采用基因表达分析软件程序-GeneSpring,Version 7.1(Agilent)进行。
图5A和5B显示用抗CLEC-6激活的DC产生的细胞因子和趋化因子的量增加。如图1图注所述的体外培养的IL-4DC和纯化的mDC(1x105/200ul)在用抗CLEC-6mAb(2ug/孔)包被的培养板中培养18小时。用Luminex分析培养物上清液以测量细胞因子和趋化因子。
图6A和6B显示CLEC-6和CD40协同激活DC。IL-4DC(2x105/200ul/孔)在可溶性CD40L(20ng/ml)存在或不存在下在抗CLEC-6包被的96孔板中培养18小时。对照mAb也进行测试。18小时后,用抗CD83染色细胞,并用Luminex分析培养物上清液以测量细胞因子和趋化因子。
图7A至7C显示DC上表达的CLEC-6导致增强的体液免疫应答。6天的GM/IL-4DC(5x103/孔)在用抗CLEC-6或对照mAb包被的96孔板中培养16-18小时,然后与用CFSE染色的1x105自体同源的CD19+B细胞在20单位/ml IL-2和50nM CpG存在下共培养。图7A:第6天细胞用荧光标记抗体染色。CD3+和7-AAD+细胞被作门去除(gated out)。CD38+和CFSE-细胞用FACS分选仪纯化,并进行吉姆萨染色。图7B显示对第13天的培养物上清液进行ELISA,以分析总IgM、IgG和IgA。图7C显示在mAb包被的培养板中培养48小时的6天GM/IL-4DC,并通过细胞内染色测定APRIL的表达水平。虚线是用对照的抗体染色的细胞。细线和粗线代表分别在用抗CLEC-6和对照mAb包被的培养板中培养的细胞。数据代表采用每次来自三个不同的正常供体的细胞所进行的两次单独实验。
图8A和8B显示B细胞上表达的CLEC-6导致B细胞的活化和免疫球蛋白的产生。图8A显示CD19+B细胞(2x105/孔/200ul)在mAb包被的培养板中培养16-18小时,然后用Luminex分析培养物上清液以测量细胞因子和趋化因子。图8B显示1x105CD19+B细胞在用mAb包被的培养板中培养13天。用ELISA测量总Ig水平。数据代表采用来自三个不同的正常供体的细胞所进行的两次单独实验。
图9A至9E显示DC上表达的CLEC-6导致增强的抗原特异性T细胞应答。图9A显示5x103的6天IFNDC在用抗CLEC-6或对照mAb包被的培养板中培养16-18小时,然后与纯化的同种异源T细胞进行共培养。在收集前用3[H]-胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷,1uCi/孔进行脉冲细胞18小时。3[H]-胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷的摄取用β计数器进行测量。图9B显示IL-4DC(5x103/孔)在100nM Flu M1肽(HLA-A2表位)(上部两个图形)或重组Flu M1蛋白(下部两个图形)存在下在mAb包被的培养板中温育16小时。与2x106纯化的自体同源CD8T细胞共培养7天。第2天在培养物中添加20单位/ml IL-2和10单位/ml IL-7。用抗CD8和Flu M1-四聚体染色细胞。图9C显示,IL-4DC(5x103/孔)在20uM Mart-1肽(HLA-A2表位)(上部两个图片)或重组Mart-1蛋白(下部两个图片)存在下在用mAb包被的培养板中温育16小时。与2x106纯化的自体同源CD8T细胞共培养10天。第2天在培养基中添加20单位/ml IL-2和10单位/ml IL-7。用抗CD8和Mart-1-四聚体染色细胞。图9D显示,IL-4DC用10nM抗CLEC-6-Mart-1复合物或对照Ig-Mart-1复合物负载2小时。与2x106纯化的自体同源CD8T细胞共培养10天。用抗CD8和Flu M1特异性四聚体染色细胞。下部两个图片中的细胞用来自大肠杆菌(E.coli)的20ng/mlLPS进行刺激。图9E显示纯化的mDC用10nM抗CLEC-6-Flu HAl或对照Ig-Flu HAl复合物负载2小时。与2x106用CFSE标记的纯化自体同源CD4 T细胞共培养7天。用抗CD4染色细胞,并通过分析CFSE稀释测量细胞增殖。下部两个图片中的细胞用来自大肠杆菌的20ng/ml LPS进行刺激。
图10显示来自非人灵长类(食蟹猴)的PBMC用抗CLEC-6mAb和细胞表面标记物的抗体染色,并用FACS分析。
发明详述
尽管以下详细讨论本发明的多种实施方案的制备及使用,但是应该理解本发明提供了许多可以在多种特定情况下具体实施的可应用的发明构思。本文讨论的特定实施方案仅仅是说明制备和使用本发明的特定方法,而不限定本发明的范围。
为便于理解本发明,许多术语定义如下。本文定义的术语具有与本发明相关的领域中的普通技术人员通常理解的含义。术语诸如″一个″、″一种″、″该″等不意欲仅仅指单数实体,而是包括其中特定实例可以用于例证的总的类别。本文术语用于描述本发明的特定实施方案,但是它们的用法并不限制本发明,除非在权利要求中概述的。
Dectin-1基因簇包括凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体(LOX)-1、C型凝集素样受体(CLEC)-1和2,以及MICL。CLEC-1当转染到培养细胞中时胞内表达,因此预测需要一些接头分子用于其表面表达(M.Colonna等,Eur JImmunol 30(2000),第697-704页)。然而,在它的跨膜部分不含有阳离子氨基酸。相反,在其胞质部分存在一个酪氨酸残基,但是通过该酪氨酸的信号传导效应是未知的。CLEC-2的胞质区包含一个DxYxxL(天冬氨酸-任意-酪氨酸-任意-任意-亮氨酸)基序,并且在转染细胞表面表达。该基序已知可激励有效的胞吞作用和ASGPR-1的基底外侧表达,并与dectin-1的第二类酪氨酸为基础的基序高度同源。事实上,Syk在其配体蛇毒rhodocytin(aggretin)的诱导下被募集到CLEC-2的磷酸酪氨酸(K.Suzuki-Inoue等,Blood 107(2006),第542-549页)。该研究确认了在C型凝集素受体中独特的单个YxxL序列的存在,其在酪氨酸磷酸化时提供Syk的停泊位点。MICL(CLEC12A)被确定为与dectin-1和LOX-1同源的含ITIM分子(A.S.Marshall等,J BiolChem 279(2004),第14792-14802页)。它的表达基本上局限在单核细胞、粒细胞和未成熟DC。功能上,MICL在受到刺激时募集SHP-1和2,并且用含胞质MICL的嵌合受体观察到ITIM依赖性抑制效应(A.S.Marshall等,JBiol Chem 279(2004),第14792-14802页)。然而,最近报道,在MICL连接到未成熟DC上时,观察到改变的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化形式,以及p38MAPK和ERK的丝氨酸磷酸化,而且注意到CCR7的表达和细胞因子的产生而没有成熟标记物如CD83、86和DC-LAMP的上调(C.H.Chen等,Blood 107 (2006)、第1459-1467页)。确实,如CCR7+共刺激低半成熟表型(costimulation low semi-mature phenotype)被认为代表稳定状态的迁移DC(L.Oh1等,Imunity21(2004),第279-288页)。虽然还没有表征,但是CLEC9A和CLEC12B编码基因也定位在dectin-1基因簇中(G.D.Brown,Nat Rev Immunol 6(2006),第33-43页)。CLEC12B的胞质尾区含有ITIM,而CLEC9A具有ExYxxL(谷胺酸-任意-酪氨酸-任意-任意-亮氨酸)序列,其可能起到激活基序的作用。这些分子的功能仍然需要进一步研究。
Arce等,Eur.J.Immunol.(2004)鉴定并表征了与小鼠Mcl/Clecsf8相关的人CLEC-6蛋白。人CLEC-6编码了有215个氨基酸的II型膜糖蛋白,其属于人钙依赖性凝集素家族(C型凝集素)。CLEC-6的胞外区具有单个的碳水化合物识别结构域(CRD)。对CLEC-6瞬时转染细胞的生化分析表明30kDa的糖蛋白和所述受体的交联导致迅速内在化,提示CLEC-6是胞内受体(Arce等,2004)。不同于CLEC-1、-2、-9A、-12A和-12B,CLEC-6不含有YxxL基序或其它共有的信号传导基序。还没有进行研究以表征CLEC-6的生物功能。
DC能够交叉呈递蛋白抗原(Rock KL Immunol Rev.2005Oct;207:166-83)。在体内,DC通过许多受体来摄取抗原,并呈递I和II类形式的抗原肽。在本文中,DC凝集素作为模式识别受体有助于抗原的有效摄取以及抗原的交叉呈递。
如本文所用,术语″模块式rAb载体″用于描述重组抗体系统,该系统被工程化以提供不同的抗原、活化蛋白质或其它抗体以受控的模块式方式加入单一重组单克隆抗体(mAb),在本案中,抗CLEC-6单克隆抗体。rAb可以是使用标准杂交瘤技术、重组抗体展示、人源化单克隆抗体等制备的单克隆抗体。模块式rAb载体可用于,例如,(通过一种针对例如人树突细胞受体的内在化受体的原发重组抗体)靶向多个抗原和/或抗原与活化的细胞因子至树突细胞(DC)。模块式rAb载体还可以用于以受控且确定的方式首尾相连地连接两种不同的重组mAb。
″模块式rAb载体″的抗原结合部分可以是一种或多种可变结构域、一种或多种可变结构域与第一恒定结构域,Fab片段、Fab′片段、F(ab)2片段和Fv片段,以及Fabc片段和/或具有部分Fc结构域的Fab片段,同源的模块式结合部分添加到氨基酸序列和/或与其结合。模块式rAb载体中使用的抗体可以是任何同型或类别、亚类或者来自任何来源(动物和/或重组体)。
在一个非限制性实施例中,模块式rAb载体被工程化为具有一种或多种模块式粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白蛋白质结构域,用于制备在工程化的重组mAb情况下的特异且明确的蛋白质复合物。mAb是包括一种或多种来自mAb的抗 原结合结构域的模块式粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白蛋白质结构域羧基的融合蛋白的一部分。粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白蛋白质结构域甚至可以在翻译后,例如使用化学交联剂和/或二硫键连接。
本文使用的术语″抗原″指的是可以在该抗原的接受者中启动体液和/或细胞免疫应答的分子。抗原可以用于本发明的两种不同情况中:作为抗体或rAb的其它抗原识别结构域的目标或者作为分子,该分子通过模块式rAb载体的锚定蛋白/粘附蛋白-分子补体的一部分的rAb运送到和/或进入细胞或目标。抗原通常是引起疾病的试剂,对于该疾病,疫苗接种可能是有益的治疗。当抗原被呈递在MHC上时,该肽通常是约8到约25个氨基酸。抗原包括任何类型的生物分子,包括,例如,简单的中间代谢物、糖、脂质和激素以及大分子诸如复合碳水化合物、磷脂、核酸和蛋白质。抗原的常见种类包括但不限于病毒抗原,细菌抗原,真菌抗原,原生动物及其他寄生虫抗原,肿瘤抗原,自身免疫性疾病、过敏症和移植排斥中涉及的抗原,及其他各种抗原。
模块式rAb载体能够运载许多活化剂,例如抗生素、抗感染药、抗病毒药、抗肿瘤药、解热药、镇痛药、抗炎药、骨质疏松症的治疗剂、酶、细胞因子、抗凝血药、多糖、胶原、细胞及两种或更多前述活化剂的组合。使用本发明递送的抗生素的实例无限制地包括四环素、氨基糖苷类、青霉素、头孢菌素、磺胺类药物、氯霉素琥珀酸钠、红霉素、万古霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、制霉菌素、两性霉素B、金刚烷胺、碘苷、对氨基水杨酸、异烟肼、利福平、放线菌素D、光辉霉素、道诺霉素、阿霉素、博来霉素、长春碱、长春新碱、甲基苄肼、咪唑甲酰胺等等。
使用本发明递送的抗炎药的实例无限制地包括NSAIDS、阿司匹林、甾族化合物、地塞米松、氢化可的松、泼尼松龙、双氯芬酸钠等等。
使用本发明递送的治疗骨质疏松症的治疗剂和作用于骨和骨骼的其它因子的实例无限制地包括钙,阿仑膦酸盐,骨GLa肽,甲状旁腺激素及其活性片段,组蛋白H4相关骨形成和增殖肽及其突变体、衍生物和类似物。
使用本发明递送的酶和酶辅因子的实例无限制地包括胰酶(pancrease)、L-天冬酰胺酶、透明质酸酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、tPA、链激酶、尿激酶、胰酶制剂、胶原酶、胰蛋白酶原、胰凝乳蛋白酶原、血纤维蛋白溶酶原、链激酶、腺苷酸环化酶、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等等。
使用本发明递送的细胞因子的实例无限制地包括白细胞介素,转化生长因子(TGF),成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF),血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF),表皮 生长因子(EGF),结缔组织活化肽(CTAP),成骨因子及这些生长因子的生物活性类似物、片段和衍生物。细胞因子可以是B/T细胞分化因子、B/T细胞生长因子、促有丝分裂细胞因子、趋化细胞因子、集落刺激因子、血管生成因子、IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL1、IL2、IL3、IL4、IL5、IL6、IL7、IL8、IL9、IL10、IL11、IL12、IL13、IL14、IL15、IL16、IL17、IL18等、瘦素、肌肉生长抑制素、巨噬细胞刺激蛋白、血小板衍生生长因子、TNF-α、TNF-β、NGF、CD40L、CD137L/4-1BBL、人淋巴毒素-β、G-CSF、M-CSF、GM-CSF、PDGF、IL-1α、IL1-β、IP-10、PF4、GRO、9E3、促红细胞生成素、内皮抑素、血管抑素、VEGF或其任何片段或组合。其它细胞因子包括转化生长因子(TGF)超基因家族成员,包括β转化生长因子(例如TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3);骨形态发生蛋白质(例如,BMP-1、BMP-2、BMP-3、BMP-4、BMP-5、BMP-6、BMP-7、BMP-8、BMP-9);肝素结合生长因子(例如成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF));抑制素(例如,抑制素A、抑制素B);生长分化因子(例如,GDF-1);以及活化素(例如,活化素A、活化素B、活化素AB)。
使用本发明递送的生长因子的实例无限制地包括可以从天然或自然的来源诸如从哺乳动物细胞分离的,或可以合成地制备诸如通过重组DNA技术或通过多种化学方法制备的生长因子。此外,可以使用这些因子的类似物、片段或衍生物,只要它们显示天然分子的至少一些生物活性。例如,可以通过表达位点特异性突变或其它遗传工程技术改变的基因来制备类似物。
使用本发明递送的抗凝血药的实例无限制地包括华法林、肝素、水蛭素等等。使用本发明递送的作用于免疫系统的因子的实例无限制地包括控制炎症和恶性赘生物的因子以及攻击感染性微生物的因子,诸如趋化肽和缓激肽。
病毒抗原的实例包括但不限于,例如,逆转录病毒抗原,诸如来自人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的逆转录病毒抗原,诸如gag、pol和env基因的基因产物,Nef蛋白,逆转录酶及其他HIV元件;肝炎病毒抗原,诸如乙型肝炎病毒的S、M和L蛋白,乙型肝炎病毒和其它肝炎例如甲、乙和丙型肝炎病毒的pre-S抗原,病毒元件诸如丙型肝炎病毒RNA;流感病毒抗原,诸如血球凝集素和神经氨酸酶及其他流感病毒元件;麻疹病毒抗原,诸如麻疹病毒融合蛋白及其他麻疹病毒元件;风疹病毒抗原,诸如蛋白E1和E2及其他风疹病毒元件;轮状病毒抗原,诸如VP7sc及其他轮状病毒元件;巨细胞病毒抗原,诸如包膜糖蛋白B及其他巨细胞病毒抗原元件;呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原,诸如RSV融合蛋白、M2蛋白及其他呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原元件;单纯性疱疹病毒抗原,诸如立即早期蛋白质、糖蛋白D及其他单纯性疱疹病毒抗原元件; 水痘带状疱疹病毒抗原,诸如gpI、gpII及其他水痘带状疱疹病毒抗原元件;日本脑炎病毒抗原,诸如蛋白E、M-E、M-E-NS1、NS1、NS1-NS2A、80%E及其他日本脑炎病毒抗原元件;狂犬病病毒抗原,诸如狂犬病糖蛋白、狂犬病核蛋白及其他狂犬病病毒抗原元件。关于病毒抗原的其他实例,参见Fundamental Virology,第二版,编著Fields,B.N.和Knipe,D.M.(Raven Press,New York,1991)。
可以使用本发明的rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗递送的抗原目标包括编码抗原诸如病毒抗原、细菌抗原、真菌抗原或寄生虫抗原的基因。病毒包括微小核糖核酸病毒、冠状病毒、披盖病毒、黄病毒、杆状病毒、副粘病毒、正粘病毒、布尼亚病毒、沙粒病毒、呼肠孤病毒、逆转录病毒、乳头瘤病毒、细小病毒、疱疹病毒、痘病毒、嗜肝DNA病毒和海绵状病毒。其它病毒目标包括流感、单纯疱疹病毒1和2、麻疹、登革热、天花、脊髓灰质炎或HIV。病原体包括锥虫、绦虫、蛔虫、蠕虫、疟疾。肿瘤标记物诸如胚胎抗原或前列腺特异性抗原可以以这个方法靶向。其它实例包括:HIV env蛋白和乙型肝炎表面抗原。根据本发明用于疫苗接种目的的载体的给予可能要求载体结合的抗原是足够非免疫原性的以使得转基因能够长期表达,对此可期望强烈的免疫应答。在一些情况下,个体的疫苗接种可仅是不经常地需要,诸如每年或每两年一次,并提供对传染物的长期免疫保护。本发明用于载体中并最终作为抗原的生物体、过敏原及核酸和氨基酸序列的特定实例可以在美国专利6,541,011中找到,该专利的相关部分引入本文作为参考,尤其是可以用于本发明的匹配生物体和特定序列的表格。
用于本文公开的rAb疫苗的细菌抗原包括但不限于,例如,细菌抗原,诸如百日咳毒素、丝状血球凝集素、百日咳杆菌粘附素、FIM2、FIM3、腺苷酸环化酶及其他百日咳细菌抗原元件;白喉细菌抗原,诸如白喉毒素或类毒素及其他白喉细菌抗原元件;破伤风细菌抗原,诸如破伤风毒素或类毒素及其他破伤风细菌抗原元件;链球菌细菌抗原,诸如M蛋白及其他链球菌细菌抗原元件;革兰氏阴性杆菌细菌抗原,诸如脂多糖及其他革兰氏阴性细菌抗原元件;结核分枝杆菌细菌抗原,诸如霉菌酸、热休克蛋白65(HSP65)、30kDa主要分泌性蛋白、抗原85A及其他分枝杆菌抗原元件;幽门螺杆菌细菌抗原元件;肺炎球菌细菌抗原,诸如肺炎球菌溶血素、肺炎球菌荚膜多糖及其他肺炎球菌细菌抗原元件;流感嗜血杆菌细菌抗原,诸如荚膜多糖及其他流感嗜血杆菌细菌抗原元件;炭疽细菌抗原,诸如炭疽保护性抗原及其他炭疽细菌抗原元件;立克次氏体细菌抗原,诸如rompA及其他立克次氏体细菌抗原元件。本文描述的细菌抗原还包括任何其它细菌、分枝杆菌、支原体、立克次体或衣原体抗原。部分或完整的病原体还可以是:流感嗜血杆 菌;镰状疟原虫;脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌;肺炎链球菌;淋病奈瑟氏菌;伤寒沙门氏菌血清型;志贺氏菌;霍乱弧菌;登革热;脑炎;日本脑炎;莱姆病;鼠疫耶尔森氏菌;西尼罗河病毒;黄热病;兔热病;肝炎(病毒性;细菌性);RSV(呼吸道合胞病毒);HPIV 1和HPIV 3;腺病毒;天花;过敏物和癌症物质。
用于本发明的组合物和方法的真菌抗原包括但不限于,例如,念珠菌属真菌抗原元件;组织胞浆菌属真菌抗原,诸如热休克蛋白60(HSP60)及其他组织胞浆菌属真菌抗原元件;隐球菌真菌抗原,诸如荚膜多糖及其他隐球菌真菌抗原元件;球孢子菌真菌抗原,诸如小球体抗原及其他球孢子菌真菌抗原元件;以及癣真菌抗原,诸如发癣菌素及其他球孢子菌真菌抗原元件。
原生动物及其他寄生虫抗原的实例包括但不限于,例如,恶性疟原虫抗原,诸如裂殖子表面抗原、子孢子表面抗原、环子孢子抗原、配子母细胞/配子表面抗原、红内期抗原pf155/RESA及其他疟原虫抗原元件;弓形体属抗原,诸如SAG-1、p30及其他弓形体属抗原元件;血吸虫属抗原,诸如谷胱甘肽-S转移酶、副肌球蛋白及其他血吸虫属抗原元件;利什曼原虫主要及其他利什曼原虫抗原,诸如gp63、磷脂聚糖及与其相关的蛋白质及其他利什曼原虫抗原元件;以及克氏锥虫抗原,诸如75-77kDa抗原、56kDa抗原及其他锥虫抗原元件。
可以使用本发明的rAb靶向的抗原通常基于许多因素选择,所述因素包括:内在化的可能性、免疫细胞特异性的水平、靶向的免疫细胞种类、免疫细胞成熟的水平和/或活化等等。用于树突细胞的细胞表面标记物的实例包括但不限于,MHC I类、MHC II类、B7-2、CD18、CD29、CD31、CD43、CD44、CD45、CD54、CD58、CD83、CD86、CMRF-44、CMRF-56、DCIR和/或DECTIN-1等等;而在一些情况下还缺失CD2、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD14、CD15、CD16、CD 19、CD20、CD56和/或CD57。抗原呈递细胞的细胞表面标记物的实例包括但不限于,MHC I类、MHC II类、CD40、CD45、B7-1、B7-2、IFN-γ受体及IL-2受体、ICAM-1和/或Fcγ受体。用于T细胞的细胞表面标记物的实例包括但不限于,CD3、CD4、CD8、CD14、CD20、CD11b、CD16、CD45和HLA-DR。
用于递送的细胞表面上的目标抗原包括通常来源于肿瘤组织细胞的细胞表面、细胞质、细胞核、细胞器等的肿瘤抗原特征性的那些抗原。用于本发明的抗体部分的肿瘤目标的实例无限制地包括血液癌诸如白血病和淋巴瘤;神经肿瘤诸如星形细胞瘤或恶性胶质瘤;黑色素瘤;乳癌;肺癌;头和颈癌;胃肠肿瘤诸如胃或结肠癌;肝癌;胰腺癌;泌尿生殖器肿瘤如宫颈、子宫、卵巢癌,阴道癌,睾丸癌,前列腺癌或阴茎癌;骨肿瘤;血管肿瘤; 或唇、鼻咽、咽和口腔、食道、直肠、胆囊、胆道、喉、肺和支气管、膀胱、肾、脑及神经系统的其他部分、甲状腺的癌症;霍奇金氏病;非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤;多发性骨髓瘤和白血病。
可以使用本发明单独或组合地递送至免疫细胞用于抗原呈递的抗原的实例包括肿瘤蛋白,例如突变的癌基因;与肿瘤相关的病毒蛋白;以及肿瘤粘蛋白和糖脂。抗原可以是与肿瘤相关的病毒蛋白,其可以是来自上文指出的各类别病毒的病毒蛋白。某些抗原可以是肿瘤特征性的(一个亚集,是肿瘤前体细胞通常不表达的蛋白质),或者可以是肿瘤前体细胞中通常表达的蛋白质,但是具有肿瘤特征性的突变。其它抗原包括具有改变的活性或亚细胞分布的正常蛋白质的突变型变体,例如,产生肿瘤抗原的基因突变。
肿瘤抗原的特定的非限制性实例包括:CEA,前列腺特异性抗原(PSA),HER-2/neu,BAGE,GAGE,MAGE 1-4、6和12,MUC(粘蛋白)(例如MUC-1、MUC-2等),GM2和GD2神经节苷脂,ras,myc,酪氨酸酶,MART(黑色素瘤抗原),Pmel 17(gp100),GnT-V内含子V序列(N-乙酰葡糖氨基转移酶V内含子V序列),前列腺Ca psm,PRAME(黑色素瘤抗原),β-连环蛋白,MUM-1-B(黑色素瘤遍在突变基因产物),GAGE(黑色素瘤抗原)1,BAGE(黑色素瘤抗原)2-10,c-ERB2(Her2/neu),EBNA(EB病毒核抗原)1-6,gp75,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)E6和E7,p53,肺抗性蛋白(LRP),Bcl-2,以及Ki-67。此外,免疫原性分子可以是自身免疫性疾病的起始和/或进展中涉及的自身抗原,该自身免疫性疾病的病理学主要是由于相关目标器官、组织或细胞表达的分子特异性的抗体的活性所引起,例如SLE或MG。在这些疾病中,可能期望将进行中的针对相关自身抗原的抗体介导的(即Th2型)免疫应答指向细胞(即Th1型)免疫应答。或者,可能期望在没有感染,但是疑似易感染相关自身免疫性疾病的受试者中通过预防性诱导针对适当的自身抗原的Th1反应来防止针对自身抗原的Th2反应的起始或降低其水平。目标自身抗原无限制地包括:(a)对于SLE,Smith蛋白、RNP核糖核蛋白、及SS-A和SS-B蛋白;以及(b)对于MG,乙酰胆碱受体的抗原。在一种或多种类型的自身免疫应答中涉及的其它各种抗原的实例包括,例如,内源性激素,诸如黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素、睾丸激素、生长激素、催乳素及其他激素。
在自身免疫疾病、过敏症和移植排斥中涉及的抗原可被用于本发明的组合物和方法。例如,在任何一种或多种下列自身免疫疾病或障碍中涉及的抗原可被用于本发明:糖尿病(diabetes、diabetes mellitus),关节炎(包括类风湿性关节炎、幼年型类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、银屑病关节炎),多发性硬化,重症肌无力,系统性红斑狼疮,自身免疫性甲状腺炎,皮炎(包括特应性皮炎和湿疹性皮炎),银屑病,斯耶格伦氏综合征,包括继发于斯耶格伦 氏综合征的干燥性角膜结膜炎,斑秃,由于节肢动物叮咬反应的过敏反应,克罗恩氏病,口疮性溃疡,虹膜炎,结膜炎,角膜结膜炎,溃疡性结肠炎,哮喘,过敏性哮喘,皮肤红斑狼疮,硬皮病,阴道炎,直肠炎,药疹,麻疯病逆向反应,麻风结节性红斑,自身免疫性葡萄膜炎,过敏性脑脊髓炎,急性坏死性出血性脑病,特发性双侧累进性感觉神经性听力丧失,再生障碍性贫血,单纯性红细胞贫血,特发性血小板减少,多软骨炎,韦格纳氏肉芽肿病,慢性活动型肝炎,斯-约二氏综合征,自发性口炎性腹泻,扁平苔癣,克罗恩氏病,格雷夫斯眼病,结节病,原发性胆汁性肝硬化,后葡萄膜炎和间质性肺纤维化。在自身免疫性疾病中涉及的抗原的实例包括谷氨酸脱羧酶65(GAD 65)、天然DNA、髓磷脂碱蛋白、髓磷脂蛋白脂质蛋白、乙酰胆碱受体元件、甲状腺球蛋白和促甲状腺激素(TSH)受体。在过敏症中涉及的抗原的实例包括花粉抗原诸如日本柳杉花粉抗原、豚草花粉抗原、黑麦草花粉抗原,动物来源的抗原诸如灰尘螨抗原和猫科抗原,组织相容性抗原和青霉素及其他治疗性药物。在移植排斥中涉及的抗原的实例包括移植入移植物接受者的移植物的抗原性元件,诸如心脏、肺、肝脏、胰、肾和神经的移植物元件。抗原可以是对治疗自身免疫性疾病有用的改变的肽配体。
如同本文使用的,术语″表位″指的是包括与位于由病原体DNA或RNA编码的多种病原体多肽之任何一种中的表位相似的一级、二级或三级结构的肽或蛋白质抗原。相似性的水平通常达到这样的程度,即针对上述多肽的单克隆或多克隆抗体也会与该肽或蛋白质抗原结合、反应或识别该肽或蛋白质抗原。多种免疫测定方法可以和上述抗体一起使用,例如蛋白质印迹法、ELISA、RIA等,所有这些都为本领域技术人员所知。适于在疫苗中使用的病原体表位和/或它们的功能等价物的鉴定是本发明的一部分。一旦分离和鉴定,可以容易地获得功能等价物。例如,可以使用如美国专利号4,554,101中讲授的Hopp的方法,其教导根据亲水性从氨基酸序列鉴定和制备表位,该文献引入本文作为参考。其它一些论文中描述的方法及基于其的软件程序也可以用于鉴定表位核心序列(参见,例如,Jameson和Wolf,1988;Wolf等,1988;美国专利号4,554,101)。然后可以容易地通过运用肽合成或重组技术把这些″表位核心序列″的氨基酸序列引入肽中。
可以把包含编码本发明的抗原的核酸作为活性成分的疫苗组合物制剂制备为注射剂,为液体溶液或悬浮液;也可以制备适于在注射之前溶解或悬浮于液体中的固体形式。可以把制剂乳化,包封在脂质体中。通常把活性免疫原性成分与药学上可接受并与活性成分相容的载体混合。
术语″药学上可接受的载体″指的是在给予的受试者中不引起过敏反应或其它副作用的载体。合适的药学上可接受的载体包括,例如,水、盐水、 磷酸盐缓冲盐水、右旋糖、甘油、乙醇等及其组合中的一种或多种。此外,如果需要,疫苗可以包含少量的辅助性物质,诸如润湿或乳化剂、pH缓冲剂和/或增强疫苗效力的佐剂。可能有效的佐剂的实例包括但不限于:氢氧化铝、N-乙酰-胞壁酰-L-苏氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺(thr-MDP)、N-乙酰-nor-胞壁酰-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺、MTP-PE和RIBI,其包含在2%鲨烯/Tween 80乳剂中的三种细菌提取成分,单磷酰脂质A、海藻糖二霉菌酸酯和细胞壁骨架(MPL+TDM+CWS)。佐剂的其它实例包括DDA(溴化二甲基双十八烷基铵)、弗氏完全和不完全佐剂以及QuilA。此外,免疫调节物质,诸如淋巴因子(例如,IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-12)或合成的IFN-γ诱导物(诸如聚I:C)可以和本文描述的佐剂联合使用。
如本发明所描述的,药品可以包括具有单一或多拷贝的特定核苷酸序列的裸多核苷酸,该特定核苷酸序列与存在于血浆脂蛋白上的载脂蛋白的特定DNA结合位点结合。多核苷酸可以编码生物活性肽、反义RNA或核酶并以生理学上可接受的可给药形式提供。可来自本发明的另一种药品以生理学上可接受的可给药形式包括根据本文描述的方法从患者血液或其它来源分离的高度纯化的血浆脂蛋白部分和预先结合到纯化的脂蛋白部分的、包含与存在于血浆脂蛋白上的载脂蛋白的特定DNA结合位点结合的单一或多拷贝的特定核苷酸序列的多核苷酸。
另一种药品以生理学上可接受的可给药形式包括高度纯化的血浆脂蛋白部分,该血浆脂蛋白部分包括含有单一或多拷贝的特定DNA结合基序的重组载脂蛋白片段,其预先结合到包括单一或多拷贝的特定核苷酸序列的多核苷酸上。另一种药品以生理学上可接受的可给药形式包括高度纯化的血浆脂蛋白部分,该血浆脂蛋白部分包括含有单一或多拷贝的特定DNA结合基序的重组载脂蛋白片段,其预先结合到包括单一或多拷贝的特定核苷酸序列的多核苷酸上。
给药剂量在很大程度上取决于治疗的受试者的体重和身体健康状态以及给药途径和治疗频率。包括预先结合到高度纯化的脂蛋白部分的裸多核苷酸的药物组合物可以按1μg到1mg多核苷酸和1μg到100mg蛋白质的量给药。
rAb和rAb复合物给予患者可以遵循用于化学疗法给药的一般方案,如果有的话,考虑载体的毒性。预料根据需要重复治疗周期。还考虑,多种标准治疗以及外科干预可以与所述的基因治疗联合施用。
在考虑基因治疗临床应用的情况下,需要制备复合物作为适于目的应用的药物组合物。通常这需要制备基本上不含热原以及任何其它对人或动物有 害的杂质的药物组合物。通常还期望使用适当的盐和缓冲液以使复合物稳定和允许复合物被目标细胞摄取。
本发明的水性组合物可以包括有效量的化合物,其溶解或分散在药学上可接受的载体或水介质中。这些组合物也可以称作接种物。用于药物活性物质的介质和试剂的使用在本领域中为大家所熟知。任何常规介质或试剂除非与活性成分不相容,否则其在治疗组合物中的使用被考虑。补充性活性成分也可以加入组合物中。本发明的组合物可以包括典型的药物制剂。也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇及其混合物中和在油类中制备分散体。在通常的储存和使用条件下,这些制剂包含防腐剂以防止微生物的生长。
疾病状态。取决于要治疗的特定疾病,根据本发明的治疗组合物的给予可以经任何常规途径进行,只要经该途径可达到目标组织以使最大化递送抗原到位点来达到最大的(或在一些情况下最小的)免疫应答。通常可以经原位、皮内、皮下、肌内、腹膜内或静脉内注射给药。递送的其它部位包括:口、鼻、颊、直肠、阴道或局部的。局部给药对于皮肤癌的治疗可能是特别有益的。所述组合物通常作为包括生理学上可接受的载体、缓冲液或其它赋形剂的药学上可接受的组合物给药。
本发明的疫苗或治疗组合物可以经注射胃肠外例如皮下或肌内给予。适于其它给药方式的另外的制剂包括栓剂,以及在一些情况下口服制剂或适于分配的制剂如气雾剂。对于口服制剂,使用佐剂的T细胞亚型操作,抗原包装或添加单独的细胞因子到多种制剂中产生具有最佳化免疫应答的改良口服疫苗。对于栓剂,常规的粘合剂和载体可以包括,例如,聚亚烷基二醇或甘油三脂;这些栓剂可以由包含0.5%到10%,优选1%-2%范围内的活性成分的混合物形成。口服制剂包括通常使用的赋形剂,例如药物级的甘露糖醇、乳糖、淀粉硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、纤维素、碳酸镁等。这些组合物采取溶液、悬浮液、片剂、丸剂、胶囊、缓释制剂或散剂的形式并且包含10%-95%的活性成分,优选25-70%。
本发明的编码抗原的核酸可以作为中性的或盐的形式配制入疫苗或治疗组合物中。药学上可接受的盐包括酸加成盐(与肽的游离氨基形成的),其为与无机酸例如盐酸或磷酸或与有机酸诸如醋酸、草酸、酒石酸、马来酸等形成的盐。与游离羧基形成的盐也可以源自于无机碱例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙或氢氧化铁和有机碱诸如异丙胺、三甲胺、2-乙氨基乙醇、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等。
疫苗或治疗组合物以与给药制剂相容的方式,以及以预防和/或治疗有效的量给予。要给予的量取决于要治疗的受试者,包括例如受试者的免疫系统对合成抗体的容量,以及期望保护或治疗的程度。合适的剂量范围为每次疫 苗接种具有约几百微克级的活性成分,范围为约0.1mg到1000mg,诸如约1mg到300mg的范围,以及优选约10mg到50mg的范围。合适的初始给药和强化注射方案也是变化的,但是典型的是初始给药然后是后续的接种或其他给药。给药要求的活性成分的精确量取决于医师的判断且可能为每个受试者所特有。本领域技术人员清楚,本发明的核酸分子或融合多肽的治疗有效量尤其取决于给药方案,给药抗原的单位剂量,核酸分子或融合多肽是否和其它治疗剂联合给药,接受者的免疫状态和健康状态,以及特定核酸分子或融合多肽的治疗活性。
组合物可以以单一剂量方案或以多次剂量方案提供。多次剂量方案中疫苗接种的初始时程可以包括,例如1-10个单独的剂量,随后在以维持和或加强免疫应答要求的后续时间间隔给予其它剂量,例如在1-4个月给予第二剂量,以及如果需要在数月之后给予后续剂量。需要每隔1-5年,通常3年的定期加强剂量来维持需要的保护性免疫水平。免疫时程可以继之以与ESAT6或ST-CF共培养的外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)的体外增殖测定,以及测量致敏淋巴细胞释放的IFN-γ水平。可以使用常规的标记物诸如放射性同位素、酶、荧光标记物等进行测定。这些技术为本领域技术人员所知并且可以在美国专利号3,791,932、4,174,384和3,949,064中找到,这些文献的相关部分通过引用并入本文。
模块式rAb载体和/或结合的rAb载体-(粘附蛋白/锚定蛋白和/或锚定蛋白-粘附蛋白)-抗原复合物(rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗)可以以一种或多种″单位剂量″提供,这取决于是否使用核酸载体,最终纯化的蛋白质,或使用的最终的疫苗形式。把单位剂量定义为包含计算以产生与该治疗组合物给药即适当的途径和治疗方式相关的期望反应的预定量的治疗组合物。给药量以及特定的途径和制剂在临床领域技术人员的范围之内。还可以评估待治疗的受试者,尤其是,受试者免疫系统的状态和需要的保护。单位剂量不需要以单一注射给药,而是可以包括经设定的一段时间内的连续输注。本发明的单位剂量可以方便地用DNA/kg(或蛋白质/Kg)体重来描述,以约0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.5、1、10、50、100、1,000或更多mg/DNA或蛋白质/kg体重的范围给药。同样地,递送的rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗的量可以从约0.2到约8.0mg/kg体重变化。因此,在特定实施方案中,可以把0.4mg、0.5mg、0.8mg、1.0mg、1.5mg、2.0mg、2.5mg、3.0mg、4.0mg、5.0mg、5.5mg、6.0mg、6.5mg、7.0mg和7.5mg的疫苗递送到个体体内。给药的rAb-DC/DC-抗原疫苗的剂量在很大程度上取决于治疗的受试者的体重和身体健康状态以及给药途径和治疗频率。包括预先结合到脂质体或病毒递送载体上的裸多核苷酸的药物组合物可以按从1μg到1mg多核苷酸到1μg到100mg蛋白质 的量给药。因此,特定组合物可以包括在约1μg、5μg、10μg、20μg、30μg、40μg、50μg、60μg、70μg、80μg、100μg、150μg、200μg、250μg、500μg、600μg、700μg、800μg、900μg或1,000μg之间的多核苷酸或蛋白质,该多核苷酸或蛋白质独立地与1μg、5μg、10μg、20μg、3.0μg、40μg、50μg、60μg、70μg、80μg、100μg、150μg、200μg、250μg、500μg、600μg、700μg、800μg、900μg、1mg、1.5mg、5mg、10mg、20mg、30mg、40mg、50mg、60mg、70mg、80mg、90mg或100mg载体结合。
在体外细胞系统中测试本发明,该体外细胞系统测量Flu抗原靶向的树突细胞对人Flu特异性T细胞的免疫刺激。本文显示的结果证明在该系统中单独使用无效的抗原剂量下这些抗原特异性细胞的特异性扩增。
本发明还可以用于制备模块式rAb载体,该模块式rAb载体例如是与来自蓖麻毒素、炭疽毒素和葡萄球菌B肠毒素的保护性抗原复合的重组人源化mAb(抗特异性人树突细胞受体)。该实体的潜在市场是所有军事人员的疫苗接种和储备待用给大居民点服药以应对任何与这些试剂相关的生物威胁的存储疫苗。本发明对通常用于人和动物两者的疫苗设计具有广泛的应用。感兴趣的工业包括制药和生物技术工业。
本发明包括包含疫苗的组合物和方法,其特异性靶向(递送)抗原至抗原呈递细胞(APC)以引发针对该抗原的有效且广泛的免疫应答。这些组合物诱发针对衍生所述抗原的活性剂(病原体或癌症)的保护性或治疗性免疫应答。此外,本发明产生了这样的试剂,其直接或与其他试剂一起通过它们与在抗原呈递细胞上表达的CLEC-6受体的特异性结合而具有治疗性作用。
材料和方法
抗体和四聚体-用于DC和B细胞表面染色的抗体(Ab),包括同型对照Ab,购自BD Biosciences(CA)。用于ELISA的Ab购自Bethyl(TX)。抗-BLyS和抗-APRIL来自PeproTech(NJ)。四聚体HLA-A*0201-GILGFVFTL(Flu M1)和HLA-A*0201-ELAGIGILTV(Mart-1)购自Beckman Coulter(CA)。
细胞和培养物-来自正常供体的单核细胞(1×106/ml)在含有GM-CSF(100ng/ml)和IL-4(50ng/ml)(R&D,CA)的Cellgenics(France)培养液中培养。对于第3天和第6天的DC,分别在第1天和第3天将相同量的细胞因子添加到培养液中。B细胞用阴性分离试剂盒(BD)纯化。CD4和CD8T细胞用包被抗CD4或CD8的磁珠(Milteniy,CA)纯化。使用PercollTM梯度(GEHealthcare UK Ltd,Buckinghamshire,UK)通过密度梯度离心从血沉棕黄层中分离PBMC。对于DC活化,将1×105DC在用mAb包被的96孔平板中培养16-18h。在碳酸盐缓冲液pH 9.4中的mAb(1-2μg/孔)在37℃下培养至少 3h。收集培养物上清液,细胞因子/趋化因子通过Luminex(Biorad,CA)测定。对于基因分析,DC在mAb包被的平板中培养8h。在一些实验中,将可溶性50ng/ml CD40L(R&D,CA)或50nM CpG(InVivogen,CA)添加到培养液中。在DC和B细胞共培养中,将重悬在含有10%FCS和抗生素的RPMI 1640(Biosource,CA)中的5×103DC首先在mAb包被的平板中培养至少6h,然后加入1×105用CFSE(Molecular Probes,OR)标记的纯化自体B细胞。在一些实验中,DC用5moi(感染复数)热灭活流感病毒(A/PR/8H1N1)脉冲攻击2h,然后与B细胞混合。对于DC和T细胞共培养,将5×103DC与1×105纯化的自体CD8T细胞或者混合的同种异体T细胞一起培养。在培养的最后18h,用1μCi/孔3[H]-胸苷脉冲攻击同种异体T细胞,然后通过用β-计数仪(Wallac,MN)测定cpm。以5×105PBMC/孔在mAb包被的平板中培养。分别在第10天和第7天,通过用抗CD8和四聚体染色细胞来测定Mart-1和Flu M1特异性CD8T细胞的频率。将10μM的Mart-1肽(ELAGIGILTV)和20nM的含Mart-1肽的重组蛋白(参见下文)添加到DC和CD8T细胞培养物中。将20nM纯化的重组Flu M1蛋白(参见下文)加到PBMC培养物中。
单克隆抗体-通过常规技术制备小鼠mAb。简而言之,用含有Ribi佐剂的20μg受体胞外结构域.hIgGFc融合蛋白对6周龄的BALB/c小鼠进行i.p.免疫,然后在第10天和第15天,用20μg抗原进行加强免疫。3个月后,在取出脾脏的前3天,再对小鼠加强免疫。或者,在30天至40天的期间内,每3-4天用在Ribi佐剂中的1-10μg抗原注射小鼠足垫。在最后加强免疫后的3-4天,收集引流的淋巴结,将来自脾脏或淋巴结细胞的B细胞与SP2/0-Ag 14细胞融合。对杂交瘤上清液进行筛选,与单独的融合伴侣或与碱性磷酸酶融合的受体胞外结构域(15)相比,分析受体胞外结构域融合蛋白的Ab。然后在FACS中使用用编码全长受体cDNA的表达质粒瞬时转染的293F细胞对阳性孔进行筛选。被选的杂交瘤是在CELLine瓶(Intergra,CA)中克隆和扩增的单个细胞。杂交瘤上清液与等体积的1.5M甘氨酸、3MNaCl、1x PBS,pH 7.8混合,并用MabSelect树脂滚动。用结合缓冲液洗涤树脂,并用0.1M甘氨酸,pH 2.7洗脱。接着用2M Tris中和,用PBS透析mAb。
ELISA-进行夹心ELISA来测量总IgM、IgG和IgA以及flu特异性免疫球蛋白(Ig)。含有已知量的Ig的标准人血清(Bethyl)和人AB血清分别用作总Ig和flu特异性Ig的标准。样本中的Flu特异性Ab滴度,单位被确定为具有相同的光密度的AB血清的稀释系数。用ELISA试剂盒(BenderMedSystem,CA)测定BAFF和BLyS的量。
RNA纯化和基因分析-用RNeasy柱(Qiagen)提取总RNA,并用2100 Bioanalyser(Agilent)分析。生物素标记的cRNA靶标用Illumina totalprep标记试剂盒(Ambion)制备并杂交到Sentrix Human6 BeadChips(46K的转录本)上。这些微阵列由附着在3μm珠上的50mer寡核苷酸探针组成,所述珠固定在硅片表面上蚀刻的微孔中。用链霉抗生物素-Cy3染色后,用Illumina(Beadstation 500X)生产的亚微米分辨扫描仪成像。用基因表达分析软件程序GeneSpring,Version 7.1(Agilent)进行数据分析。
重组Flu M1和MART-1蛋白的表达和纯化-用PCR扩增流感病毒A/Puerto Rico/8/34/Mount Sinai(H1N1)M1基因的ORF,同时加入起始密码子远端的Nhe I位点以及终止密码子远端的Not I位点。将消化片段克隆到pET-28b(+)(Novagen)中,并在M1 ORF读框内插入His6标签,从而编码His.Flu M1蛋白质。编码插入在Nco I和Nhe I之间的来自热纤梭菌(C.thermocellum)(未公开)的N端169个残基粘附蛋白结构域的pET28b(+)衍生物表达Coh.His。为表达粘附蛋白-Flex-hMART-1-肽A-His,序列GACACCACCGAGGCCCGCCACCCCCACCCCCCCGTGACCACCCCCACCACCACCGACCGGAAGGGCACCACCGCCGAGGAGCTGGCCGGCATCGGCATCCTGACCGTGATCCTGGGCGGCAAGCGGACCAACAACAGCACCCCCACCAAGGGCGAATTCTGCAGATATCCATCACACTGGCGGCCG(SEQ ID NO.:1)(编码DTTEARHPHPPVTTPTTDRKGTTAEELAGIGILTVILGGKRTNNSTPTKGEFCRYPSHWRP(SEQ ID NO.:2)-带阴影的残基是免疫显性的HLA-A2-限制性肽,而该肽周围带下划线的残基来自MART-1)被插入到上述载体的Nhe I位点和Xho I位点之间。蛋白在大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)(Novagen)或者T7Express(NEB)中表达,这些菌株在37℃下在LB中培养,以卡那霉素抗性(40μg/ml)选择,并以200转/分钟摇瓶直至生长到对数中期,同时添加120mg/L IPTG。3h后,通过离心收集细胞,保存在-80℃下。将来自每1L发酵物中的大肠杆菌细胞重悬在30ml含有0.1ml蛋白酶抑制剂Cocktail II(Calbiochem,CA)的冰冷的50mM Tris,1mM EDTA pH 8.0(缓冲液B)中。在冰上超声处理细胞2次,每次5分钟,设定值为18(Fisher SonicDismembrator 60),其中有5分钟静止期,然后在4℃下以17,000r.p.m.(SorvallSA-600)离心20分钟。为了纯化His.Flu M1,使50ml细胞裂解物上清液部分通过5ml Q琼脂糖珠,将6.25ml 160mM Tris、40mM咪唑、4M NaCl pH7.9添加到Q琼脂糖流动液中。将其以4ml/分钟速度上样到5ml带有Ni++的HiTrap螯合HP柱上。结合柱的蛋白质用20mM NaP04,300mM NaCl pH7.6(缓冲液D)洗涤,接着用100mM H3COONa pH 4.0再洗涤一次。结合的蛋白质用100mM H3COONa pH 4.0洗脱。合并峰值馏分,以4ml/分钟的速 度上样到用100mM H3COONa pH 5.5平衡的5ml HiTrap S柱上,用平衡缓冲液洗涤,接着用在50mM NaPO4 pH 5.5中的梯度为0-1M的NaCl洗脱。合并用约500mM NaCl洗脱的峰值馏分。为了纯化Coh.Flu M1.His,如上所述将来自2L培养物的细胞裂解。离心后,将2.5ml Triton 29XI14加到上清液中,在冰上培育5分钟。在25℃下再温育5分钟后,在25℃下进行离心,从Triton XI14中分离上清液。重复提取操作,将上清液通过5ml的Q琼脂糖珠,在Q琼脂糖流动液中添加6.25ml 160mM Tris、40mM咪唑、4M NaClpH 7.9。如上所述,用Ni++螯合的层析柱纯化蛋白质,并用在缓冲液D中的0-500mM咪唑洗脱。
抗CLEC-6mAb的L和H可变区对应的具体序列-本发明包含如下所示相应于抗CLEC-6单克隆抗体的具体氨基酸序列,所述抗体是治疗性或保护性产品的期望组分(在例如人源化重组抗体情况下)。下面是嵌合小鼠V区(下划线)-人C区(粗体)重组抗体中的所述序列。
rAB-pIRES2[mAnti_hCLEC_6_9B9.2G12_Kv-V-hIgGK-C]
DIQMTQTTSSLSASLGDRVTISCRASQDISNYLNWYQQKPDGTVKLLIYYTSILQLGVPSRFSGSGSETDYSLTISNLEQEDIATYFCQQGDSLPFTFGSGTKLE (SEQ ID NO.:3)rAB-pIRES2[mAnti_hCLEC_6_9B9.2G12_Hv-LV-hIgG4H-C]
QVTLKESGPGILQPSQTLSLTCSFSGFSLSTSGMSVGWIRQPSGKGLEWLAHIWWNDDKYYNPVLKSRLTISKETSNNQVFLKIASVVSADTATYYCARFYGNCLDYWGQGTTLTVSSAKTK AS(SEQ ID NO.:4)。
本发明包括V区序列和相关序列的用途,该相关序列由本领域熟练技术人员修饰以例如增强对CLEC-6的亲和性和/或被整合到人V区阅读框序列中以工程化入表达载体中以指导能够结合到抗原呈递细胞上的CLEC-6的蛋白形式的表达。此外,本发明中公开的(或者使用用于本文公开的独特生物学的相似方法和筛选获得的)其它mAb可以通过相似的方式(最初通过PCR克隆和测序小鼠杂交瘤V区)以导入编码相似的重组抗体(rAb)的表达载体中。这种抗CLEC-6V区可进一步由本领域熟练技术人员“人源化”(即鼠-特 异性结合序列移植到人V区阅读框序列中)以使治疗性rAb的潜在的免疫反应性最小化。
工程化重组抗CLEC-6重组抗体-抗原融合蛋白(rAb.抗原)是有效的体外原型疫苗-可用不同的蛋白编码序列,如与H链编码序列框内融合,来构建表达载体。例如,抗原如流感病毒HA5、流感病毒M1、HIV gag或来自癌抗原的免疫显性肽、或者细胞因子之后可表达为rAb.抗原或rAb.细胞因子融合蛋白,其在本发明的情况下,可具有利用抗CLEC-6V区序列以将抗原或细胞因子(或毒素)直接带到具有CLEC-6的抗原呈递细胞的表面的用处。这可以允许例如抗原的内在化-有时与受体的激活以及之后的启动治疗或保护性作用(例如通过启动有效的免疫应答或者杀死靶标细胞)相关。根据该构思的疫苗可以采用如下所示的H链载体编码序列。本发明提供了用于临床前体外分析的rAb的一个实例:
rAB-pIRES2[mAnti_hCLEC_6_9B9.2G12(下划线)_Hv-LV-hIgG4H-C(粗体)-Flex-FluHAl-1-(斜体)6xHis]
QVTLKESGPGILQPSQTLSLTCSFSGFSLSTSGMSVGWIRQPSGKGLEWLAHIWWNDDKYYNPVLKSRLTISKETSNNQVFLKIASVVSADTATYYCARFYGNCLDYWGQGTTLTVSSAKTK ASDTTEPATPTTPVTT HHHHHH(SEQ ID NO.:5)
rAB-pIRES2[mAnti_hCLEC_6_9B9.2G12_(下划线)Hv-LV-hIgG4H-C-(粗体)Flex-FluHA5-1-(斜体)6xHis]
QVTLKESGPGILQPSQTLSLTCSFSGFSLSTSGMSVGWIRQPSGKGLEWLAHIWWNDDKYYNPVLKSRLTISKETSNNQVFLKIASVVSADTATYYCARFYGNCLDYWGQGTTLTVSSAKTK ASDTTEPATPTTPVTT HHHHHH(SEQ ID NO.:6)
rAB-pIRES2[mAnti_hCLEC_6_9B9.2G12_(下划线)Hv-LV-hIgG4H-C(粗体)-锚定蛋白(斜体)]
QVTLKESGPGILQPSQTLSLTCSFSGFSLSTSGMSVGWIRQPSGKGLEWLAHIWWNDDKYYNPVLKSRLTISKETSNNQVFLKIASVVSADTATYYCARFYGNCLDYWGQGTTLTVSSAKTK AS (SEQ ID NO.:7)
与基于抗CLEC-6重组抗体的原型疫苗的构建相关的方法:嵌合小鼠/人mAb的cDNA克隆和表达-从杂交瘤细胞制备总RNA(RNeasy试剂盒,Qiagen),并用于cDNA合成和PCR(SMART RACE试剂盒,BD Biosciences),采用提供的5’引物和基因特异性3’引物:
mIgGκ,5’ggatggtgggaagatggatacagttggtgcagcatc3’(SEQ ID NO.:8);
mIgGλ,5’ctaggaacagtcagcacgggacaaactcttctccacagtgtgaccttc3’(SEQ ID NO.:9);
mIgG1,5’gtcactggctcagggaaatagcccttgaccaggcatc3’(SEQ ID NO.:10);
mIgG2a,5’ccaggcatcctagagtcaccgaggagccagt3’(SEQ ID NO.:11),以及
mIgG2b,5’ggtgctggaggggacagtcactgagctgctcatagtgt3’(SEQ ID NO.:12)。
对PCR产物进行克隆(pCR2.1TA试剂盒,Invitrogen),并通过DNA测序表征。用来自小鼠H和L链V区cDNA的序列,采用特异性引物以进行PCR扩增信号肽和V区,同时插入侧翼限制性位点以克隆到编码下游人IgGκ或IgG4H区的表达载体中。表达嵌合mVκ-hIgκ的载体通过扩增由Xho I和Not I位点侧翼的残基401-731(gi|63101937|),并将其插入到pIRES2-DsRed2(BD Biosciences)的Xho I-Not I间隔中来构建。使用PCR扩增mAb Vk区,从起始密码子开始,附加Nhe I或Spe I位点,接着是CACC,然后是编码区(例如,gi|76779294|的残基126),并附加Xho I位点。然后将PCR片段克隆到上述载体的Nhe I-Not I间隔中。采用mSLAM前导区(leader)的嵌合mVκ-hIgκ载体通过将序列5’ctagttgctggctaatggaccccaaaggctccctttcctggagaatacttctgtttctctccctggcttttgagttgtcgtacggattaattaagggcccactcgag3’(SEQ ID NO.:13)插入到上述载体的Nhe I-XhoI间隔中来构建。使用PCR扩增预期成熟N末端密码子(用SignalP 3.0Server确定)(Bendtsen,Nielsen等,2004)和mVκ区的末端(如上所定义)之间的间隔,并附加5’tcgtacgga3’。用Bsi WI和Xho I酶切的片段插入到上述载体的相应位点中。对照hIgκ序列相应gi|49257887|残基26-85和gi|21669402|残基67-709。对照hIgG4H载体相应gi|19684072|的残基12-1473,具有S229P和L236E取代,其稳定二硫键并消除残基FcR结合(Reddy,Kinney等,2000),插入到pIRES2-DsRed2载体的Bgl II和Not I位点之间,同时添加序列5’gctagctgattaattaa3’(SEQ ID NO.:14)代替终止密码子。采用PCR扩增mAb的VH区,从起始密码子开始,附加CACC,接着是Bgl II位点,然后是编码gi|19684072|的残基473。将PCR片段克隆到上述载体的Bgl II-Apa I间隔中。采用mSLAM前导区的嵌合mVH-hIgG4序列的载体通过将下述序列:5’ctagttgctggctaatggaccccaaaggctccctttcctggagaatacttctgtttctctccctggcttttgagttgtcgtacggattaattaagggccc3’(SEQ ID NO.:15)插入到上述载体的Nhe I-Apa I间隔中来构建。使用PCR扩增预期成熟N末端密码子和mVH区的末端之间的间隔区,通过附加5’tcgtacgga3’。将用Bsi WI和Apa I酶切的片段插入到上述载体相应的位点中。
将不同抗原编码序列插入到H链载体的Nhe I-Pac I-Not I间隔中,该抗原编码序列两侧为近端Nhe I位点和终止密码子后的远端Not I位点。FluHA1-1由近端为5′gctagcgatacaacagaacctgcaacacctacaacacctgtaacaa3′序列(Nhe I位点,然后为编码cipA粘附蛋白-粘附蛋白接头残基)和远端为5′caccatcaccatcaccattgagcggccgc3′序列(编码His6、终止密码子和Not I位点)的甲型流感病毒(A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1))红细胞凝集素gi|216931681残基82-1025(C982T改变)编码。Flu HA5-1由结合有与Flu HA1-1相同序列的 gi|50296052|甲型流感病毒(A/Viet Nam/1203/2004(H5N1))红细胞凝集素残基49-990编码。Doc由具有近端Nhe I位点和远端Not I位点的gi|40671|celD残基1923-2150编码。PSA由具有近端序列5′gctagcgatacaacagaacctgcaacacctacaacacctgtaacaacaccgacaacaacacttctagcgc3′(SEQ ID NO.:16)(Nhe I位点和cipA间隔区)和远端Not I位点的gi|34784812|前列腺特异性抗原残基101-832编码。Flu M1-PEP由5′gctagccccattctgagccccctgaccaaaggcattctgggctttgtgtttaccctgaccgtgcccagcgaacgcaagggtatacttggat tcgttttcacacttacttaagcggccgc3′(SEQ ID NO.:17)编码。这个以及所有其他肽编码序列通过具有适于克隆入Nhe I和Not I限制性H链载体或Nhe I-Xho I限制性Coh.His载体的末端的互补合成DNA片段的混合物来产生。总是使用优选的人密码子,除了限制性位点需要加入或在Cip A间隔区序列中的情况。
采用L链和H链构建体各~2.5μg和上述的方案,在5ml瞬时转染物中检测rAb表达构建体的生产水平。用抗hIgG ELISA(亲和纯化的山羊抗人IgG(H+L),Jackson ImmunoResearch)分析上清液。在该方案的检测中,分泌的rAb产生不依赖于H链和L链载体浓度,各DNA浓度在~2倍的范围内(即系统是DNA饱和的)。
本发明包括新的抗人CLEC-6剂的研发、鉴定和应用,以及它们用于揭示作为本发明以及预想的应用的基础的新生物学。总而言之,开发了新的抗CLEC-6单克隆抗体(mAb),并用于揭示与存在于抗原呈递细胞上的该细胞表面受体相关的先前未知的生物学。该新的生物学高度预期激活该受体的抗CLEC-6活性剂用于各种治疗型和保护性应用的用途。下述数据强有力地支持了最初的预期,并阐述了将本文揭示的发现转化成临床应用的途径。
针对人CLEC-6高亲和力单克隆抗体的开发-制备受体胞外结构域.hIgG(人IgG1Fc)和AP(人胎盘碱性磷酸酶)融合蛋白,以分别用于小鼠免疫和mAb筛选。DCIR胞外结构域.IgG的表达构建体以前已描述(15),并利用小鼠SLAM(mSLAM)信号肽引导分泌(16)。制备类似的hDCIR胞外结构域.AP表达载体,用PCR扩增AP残基133-1581(gb|BC009647|),并添加近端阅读框内Xho I位点和远端TGA终止密码子和Not I位点。用该Xho I-NotI片段代替上述DCIR胞外结构域.IgG载体中的IgG编码序列。在相同的Ig和AP载体系列中的CLEC-6胞外结构域构建体含有编码CLEC-6(bp317-838,gi|37577120|插入片段。采用FreeStyleTM 293Expression System(Invitrogen),根据产商操作方案(在1.3ml Fectin试剂/L转染物中1mg总质粒DNA)制备CLEC-6融合蛋白。为产生rAb,等量的编码H和L链的载体进行共转染。将转染细胞培养3天,收集培养物上清液,添加新鲜的培养基 继续培养2天。通过过滤澄清合并的上清液。受体胞外结构域.hIgG的纯化采用HiTrap蛋白A亲和层析,用0.1M甘氨酸pH 2.7洗脱,然后用PBS进行透析。rAb(之后将描述的重组抗体)用HiTrap MabSelectTM柱作类似地纯化。小鼠mAb通过常规细胞融合技术制备。简而言之,6周龄BALB/c小鼠用20μg受体胞外结构域.hIgGFc融合蛋白和Ribi佐剂腹膜内注射免疫,然后在10天和15天后用20μg抗原强化免疫。3月后,在取出小鼠脾脏前3天再次强化免疫。或者,在足垫中每隔3-4天用在Ribi佐剂中的1-10μg抗原对小鼠进行注射,持续30-40天。在最后强化免疫后的3-4天,收集引流的淋巴结。采用常规技术将来自脾脏或淋巴结细胞的B细胞与SP2/O-Ag 14细胞(17)融合。与单独的融合伴侣比较,或与AP融合的受体胞外结构域(15)比较,用ELISA筛选杂交瘤上清液中针对受体胞外结构域融合蛋白的抗体。阳性孔然后使用编码全长受体cDNA的表达质粒瞬时转染的293F细胞,用FACS进行筛选。选择出的杂交瘤是单细胞克隆,适应无血清培养基,并在CELLine瓶(Intergra)中扩增。杂交瘤上清液与等体积的1.5M甘氨酸,3MNaCl,1x PBS,pH 7.8混合,并用MabSelect树脂混匀。用结合缓冲液洗涤所述树指,并用0.1M甘氨酸,pH 2.7洗脱。然后用2M Tris进行中和,用PBS透析mAb。
采用直接或间接ELISA鉴定纯化的抗CLEC-6单克隆抗体:用ELISA检测杂交瘤克隆的几种抗CLEC mAb的相对亲和性(即CLEC-6.Ig蛋白固定到微量滴定板表面,以一系列剂量滴定检测抗体结合CLEC-6.Ig的能力(用抗小鼠IgG.HRP结合物试剂进行检测))。各图片分别是mAb对CLEC-6.Ig蛋白的反应性(A和D);mAb对hIgGFc蛋白的反应性(B和E)以及mAb对CLEC-6.碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白的反应性(C和F)。在后种情况中,mAb被滴定板结合(通过抗小鼠IgG试剂)并且结合恒量的在溶液中的CLEC-6.AP。结果表明抗CLEC-6mAb与CLEC-6胞外结构域具有高度亲和性的特异反应。
鉴定纯化的抗CLEC-6单克隆抗体FACS对表达全长CLEC-6的293细胞:通过FACS进行几种抗CLEC-6mAb的相对亲和性的检测(即不同浓度的CLEC-6.mAb与表达CLEC-6的293F细胞一起温育;洗涤后,用PE衍生的抗小鼠IgG试剂染色;结果是用染色的不表达CLEC-6的293F细胞进行校正的平均荧光强度)。所示的所有4种mAb特异性地染色含CLEC-6细胞,染色能力的等级次序是12H7~12E3>9D5>20H8。
体内和体外培养DC表达CLEC-6-用FACS测定来自正常供体的PBMC上的CLEC-6的表达水平。如图1a所示,抗原呈递细胞,包括CD11c+DC、CD14+单核细胞以及CD19+B细胞,表达CLEC-6。然而,CD3+T细胞不表达CLEC-6。CD56+NK也不表达CLEC-6(数据没有显示)。还测定体 外培养的DC以及纯化的血髓样DC(mDC)和浆细胞样DC(pDC)上的CLEC-6表达水平。图1b中的数据表明IL-4DC和IFNDC均表达显著水平的CLEC-6。体外培养的DC上的CLEC-6表达水平是显著的,因此可以利用这些细胞进行实验以揭示CLEC-6的功能。mDC也表达高水平的CLEC-6,但pDC不表达CLEC-6(数据没有显示)。后一观察结果尤其重要,因为它们适用于直接从血中分离的细胞,并表明CLEC-6并不是所有DC类型中均存在-因此表明通过CLCE-6的生物学可针对特定的DC类型,而已知这些特定的DC类型具有不同的免疫功能。
选择能够激活DC的抗CLEC-6mAb-分离了12种不同的产生小鼠抗人CLEC-6mAb杂交瘤克隆,并检测所产生的mAb的激活DC的能力,通过测量DC表型和DC分泌的细胞因子和趋化因子来检测。图2中的数据显示可以鉴定激活DC的mAb的实例。在4种抗CLEC-6mAb中,Ab49可以激活DC,并诱导DC产生显著量的分泌性IL-6、MIP-1a、MCP-1、IP-10以及TNFa。这些抗CLEC-6mAb也刺激DC产生IL-12p40、IL-1a以及IL-1b(数据没有显示)。其它3种抗CLEC-6mAb也激活DC,并且各mAb刺激DC产生不同水平的细胞因子和趋化因子。
这些数据表明只有某些高亲和性的抗CLEC-6mAb才能激活人DC-这是以前不为所知的生物学。这种引发DC分泌细胞因子的能力表明这种抗CLEC-6剂可在体内影响免疫应答。
通过CLEC-6信号传导激活DC细胞表面标记物-DC是决定免疫应答结果的主要免疫细胞,即免疫诱导或耐受依赖于它们是否被激活(18)。本研究中制备的某些抗CLEC-6mAb可激活在体外培养的IFNDC(图2),还检测了CLEC-6在激活不同的DC亚型(IL-4DC和血mDC.IL-4DC)中的作用。IL-4DC用抗CLEC-6mAb进行刺激,图3a中的数据表明通过CLEC-6的信号传导激活IL-4DC,导致细胞表面标记物CD86和HLA-DR的增强表达。抗CLEC-6mAb也激活体内DC-纯化的mDC用抗CLEC-6刺激18小时,然后细胞用抗CD86、CD80和HLA-DR染色。如图3b所示,抗CLEC-6mAb激活mDC而使CD86、CD80和HLA-DR的表达水平增加。图3A和3B中的数据表明由特异性抗CLEC-6mAb激活DC,包括上调已知在DC功能中重要的细胞表面分子。
通过CLEC-6的信号传导特异性激活DC基因-同样地,用抗CLEC-6mAb刺激的DC的多种基因的表达水平增加,包括共刺激分子以及趋化因子和细胞因子相关基因(图4)。与通过其它凝集素,包括DC-ASGPR和LOX-1的信号传导(数据未显示)相比,抗CLEC-6mAb以独特的方式激活DC,表明通过CLEC-6激活的DC导致独特的体液和细胞免疫应答。
通过CLEC-6的信号激活不同DC亚型中的基因-当用抗CLEC-6mAb刺激时,体外培养的IL-4DC和mDC均产生显著增加量的分泌性IL-12p40、MCP-1和IL-8。在用抗CLEC-6mAb刺激的DC的培养物上清液中也观察到其它细胞因子和趋化因子,包括TNFa、IL-6、MIP-1a、IL-1a和IL-1b的水平增加(数据未显示)。这些细胞因子已知是免疫应答的关键介质,而发现特异性抗CLEC-6活性剂激发它们的产生为这些试剂可能的治疗性应用提供支持。
通过CLEC-6的信号传导增强通过CD40的信号传导-通过CLEC-6的信号与通过CD40的信号协同用于增强DC的激活(图6)。在CD40-CD40L相互作用中CLEC-6结合导致显著增加的细胞表面CD83的表达(图6A)和分泌性IL-12p70和IL-12p40的产生(图6B)。其它细胞因子和趋化因子,包括TNFa、IL-6、MCP-1、MIP-1a、IL-1a和IL-1b也显著增加(数据未显示)。这是重要的,因为CLEC-6可以作为体内DC激活的共刺激分子。总而言之,从图1到图6提供的数据证明通过CLEC-6的信号传导可以激活DC,且CLEC-6作为DC激活的有效共刺激分子。
通过CLEC-6刺激的DC诱导强的体液免疫应答-DC通过提供T-依赖型和T-非依赖型B细胞反应的信号(20-23)并转移抗原至B细胞(24、25)而在体液免疫应答中起着重要作用。除DC外,经TLR9的信号传导作为第三级信号是有效B细胞反应所必需的(26、27)。因此,我们测试了在TLR9配体CpG存在下CLEC-6在DC介导的体液免疫应答中的作用。6天GM/IL-4DC用抗CLEC-6mAb进行刺激,然后与纯化的B细胞共培养。如图7a所示,与在CpG存在下用对照mAb刺激的DC相比,用抗CLEC-6mAb激活的DC导致显著增强的B细胞增殖(经CFSE稀释测定)和浆细胞分化(CD38+CD20-细胞群增加)。CD38+CD20-B细胞具有浆细胞的典型形态,但不表达CD138(数据未显示)。大多数增殖细胞不表达CCR2、CCR4、CCR6或CCR7(数据未显示)。
用ELISA测定产生的总免疫球蛋白(Ig)的量(图7b)。抗CLEC-6与针对其他凝集素LOX-1和DC-ASGPR的mAb进行比较。与图7a中的数据一致,B细胞与用抗CLEC-6激活的DC一起培养显著增加了总IgM、IgG和IgA的产生。用抗LOX-1刺激的DC导致B细胞产生类似水平的IgM、IgG和IgA。但与用抗CLEC-6和抗LOX-1mAb刺激的DC不同,用抗DC-ASGPRmAb刺激的DC导致IgG和IgA的量显著降低,表明通过CLEC-6和LOX-1的信号传导诱导B细胞免疫球蛋白类别转换。除总Ig外,由LOX-1触发激活的DC比用对照mAb刺激的DC对产生流感病毒特异性IgM、IgG和IgA更强烈(数据未显示)。
抗CLEC-6激活的DC导致增强的B细胞应答的机制涉及增殖诱导配体(APRIL)。DC产生的B淋巴细胞刺激蛋白(BLyS,BAFF)和APRIL是重要的分子,DC通过它们能够直接调控人B细胞的增殖和功能(28-31)。图7C中的数据表明通过CLEC-6刺激的DC增加胞内APRIL和分泌性APRIL的表达水平,但不增加表达BLyS(数据未显示)。测量在混合培养物中的B细胞上的BLyS和APRIL受体的表达水平,但是没有显著差异(数据未显示)。
抗CLEC-6mAb直接影响人B细胞-CD19+B细胞表达CLEC-6(图1),表明CLEC-6在B细胞生物学中的作用。图8a的数据显示触发B细胞上的CLEC-6导致分泌性IL-8和MIP-1a的产生增加,表明CLEC-6也对B细胞激活起作用。相对于对照mAb,除IL-8和MIP-1a外,用抗CLEC-6mAb刺激B细胞时也观察到IL-6和TNFa轻微增加(数据未显示)。抗CLEC-6mAb激活的B细胞分泌的总IgG、IgM和IgA的量增加(图8b)。
这些观察结果证明了在上述抗CLEC-6活性剂对B细胞生物学的间接影响(即经DC发挥作用)的研究中CLEC-6的直接作用。总而言之,这些数据揭示体内给予所述活性剂将刺激抗体的产生的高度可能性-例如作为疫苗的佐剂,或者(如下所示)作为直接载体用于将抗原靶向DC和其它抗原呈递细胞以引发有效的抗原特异性抗体反应。
T细胞应答中的CLEC-6的作用-经CLEC-6刺激的DC表达的共刺激分子的水平增强和产生的细胞因子和趋化因子的量增加(图1、2和3),表明CLEC-6在细胞免疫应答以及体液免疫应答中发挥着作用。这通过混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)来测定。纯化的同种异源T细胞的增殖被用CLEC-6特异性的mAb激活的DC显著增强(图9a)。
通过CLEC-6激活的DC,在用Flu M1的HLA-A2抗原表位(图9B上部的两个图片)以及重组Flu M1蛋白(图9B下部的两个图片)脉冲刺激DC时,还导致增强的Flu M1特异性CD8T细胞应答,这表明用抗CLEC-6激活的DC增强了蛋白抗原的交叉呈递。对于治疗性应用例如疫苗,如果通过CLEC-6的信号传导导致DC对原始CD8T细胞致敏(priming)和交叉致敏的能力发生改变将是有益的。实际上,图9C的数据显示用抗CLEC-6mAb激活的DC导致Mart-1特异性CD8T细胞致敏的显著增强(图9C上部两个图片)以及交叉致敏的显著增强(图9C下部两个图片)。总而言之,图9A、B和C的数据表明CLEC-6在增强DC功能,引起抗原特异性CD8T细胞应答的增强中起着重要作用。
为了确认CLEC-6在疫苗中的潜在用途,抗CLEC-6rAb-抗原复合物与对照rAb-抗原复合物在抗原特异性CD8T细胞应答方面进行比较。用10nMrAb-Mart-1融合蛋白负载IFNDC,并且与自体同源CD8T细胞进行共培养 10天。然后用抗CD8和Mart-1四聚体染色细胞。图9d的数据显示抗CLEC-6rAb-抗原相对于对照而言诱导了显著增强的Mart-1特异性CD8T细胞应答(图9D上部两个图片)。图9D下部两个图片的数据是在20ng/ml LPS(来自大肠杆菌)存在下获得的数据。为了进一步测试抗CLEC-6rAb用于疫苗应用的用途,mDC用抗CLEC-6-Flu HAl复合体或对照rAb-Flu HAl复合体负载。纯化的自体同源CD4T细胞共培养7天,然后通过CFSE稀释测定HAl-特异性CD4T细胞增殖。如图9E(上部两个图片)所示,抗CLEC-6rAb HAl比对照rAb-HAl诱导了更大的HAl-特异性CD4T细胞增殖。图9E下部两个图片中的数据是在20ng/ml LPS(来自大肠杆菌)存在下获得的数据,该LPS掩盖了CLEC-6特异性作用。
下面显示的数据作为采用抗CLEC-6抗原复合物用于疫苗接种目的的临床前验证。总之,它们表明这些原型疫苗能够将抗原导向靶标DC,并且设想与通过结合CLEC-6的相关激活一起以摄取、加工以及呈递给特异性记忆和原初T细胞,并且引起它们的后续扩增。仅仅这种性质足以引发抗原特异性细胞应答,其是癌症疫苗(杀死癌症细胞)或病毒疫苗(清除感染细胞)的关键组成部分。而且,HAl-特异性D4的扩增表明抗CLEC-6原型疫苗使T细胞群类型扩增,这是激发抗原-特异性体液(抗体)应答的关键。上述数据显示抗CLEC-6活性剂对Ig类别转换的作用进一步增强了这些疫苗的高度潜在的独特特性。
非人灵长类动物体内DC表达CLEC-6-为检测非人灵长类动物(食蟹猴)的血DC是否对抗人CLEC-6mAb有反应,用抗CLEC-6mAb和针对其它细胞标记物CD3、CD14、CD11c、CD27、CD56和CD16的抗体来染色猴PBMC。图10中的数据表明CD14和CD11c+细胞被抗LOX-1mAb染色。然而,CD3+、CD16+、CD27+和CD56+细胞不表达CLEC-6。
这些数据是重要的,因为验证了猴作为本发明预期的各种治疗性抗CLEC-6活性剂的效果和安全性的临床前研究的相关模型。
考虑任何本说明书中讨论的实施方案可通过本发明的任何方法、试剂盒、试剂或组合物实现,反之亦然。此外,本发明的组合物可用于完成本发明的方法。
应理解,本文描述的特定实施方案以例证的方式显示而不作为本发明的限制。不背离本发明的范围的前提下,可以在多种实施方案中使用本发明的基本特征。本领域技术人员将识别或仅使用常规实验能够确定本文描述的特定操作的许多等价物。这样的等价物被认为是在本发明的范围之内并被权利要求书所覆盖。
在说明书中提到的所有出版物和专利申请指示了本发明所属领域技术人员的技能水平。所有出版物和专利申请均引入本文作为参考,其程度如同各单个出版物或专利申请特别且单独地指出引入本文作为参考一样。
词语″一″当和术语″包括″、“包含”、“含有”在权利要求书和/或说明书中一起使用时可以表示″一个(种)″,但是也与″一个(种)或多个(种)″、″至少一个(种)″和″一个(种)或一个(种)以上″的意思一致。在权利要求书中术语″或″的使用用于表示″和/或″,除非尽管公开的内容支持指代唯一的替换物以及″和/或″的定义,但是权利要求书中明确指出指的是唯一的替换物或替换物是相互排斥的。贯穿本申请,术语″大约″用于表示数值包括装置、使用来测定该值的方法的固有误差变异,或存在于研究受试者之中的变化。
如本说明书和权利要求书中所用,词语″包括″(及其任何形式)、″具有″(及其任何形式)、″包含″(及其任何形式)或″含有″(及其任何形式)是包含的或开放的并且不排除另外的、未列举的元件或方法步骤。
本文使用的术语″或其组合″指在该术语之前列举的项目的所有排列与组合。例如,″A、B、C或其组合″意指包含A、B、C、AB、AC、BC或ABC至少一个,以及如果在特定的情况下顺序是重要的,还包含BA、CA、CB、CBA、BCA、ACB、BAC或CAB。继续这个例子,明确包括的是包含一个或多个项目或术语的重复的组合,诸如BB、AAA、MB、BBC、AAABCCCC、CBBAAA、CABABB等等。熟练的技术人员可以理解在任何组合中通常没有对项目或术语数目的限制,除非从上下文中是显然的。
按照本申请公开的内容而不需要过度的实验,能够制备及实施本文公开及请求保护的所有组合物和/或方法。虽然本发明的组合物和方法已经就优选的实施方案进行了描述,但是本领域技术人员清楚,在不背离本发明的构思、精神及范围的前提下,可以将变化应用于本文所描述的组合物和/或方法以及本文所描述的方法的步骤中或步骤的序列中。所有这样的对本领域技术人员而言显而易见的类似替代和修改被认为在所附的权利要求书所定义的本发明的精神、范围及构思的范围之内。
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Claims (9)
1.一种用于将髓样树突细胞与浆细胞样树突细胞分开的方法,所述方法包括利用CLEC-6表达将表达CLEC-6的髓样树突细胞、B细胞或单核细胞与不表达CLEC-6的浆细胞样树突细胞分离。
2.表达CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段的杂交瘤,其中所述CLEC-6特异性抗体或其片段激活抗原呈递细胞以表达新的表面标记物、分泌一种或多种细胞因子或既表达新的表面标记物又分泌一种或多种细胞因子。
3.根据权利要求2的杂交瘤,其中所述杂交瘤选自克隆12H7、12E3、9D5、20H8及其组合。
4.一种模块式rAb载体,其包含CLEC-6特异性抗体结合结构域,该结合结构域与一种或多种包含粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的一半的抗原载体结构域连接。
5.根据权利要求4的rAb,其中所述抗原特异性结合结构域包含抗体的至少一部分。
6.根据权利要求4的rAb,其中所述抗原特异性结合结构域包含与粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的一半构成融合蛋白的抗体的至少一部分。
7.根据权利要求4的rAb,其还包含与抗原结合的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半,所述与抗原结合的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半与所述的模块式rAb载体形成复合物。
8.根据权利要求4的rAb,其还包含与抗原构成融合蛋白的粘附蛋白-锚定蛋白结合对的互补性一半。
9.根据权利要求4的rAb,其中所述抗原特异性结构域包括全长抗体、抗体可变区结构域、Fab片段、Fab’片段、F(ab)2片段、Fv片段,以及Fabc片段和/或具有部分Fc结构域的Fab片段。
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| NZ579238A (en) | 2012-04-27 |
| US20080254047A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
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| TW200900078A (en) | 2009-01-01 |
| BRPI0807613A2 (pt) | 2014-06-10 |
| NZ595319A (en) | 2012-09-28 |
| IL200526A0 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
| WO2008103947A2 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
| KR20090118981A (ko) | 2009-11-18 |
| MX2009008918A (es) | 2009-09-14 |
| CN101668777A (zh) | 2010-03-10 |
| EP2129692A2 (en) | 2009-12-09 |
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