CN102456939A - Improved large-capacity magnesium air battery - Google Patents
Improved large-capacity magnesium air battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN102456939A CN102456939A CN2011100017920A CN201110001792A CN102456939A CN 102456939 A CN102456939 A CN 102456939A CN 2011100017920 A CN2011100017920 A CN 2011100017920A CN 201110001792 A CN201110001792 A CN 201110001792A CN 102456939 A CN102456939 A CN 102456939A
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- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 phthalocyanine transition metal Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000251729 Elasmobranchii Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000006424 Flood reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese zinc Chemical compound [Mn].[Zn] WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种改进的大容量镁空气电池，属于燃料电池技术领域，包括阴极、阳极和电解液，其特征在于阴极为聚合酞菁过渡金属离子配合物阴极，对应电解液设有外循环电解液循环管路，电解液循环管路上设有循环动力泵、冷却换热器和净化器，电解液循环管路上还连接有电解液储存罐，电解液储存罐进口和出口之间的连接管路上增设动力泵。不仅解决了电解液中的沉淀问题，而且解决了电池使用过程中的温度升高问题，经济安全。
The present invention relates to an improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery, belonging to the technical field of fuel cells, comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, characterized in that the cathode is a polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal ion complex cathode, an external circulation electrolyte circulation pipeline is provided corresponding to the electrolyte, a circulation power pump, a cooling heat exchanger and a purifier are provided on the electrolyte circulation pipeline, an electrolyte storage tank is also connected to the electrolyte circulation pipeline, and a power pump is added to the connecting pipeline between the inlet and outlet of the electrolyte storage tank. Not only the precipitation problem in the electrolyte is solved, but also the temperature rise problem during the use of the battery is solved, which is economical and safe.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种改进的大容量镁空气电池，属于燃料电池技术领域。 The invention relates to an improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery, belonging to the technical field of fuel cells.
背景技术 Background technique
在环保意识日益增强，可持续发展越来越受重视的今天，电动汽车以其清洁、环保受到人们的重视。然而由于动力电池的发展滞后使得动力电池成为电动车发展的瓶颈，金属空气电池作为车用电池的研究受到重视[毛宗强等，电源技术，1996,20（6）：252-266]。另外，局部地区的灾害，如，地震、风暴、霜冻、洪水等自然灾害发生的情况下，电力一旦中断，需要高功率的应急电源。所以，高功率的镁空气电池开发研究，不但能带动电池行业的发展，而且能带动电动汽车、电子产品等行业的发展，产生很好的经济效益，而且对环保、抢险救灾、通讯、军、民用等，国家战略需求具有重要意义[杨维谦等，电源技术，2005，29（3）：182-186]。 Today, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the increasing emphasis on sustainable development, electric vehicles are valued by people for their cleanliness and environmental protection. However, due to the lag in the development of power batteries, power batteries have become a bottleneck in the development of electric vehicles, and research on metal-air batteries as vehicle batteries has attracted attention [Mao Zongqiang et al., Power Technology, 1996, 20 (6): 252-266]. In addition, disasters in local areas, such as earthquakes, storms, frost, floods and other natural disasters, once the power is interrupted, a high-power emergency power supply is required. Therefore, the development and research of high-power magnesium-air batteries can not only drive the development of the battery industry, but also drive the development of electric vehicles, electronic products and other industries. Civil, etc., national strategic needs are of great significance [Yang Weiqian et al., Power Technology, 2005, 29 (3): 182-186].
镁合金空气燃料电池（简称，镁空气电池）是一种直接把镁合金和氧气（来自空气）中的化学能连续地转换成电能的电化学发电装置，具有比能量高、原材料来源丰富、成本低、使用安全方便、无污染等特点备受重视。作为一种高能化学电源，可用于电动车用动力电源、可移动电子设备电源、自主式潜航器电源和应急备用电源等方面。它不仅可替代锌锰电池、铅酸电池、镉镍电池等传统电源，而且可以解决电动车研究开发过程中对动力电源要求。 Magnesium alloy-air fuel cell (magnesium-air battery for short) is an electrochemical power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy in magnesium alloy and oxygen (from the air) into electrical energy continuously. It has high specific energy, abundant raw material sources, and low cost. Low cost, safe and convenient to use, and no pollution have attracted much attention. As a high-energy chemical power supply, it can be used in power supplies for electric vehicles, power supplies for mobile electronic equipment, power supplies for autonomous submarines, and emergency backup power supplies. It can not only replace traditional power sources such as zinc-manganese batteries, lead-acid batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries, but also solve the power supply requirements in the research and development of electric vehicles.
通常的镁空气电池的结构为，阳极采用镁合金，电解液采用NaCl溶液，阴极采用气体扩散电极，氧气还原反应部位为催化剂表面的气-固-液三相体系，要求有畅通的气体传输通道，电子传输通道和氢氧根离子的传输通道。整个气体扩散电极要求防水、透气。原来鱼雷等一次性使用的电池需要考虑的问题相对简单。非一次使用的电池，一般的镁空气电池要求放电完成后要更换电解液，并且要对电极进行清洗，以除去电极反应的产物氢氧化镁絮状沉淀，这给电池的操作者带来了不便，也不利于产物氢氧化镁回收利用还会造成环境污染。另外，电池在大功率长时间放电时会造成电池温度升高，电池温度升高会造成阳极腐蚀作用增强，析氢反应加剧，这不但会影响阳极镁合金的利用率，阳极析出的氢气会造成安全隐患。所以，以上镁空气电池存在的问题对于电动车用或大容量的镁空气电池是必须解决的关键技术问题。 The structure of a common magnesium-air battery is that the anode is made of magnesium alloy, the electrolyte is made of NaCl solution, the cathode is made of a gas diffusion electrode, and the oxygen reduction reaction site is a gas-solid-liquid three-phase system on the surface of the catalyst, which requires a smooth gas transmission channel. , an electron transport channel and a hydroxide ion transport channel. The entire gas diffusion electrode is required to be waterproof and breathable. It turns out that the issues that need to be considered for disposable batteries such as torpedoes are relatively simple. Non-one-time use batteries, general magnesium-air batteries require the electrolyte to be replaced after the discharge is completed, and the electrodes must be cleaned to remove the flocculent precipitate of magnesium hydroxide, the product of the electrode reaction, which brings inconvenience to the battery operator. , is also unfavorable for product magnesium hydroxide recycling and can also cause environmental pollution. In addition, when the battery is discharged at high power for a long time, the temperature of the battery will increase. The increase in battery temperature will increase the corrosion of the anode and the hydrogen evolution reaction. This will not only affect the utilization of the anode magnesium alloy, but also cause safety hazards. Hidden danger. Therefore, the above problems of magnesium-air batteries are key technical issues that must be solved for electric vehicles or large-capacity magnesium-air batteries.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种改进的大容量镁空气电池，不仅解决了电解液中的沉淀问题，而且解决了电池使用过程中的温度升高问题，经济安全。 The purpose of the present invention is to provide an improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery, which not only solves the problem of precipitation in the electrolyte, but also solves the problem of temperature rise during battery use, and is economical and safe.
本发明所述的改进的大容量镁空气电池，包括阴极、阳极和电解液，其特征在于阴极为聚合酞菁过渡金属离子配合物阴极，对应电解液设有外循环电解液循环管路，电解液循环管路上设有循环动力泵、冷却换热器和净化器。 The improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery of the present invention includes a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, and is characterized in that the cathode is a polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal ion complex cathode, and the electrolyte is provided with an external circulation electrolyte circulation pipeline, and the electrolysis A circulating power pump, a cooling heat exchanger and a purifier are arranged on the liquid circulation pipeline.
电解液循环管路上还连接有电解液储存罐，电解液储存罐进口和出口之间的连接管路上增设动力泵。 An electrolyte storage tank is also connected to the electrolyte circulation pipeline, and a power pump is added on the connecting pipeline between the inlet and the outlet of the electrolyte storage tank.
净化器可以为絮凝器，此时，可在絮凝器的下游连接沉降设备，沉降设备的底部设有排渣口，沉降设备的出口连通电解液储存罐。 The purifier can be a flocculator. At this time, a settling device can be connected downstream of the flocculator. The bottom of the settling device is provided with a slag discharge port, and the outlet of the settling device is connected to the electrolyte storage tank.
净化器也可为吸附过滤器。 The purifier can also be an adsorption filter.
本发明中的冷却换热器、絮凝器、沉降设备、电解液储存罐、吸附过滤器、循环动力泵均为现有工业上常用的设备或装置，动力泵与循环动力泵可以不同，也可以是相同的泵，名称不同是为了方便描述。 The cooling heat exchanger, flocculator, settling equipment, electrolyte storage tank, adsorption filter and circulating power pump in the present invention are all equipment or devices commonly used in the existing industry, and the power pump and circulating power pump can be different or can be It is the same pump, the name is different for convenience of description.
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下有益效果： Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
（1）通过电解液外循环的设置，可用于阳极沉淀物的去除及镁的再生，解决了阳极沉淀物吸附到电极表面，或在电解液中形成絮状物，增加了电池对水的需求，影响电池性能的问题。另外，阳极极沉淀物的回收及镁的再生，不但可解决环境污染问题，而且可以使镁资源回收利用，从而解决资源的合理利用问题，经济环保。 (1) Through the setting of the external circulation of the electrolyte, it can be used for the removal of anode deposits and the regeneration of magnesium, which solves the problem of the adsorption of anode deposits to the electrode surface or the formation of flocs in the electrolyte, which increases the demand for water in the battery , A problem that affects battery performance. In addition, the recovery of anode deposits and the regeneration of magnesium can not only solve the problem of environmental pollution, but also enable the recycling of magnesium resources, thereby solving the problem of rational utilization of resources, economical and environmentally friendly.
（2）通过电解液储存罐及时补加电解液中的水分，解决电池系统的水管理问题。 (2) Add water in the electrolyte in time through the electrolyte storage tank to solve the water management problem of the battery system.
（3）电解液冷却换热器，可调整电池的温度，解决了电池长时间运行过程中由于电池温度升高引起的阳极析氢加快，影响阳极的使用效率和大量析氢会造成的安全隐患，电池温度升高阳极材料的腐蚀加重。安全环保，解决了电池长期运行过程中的热管理问题。 (3) The electrolyte cooling heat exchanger can adjust the temperature of the battery, which solves the accelerated hydrogen evolution of the anode caused by the rise of the battery temperature during the long-term operation of the battery, which affects the use efficiency of the anode and the safety hazard caused by a large amount of hydrogen evolution. The corrosion of the anode material is aggravated as the temperature rises. It is safe and environmentally friendly, and solves the problem of thermal management during the long-term operation of the battery.
（4）电池长时间不用时可以将电池中的电解液泵到电解液储存槽，这样可以防止电池自动放电或发生阳极腐蚀。可以使电池使用寿命增长。电池启动时打开阀门即可把电解液加入到电池中，电池即可开始工作，操作方便。 (4) When the battery is not used for a long time, the electrolyte in the battery can be pumped to the electrolyte storage tank, which can prevent the battery from self-discharging or anode corrosion. Can increase battery life. When the battery is started, the valve can be opened to add the electrolyte to the battery, and the battery can start to work, and the operation is convenient.
（5）聚合酞菁过渡金属配合物合成工艺简单、原料易得、成本低廉，该类阴极催化剂催化活性高、选择性好、寿命长。阴极采用聚合酞菁过渡金属配合物可以使电池的性能得到提高，降低成本。 (5) The synthesis process of polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal complexes is simple, the raw materials are readily available, and the cost is low. This type of cathode catalyst has high catalytic activity, good selectivity, and long life. The performance of the battery can be improved and the cost can be reduced by using the polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal complex in the cathode.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1、本发明实施例1结构示意图。 Figure 1, a schematic structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
图2、本发明实施例2结构示意图。
Figure 2, a schematic structural diagram of
图中：1、镁空气电池 2、冷却换热器 3、絮凝器 4、沉降设备 5、电解液储存罐 6、吸附过滤器 A、阳极 B、阴极 a、循环动力泵 b、动力泵。
In the figure: 1. Magnesium-
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合实施例附图对本发明作进一步说明。 The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the embodiments.
如图1所示，本发明所述的改进的大容量镁空气电池，包括阴极B、阳极A和电解液，阴极B为聚合酞菁过渡金属离子配合物阴极，对应电解液设有外循环电解液循环管路，电解液循环管路上设有循环动力泵a、冷却换热器2和净化器。
As shown in Figure 1, the improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery of the present invention includes a cathode B, an anode A and an electrolyte, the cathode B is a polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal ion complex cathode, and the corresponding electrolyte is provided with an external circulation electrolysis The liquid circulation pipeline and the electrolyte circulation pipeline are provided with a circulation power pump a, a
电解液循环管路上还连接有电解液储存罐5，电解液储存罐5进口和出口之间的连接管路上增设动力泵b 。
An
净化器为絮凝器3，絮凝器3的下游连接沉降设备4，沉降设备4的底部设有排渣口，沉降设备4的出口连通电解液储存罐5。
The purifier is a flocculator 3, the downstream of the flocculator 3 is connected to the settling equipment 4, the bottom of the settling equipment 4 is provided with a slagging outlet, and the outlet of the settling equipment 4 is connected to the
本方案构成絮凝、沉淀法。流程如下： This scheme constitutes the flocculation and sedimentation method. The process is as follows:
在镁空气电池1中，反应一段时间含有氢氧化镁絮状沉淀的电解液通过循环动力泵a到冷却换热器2冷却后，到絮凝器3，在絮凝器3内絮状沉淀物絮凝沉淀颗粒增大，然后到沉降设备4，固体颗粒沉降与电解液分离，沉淀物通过沉降设备4底部的排渣口排出，上层清液通过动力泵b再泵入镁空气电池1。如果发现电解液不足，可以通过电解液储存罐5补充。如果电池长时间不用，可以把镁空气电池1中的电解液通过循环动力泵a泵入电解液储存罐5中储存，这样可以防止电池自动放电或发生阳极腐蚀，使电池使用寿命增长。如果电池需要工作时，把电解液储存罐5中的电解液再加入镁空气电池1中即可。
In the magnesium-air battery 1, after a period of reaction, the electrolytic solution containing magnesium hydroxide flocculent precipitate passes through the circulating power pump a to the
优点：操作简单，不需要专业人员操作。 Advantages: easy to operate and does not require professional personnel to operate.
缺点：氢氧化镁沉淀物去除效果稍差，电解液会有部分损失，需要补加。 Disadvantages: The removal effect of magnesium hydroxide precipitate is slightly poor, and the electrolyte will be partially lost and needs to be added.
适用于动力电源、可移动电源等场合，镁空气电池实际运行情况效果较好。 It is suitable for power supply, mobile power supply and other occasions, and the actual operation of the magnesium-air battery is better.
如图2所示，本发明所述的改进的大容量镁空气电池，包括阴极B、阳极A和电解液，阴极B为聚合酞菁过渡金属离子配合物阴极，对应电解液设有外循环电解液循环管路，电解液循环管路上设有循环动力泵a、冷却换热器2和净化器。
As shown in Figure 2, the improved large-capacity magnesium-air battery of the present invention includes a cathode B, an anode A and an electrolyte, the cathode B is a polymerized phthalocyanine transition metal ion complex cathode, and the corresponding electrolyte is provided with an external circulation electrolysis The liquid circulation pipeline and the electrolyte circulation pipeline are provided with a circulation power pump a, a
电解液循环管路上还连接有电解液储存罐5，电解液储存罐5进口和出口之间的连接管路上增设动力泵b。
An
净化器为吸附过滤器6。
The purifier is an
本方案构成吸附、过滤法,流程如下： This scheme constitutes the adsorption and filtration method, and the process is as follows:
在镁空气电池1中，反应一段时间含有氢氧化镁絮状沉淀的电解液通过循环动力泵a到冷却换热器2冷却后，通过吸附过滤器F除去氢氧化镁沉淀物，清液通过动力泵b泵入镁空气电池1。如果发现电解液不足，可以通过电解液储存罐5补充。如果电池长时间不用，可以把镁空气电池中的电解液通过动力泵a泵入电解液储存槽5中储存，等电池需要工作时，再把电解液加入镁空气电池1中即可。
In the magnesium-air battery 1, the electrolytic solution containing magnesium hydroxide flocculent precipitates after a period of reaction is passed through the circulating power pump a to the
优点：沉淀去除效果好，电解液损失少。 Advantages: good precipitation removal effect, less loss of electrolyte.
缺点：氢氧化镁沉淀收集稍复杂，吸附材料需要再生，操作人员需要有一定的专业水平。 Disadvantages: The collection of magnesium hydroxide precipitation is a little complicated, the adsorption material needs to be regenerated, and the operator needs to have a certain professional level.
适用于固定式电源，镁空气电池实际运行情况效果最好。 For stationary power sources, magnesium-air batteries work best in practice.
按照图1、图2所述的方案，用5W的镁空气电池进行运行实验，分别采用图1、图2所示方案和未加入电解液循环情况的镁空气电池运行10h后，镁空气电池的温度变化及电池性能稳定性情况，检测结果如下： According to the scheme described in Figure 1 and Figure 2, a 5W magnesium-air battery was used for running experiments. Temperature changes and battery performance stability, the test results are as follows:
1) 图1所述的实施例1方案，电池温度保持不变，电池性能比启动初期降低12%。 1) For the scheme of Example 1 described in Figure 1, the battery temperature remains unchanged, and the battery performance is 12% lower than that at the initial stage of startup.
2) 图2所述的实施例2方案，电池温度保持不变，电池性能比启动初期降低5.5%。 2) For the scheme of Example 2 described in Figure 2, the battery temperature remains unchanged, and the battery performance is 5.5% lower than that at the initial stage of startup.
3) 未电解液循环系统，电池温度分别升高12℃，电池性能比启动初期降低33.1%。 3) Without the electrolyte circulation system, the battery temperature increases by 12°C respectively, and the battery performance decreases by 33.1% compared with the initial stage of starting.
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