CN1023442C - 一种非损伤性声学测试生物软组织弹性的方法和装置 - Google Patents
一种非损伤性声学测试生物软组织弹性的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提出一种对生物软组织的弹性进行非损伤性测试的方法,用来确定人和动物的生理病理状态。这种方法是通过在生物表面激励频率范围为0.5至30千赫的切向振荡形变、检测所激励的表面波沿初始位置方向传播的速度来实现的。
应用这种方法的装置包括一个探头和电子设备。探头具有一个发射压电换能器和二个接收压电换能器。这些换能器上装有接触端,用作声延时线的细杆将换能器安装到探头壳体上。电子设备形成激励换能器的脉冲,对收到的声信号进行处理,测量声脉冲从发射机传播到接收机和传播时间并将之变换成声速,最后将该速度值显示出来,本装置还具有一种使探头对组织的压力符合所需标准的附加装置。
Description
本发明与生物软组织弹性的测试有关。具体些说,本发明提供一种声学装置和方法,用来对组织中表面声波的速度进行非损伤性测量,从而提供了估计组织切变弹性的手段,用于医学诊断。
生物组织的粘弹性能与其结构构成状况直接有关,已经发现组织的体弹性能主要由其分子组成情况决定,而切变弹性模量则在更高层次上反映了结构特征。有机体的生理过程会引起组织中结构的变化,这变化可以通过测量该组织的切变弹能性能检测出来。
测试组织的粘弹性能主要是根据对分离出来的样品进行损伤性测量。如:马克斯威尔(Maxwell)应用了将一个切割成圆棒形、其一端被固定在样品进行扭转振动的方法(Maxwell B.ASTM Bull,215,76,1956)。通过测量使在棒的另一端处产生一定形变所需的力的大小来确定出切变弹性模量,工作频率范围为0.001至200千赫。
已经研究了用高频体声波来测量介质的体弹性性能(即超声波速度)和体压缩性能的大量不同方法。例如,其中一种方法(Nole A.W.,Mowrg S.C.J.Acowst.Soc.Amer.,20,432,1948)是测量在浸于超声波换能器和反射器之间的液体里受试样品中的声脉冲传播时间,从而推算出声速。
对组织的体弹性性能进行非损伤性测试的几种
已知方法中的一种方法和装置是非损伤地监视话组织的与粘弹性能有关的性能的瞬时起伏(Bengamin Gauish,European Patent EP 0 135 325 A2,U.S.Patent 4580574,T.1065)。这种装置由一对基本平行分开的压电换能器组成,其中一个换能器可以根据另一个进行调整,使得一段活组织得以插入和卡住在这二个换能器之间。一个换能器与高频振荡器相连,而另一个换能器则通过放大器和解调器接到信号分析器上,在组织中所引起的超声谐振振荡的频率和振幅表征了该组织的粘弹性能。
所述测试组织的方法能够检测一定的生理过程,特别是血液微循环的变化,但由于测试对象是体弹性性能,而体弹性性能在组织中的变化超不过百分之几,因此,与用切变弹性模量方法(某些情况下由于组织生理状态不同其变化可以达到百分之几百)的精度相比,这种方法的精度不会很高。这种方法没有任何措施来控制换能器加在处于两个换能器之间间隔内的组织样品上的压力,然而,这种压力会影响样品的特性,更增加了测量误差,此外,由于受试组织通常很难放入到相对的两侧之间,因此这种技术不能用于身体大多数部位。
用这种方法不能估价与活组织结构构成情况有关的一个重要特性-活组织的各向异性现象,即在不同的方向上具有不同的机械性能。
在一篇题为“采用测量收缩肌肉粘弹性能验证肌肉收缩模型的可能性”的文章中(V.A.Passechnik,A.P.Sarvaggan:on The possibilitg of examination of themuscle Contraction models bg measuring the uiescoelastic Properties of the contracting muscle Studia Biophysica,Berlin,Band13,1969,Heff2,S143-150)考察了测试生物组织切变弹性的可能性。在这篇著作中研究了被分离肌肉在收缩过程中弹性性能的变化。样品中的低频声振动(450-1200赫)由挠曲性压电换能器激励,由同类压电换能器在一定距离上接收,对不同收缩阶段下的肌肉张力进行了测量。通过测量所接收信号的振幅和相位推算出切变弹性模量。
按照另一种测试组织切变弹性的方法(R.O.Rotts,D.A.Christman,E.M.Bnras:The dgnamic mechanical Properties of human skin in uiuo,J.Biomechanics,Vol.16,6,PP.365-372,1983),组织中的切变振动由以其接触端(留声针)与组织表面接触的“录音器”(留声机录音刻纹头)产生。带有唱针的唱机拾音器用作接收器,在200-1000赫的频率范围内进行了测量。
录音器用白噪声音频信号发生器激励,通过频谱分析仪估计特征频率,所测参数为切变波的传播速度及其衰减,引用的这项研究的作者得出了这样的结论:在用所述方法考察的低频段组织中所激励起的机械波具有切变特性,并且仅局限于在组织的浅表层(即皮肤)中。因此仅在这个频段可以对皮肤的弹性提供有选择性的测量,而在较高的频率上由于表面波穿透深度小,这种测量就比较困难,这个结论是有问题的。因为切变波在软组织中的速度可能为5至50米/秒,在1千赫左右的频段内波长应该是大致5至50毫米,由于表面皮的穿透深度不可能很小于一个波长,表下结构成分以及有时骨组织会影响该频段波的传播,因此在涉及对皮肤测量时该方法的选择性看来是很有疑问的。
所述方法的作者(R.O.Rotts等人)没有考虑到表面波的一个特点,即表面波的速度和衰减取决于与发送器在组织表面产生的切向振动位移向量有关的传播方向,也没有注意到生物组织(特别是皮肤)切变弹性的重要特性,各向异性。
组织的结构在许多临床情况下会遭到一些变化。这种结构的变化与组织粘弹性能的变化密切相关。与切变弹性相比,体弹性对结构及其各向异性不很灵敏,因而测试切变弹性对临床医学和诊断学将具有更大的价值。因此需要一种方法能对组织沿选定方向的切变弹性进行非损伤性高灵敏度测试。
图1为本发明原理的一个示例。
图2为探头(a)及保证使探头对组织的压力符合标准的组件(b)的剖视图。
图3示出各装有接触端的换能器的布置情况。
图4为电路方框图。
图5为基本测量周期的时序图。
本方法的构思概要如下;将其顶端各装有接触端的发送挠曲性双联压电换能器和接收挠曲性双联压电换能器与被测物体机械接触。在发送器上加一个电脉冲,使得在该物体紧靠发送器接触端处激励
起一个衰减切向振动,其频率在0.5至30千赫范围内,取决于换能器的结构和物体的性质,由于机械振动的传播,在接收器内引起一个电信号,测量切向形变脉冲从发送器传播到接收器这段距离所需的时间就确定出传播速度,切变波的速度和衰减取决于发送器所激励的切向振动的传播方向和位移矢量之间的夹角,沿位移矢量传播的波,速度最大,而衰减最小,这就是将发送器和接收器如图1所示放置的原因,图中1和2分别为发送和接收挠曲性双层压电换能器。这两个换能器的位移向量与连接接触端A和B的直线一致。
在优选具体装置,测量速度的装置由一个探头组成,探头上具有一个发送压电换能器和二个接收压电换能器。这二个接收换能器以发送换能器为基准对称放置,如图2a和3所示。不用单个而用二个接收器可以对所接收到的声信号能进行差分放大。这一点非常重要,因为接收器所感受到的信号十分微弱。
三个分别带有接触端4、5、6的压电换能器1、2、3用具有空心的薄金属杆形状的声延时线7和8安装到探头上,如图3和2a所示。这二根杆都有足够的长度,保证由发送器通过探头本体传到接收器的声信号的迟延时间比在要研究的介质中的传播时间大几倍,换能器1,2,3用缓冲弹性衬垫固定在杆7和8内,所有这些一起装进防护罩12内,罩12同时用作为3使探头压在物体上的力符合标准的压力传感器,罩12推动一个三态开关,该开关(图2b)由针接触件13,弹簧14,不动的管接触件15(由绝缘塑料衬垫固定在基座9内)以及活动接触板16(通常被以绝缘板隔开的弹簧17压在接触器15上)组成。
上述开关通常是断开的,在操作期间,只有当压迫弹簧17的力,亦即探头对物体的压力大到能使针13触及板16,但还不至于使板16与管接触件15间的接触断开时,该开关才接通,按上所述可见,力的下限由弹簧14决定,可用移动外壳10里的基座9加以调整,而上限则通过由螺钉18所压迫的弹簧17加以调整,力的允许范围几乎可以调成小到与接触件组合内部摩擦滞后一样,虽然该范围必需足够大,以便于用手控制。
罩12和这几个换能器装配成压力处于允许范围内的情况下接触端4,5和6处于紧靠探头工作侧面平面的一个固定位置。
上述开关能使电子部件(见图4a)进行工作,该电子部件由差分输入放大器19、限幅器20、双稳电路(型号为74121)24、触发器23、脉冲发生器21,延时单元22、处理单元25以及显示单元26组成。脉冲发生器21提供使发送压电换能器产生挠曲形变的脉冲,脉冲间30毫秒的间歇构成基本测量循环(见图5),当探头各接触端均与物体接触时,差分放大器19输入端上就敏感到在接收器中所感应的二个反相的电信号。同时,发生器21通过定标的延时单元22送出的脉冲将触发器23置位,使在处理单元25内进行计数,放大器19的输出由限幅器20限幅,形成如图5中所示边沿陡峭的脉冲,第一个脉冲的前沿相应于接收器首次检测到的声波前(图5中情况M),而后沿则相应于该声波首次通过零电平(未激励电平,情况N),由于声波波前颇为平滑,很难以是足够高的可信度加以检测,因此代而用情况N来测量声脉冲在发送器和接收器之间的传播时间,与该情况相应的脉冲U20后沿通过双稳电路24将触发器23复位,从而使在处理单元25内停止计数。
处理单元25对声脉冲传播时间的几次测量加以平均,并将这平均时间转换成脉冲速度,处理单元25由分频器28(由样本计数器31通过与锁存器27控制)、时间/速度转换器29、时钟发生器30、计数器36、双稳电路32和35以及非元件33组成。转换器29的可能实现示于图4c。
分频器28以及计数器37积累出几个采用周期内时钟脉冲的总数:计数器28将该总数除以样本数。计数器31的循环为样本数的二倍;在前半循环其输出为高电平,因此通过锁存器27使计数器28和37计数。当31的输出转换成低电平时,计数停止,时间的平均值就存贮在37中,同时,倒相器33的输出转换成高电平,从而使缓冲计数器36在一段由定时器34测定的时间内进行计数。36对每当该数减至为零时就从37将时间平均值装入的可预置减法计数器38的输出进行计数,因此就给出频率为存贮在37中的时间值的倒数的脉冲。定时器34对送至计数器36的那些脉冲进行选通,定时器34是可调的,以便与可调延时单元22一起提供对脉冲速度定标的手段,积累在36
中的速度值由显示单元26显示。当采样/显示循环结束时,31的输出重新变为高电平,通过双稳电路32和35将计数器28、37、36复位,通过锁存器27使计数器28、37采样。
按照本发明制作了样机,用来验证将所提出的方法用于不同实验的可能性,由表1可以看到表面波速度在人体各处皮肤上变化的情况。表1切变波速度,米/秒
前额 面颊 胸部 指端 颈部
28±5 20±3 21±5 60±10 35±8
另一个例子是测量人的皮肤在低温按摩前有低温按摩后的弹性。在一组由美容师选取的面部皮肤很薄的妇女中,低温按摩前所测得表面波速度为20.2米/秒左右。低温按摩及该速度马上成为60米/秒左右,经过大致10分钟以后回到原来的位置,显示了对于具体的皮肤类型低温按摩后皮肤弹性的松弛率是特定的。
再有一个例子是研究肌肉在收缩期间的切变弹性,对于分离了的休止青蛙肌肉,切变波沿纤维传播速度大致为10米/秒,而在收缩期间该速度达到35米/秒,相同生物组织中切变波速度的变化范围一般都超过百分之一百,然而在体弹性波的情况下所测得的变化仅为百分之几。
可见,本发明提供了对组织类型及其生理状态十分敏感的组织测试手段,这在医学诊断上(如确定皮肤病理或在外科手术时区分正常组织和病理组织)具有非常价值。
实验还表明了本优选具体装置的一些特点证明是十分有利的,甚至是必不可少的,特别应该提到的是由于各种原因探头对组织的压力会改变组织的机械状态,因而严重地影响测量结果。所提出的对这种压力加以限制的特点使该误差近似不变,可以在定标时考虑进去。
另一个重要特点是用二个接收器来代替用一个接收器,除了增加灵敏度以外,这还用来减少人工操作探头时由于发送换能器与二个接收换能器之间的相对位置偶然偏移而产生的误差,这种情况应该加以考虑,因为装有换能器的杆同时用作声延时线,所以这些杆必需基本上是可变形的。当发送器朝向一个接收器偏移时误差最大。此时,信号来到这个接收器比预期的要早一些,而相同的信号来到另一个接收器则要晚一些。对接收信号是检测它们的首次过零点,如果偏移不大,则延迟与提前的信号之和的零点对所预期的零点仅稍有偏移,该偏移量可用下式粗略估计:
Asin(ωt+ψ)=A,sin(ωt+ψ)+A2sin(ωt-ψ) (4)
其中:
A为合成信号的振幅;A1和A2为接收器中信号的振幅:ψ为合成信号的相移,是由于接收接触端位置不对称而形起的;±4为求和信号的相移。
我们可以将方程(4)改写成下式:
Asin(ωt+ψ)=A1sin{ωt+arctg
[A1A2/A1+A2·tgψ]} (5)
在发送器偏离二个接收器之间中心位置的距离很小的情况下,所接收的信号的振幅可以认为是这距离的线性函数,因此我们能将方程(5)改写成
sin(ωt+ψ)=sin{ωt+arctg(△R/R0tgψ) (6)
其中:Ro为接收压电换能器接触端之间距离的一半,△R=L-Ro为发送器相对于接收器接触端的偏移量。
设f=5千赫,Ro=3毫米。
C=40米/秒,
△R=0.3毫米,
其中f为工作频率,而C为表面波在人皮肤中的速度,考虑到这些上述参量就可以将方程(6)改写为:
Sin(ωt+ψ)≈sin(ωt+△R/R·ψ) (7)
可见不用一个而用二个接收压电换能器使由于发送压电换能器和接收压电换能器的接触端间距离的变化而产生的误差减小大致(△R/R-1)倍,对于上面所给定的参量,双接收器设备的误差比一个接收器型式的设备的误差要小10倍。
所优选具体装置还有一个优点,其探头可适用于射体上所有组织的表面,而不必将该组织夹在换能器之间或用其它什么方式固定住。
Claims (7)
1、一种用发送和接收声波对生物软组织的弹性进行非损伤性声学测试的方法,包括以下几个步骤:
将由分开的发送和接收挠性压电换能器所组成的探头放在需测试组织的表面上;
在组织的表面激励起一个切向形变脉冲;
检测表面波在组织内从发送器至接收器的传播情况;
确定发出和接收到横越组织表面传播的声脉冲之间所经过的时间;
将这所经过的时间值转换成表面波的速度值。
2、如在权利要求1中所述的方法,其中所述对接收信号的检测和处理仅当在使所述探头压入被研究的组织的力的范围内时才能进行。
3、如在权利要求1中所述的方法,其中所述确定发出和收到声脉冲之间的时间在发送器所接触的组织的切动位移首次返回零位(未受激励时的状态)的瞬间开始,而在接收器内可感应的信号首次返零的瞬间停止。
4、一种非损伤性声学测试生物软组织弹性的装置,由一个探头和电路装置组成,探头上有各装以接触端的一个发送和二个接收双联挠性压电换能器,压电换能器通过用作延时线的细杆安装到探头壳体上,使得在这个发送换能器和二个接收换能器中挠曲振动的初始位移向量与连接这些换能器的直线一致,探头上还有一个标准化加到组织上的力的装置,电路装置与所述这些换能器和标准化加到组织上的力的装置相连,以确定表征所述组织弹性的声脉冲通过该组织从发送器传播到接收器的传播时间。
5、一种权利要求4的装置,其中接收换能器的接触器是刚性联接的。
6、如在权利要求4或5所述的装置,其中所述压力标准化组件包括一个空心的罩,一个支撑这罩的弹簧和一个由这罩推动的三态电气开关,所述罩为所述探头的包覆换能器的那部分,外侧面有开口,通过开口可将所述换能器与受检组织接触;所述三态开关由一个固定在所述探头壳体上的不动接触件和二个可动接触件(其中一个装在罩上,另一个依靠另一个弹簧与固定在所述探头壳体上的不动接触件保持接触)组成,倘若加在所述罩的外侧面的力在允许范围以内,支撑罩的弹簧受到足够大的压缩,使装在罩上的可动接触件与另一个依靠弹簧与不动接触件保持接触的可动接触件接触,这弹簧调节到在力超过上限时断开第二可动接触件与不动接触件之间的电路的状态:当力超出下限时,支撑罩的弹簧得不到充分压缩,以致装在罩上的可动接触件不能触及另一个可动接触件;在所述的开关中,短路表明加在探头外侧面的力没有起出允许范围。
7、如在权利要求4或5中所述的装置,其中所述电路装置包括将发生和收到声脉冲之间所经过的时间转换成脉冲速度的装置和显示该速度值的帮显装置。
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| YU32588A YU47190B (sh) | 1988-02-19 | 1988-02-19 | Uredjaj za neinvazivno akustičko ispitivanje elastičnosti mekih bioloških materijala |
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| CN113229841B (zh) * | 2021-04-26 | 2022-08-02 | 中南大学湘雅三医院 | 一种医用声音、振动采集分析系统与方法 |
| CN117017340A (zh) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-11-10 | 无锡海斯凯尔医学技术有限公司 | 基于剪切波的弹性成像系统 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3783679A (en) * | 1971-02-22 | 1974-01-08 | Walter A Gunkel | Time base measurement circuit |
| US4175546A (en) * | 1977-09-06 | 1979-11-27 | Ahron P. Leichtman | Device for measuring sensitivity to vibration |
| DE2741338A1 (de) * | 1977-09-14 | 1979-03-22 | Industrie Automation Gmbh & Co | Einrichtung zur bestimmung der mechanischen eigenfrequenz von blutgefaessen, sehnen, knochen oder aehnlichen organen in einem koerper |
| IL54277A0 (en) * | 1978-03-14 | 1978-06-15 | Yissum Res Dev Co | Measurement of elasticity |
| US4250894A (en) * | 1978-11-14 | 1981-02-17 | Yeda Research & Development Co., Ltd. | Instrument for viscoelastic measurement |
| DE3242284A1 (de) * | 1982-11-16 | 1984-05-17 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren und anordnung zur laufzeitbestimmung eines ultraschallimpulses |
| US4522071A (en) * | 1983-07-28 | 1985-06-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method and apparatus for measuring stress |
| EP0181131A3 (en) * | 1984-11-01 | 1987-05-20 | Kent Scientific and Industrial Projects Limited | Apparatus for detecting the resonant frequency of a bone |
| US4777599A (en) * | 1985-02-26 | 1988-10-11 | Gillette Company | Viscoelastometry of skin using shear wave propagation |
| SU1357827A1 (ru) * | 1985-10-23 | 1987-12-07 | Куйбышевский политехнический институт им.В.В.Куйбышева | Способ измерени скорости и затухани продольных упругих волн |
| CA1264196A (en) * | 1986-07-18 | 1990-01-02 | Canadian Patents And Development Limited/Societe Canadienne Des Brevets Et D'exploitation Limitee | Method of, and an apparatus for, evaluating forming capabilities of solid plate |
| US4768379A (en) * | 1986-07-25 | 1988-09-06 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Method and apparatus for determining flow resistance of fully assembled acoustic liners |
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1988
- 1988-02-19 YU YU32588A patent/YU47190B/sh unknown
- 1988-06-03 DE DE8888108905T patent/DE3873742T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1988-06-03 ES ES8888108905T patent/ES2035156T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1988-12-15 IL IL88691A patent/IL88691A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-12-21 CA CA000586645A patent/CA1318018C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-12-21 IS IS3423A patent/IS1488B/is unknown
- 1988-12-30 FI FI886048A patent/FI886048A7/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
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1989
- 1989-01-18 IE IE890137A patent/IE890137L/xx unknown
- 1989-01-18 AR AR89313010A patent/AR242898A1/es active
- 1989-02-07 NO NO89890496A patent/NO890496L/no unknown
- 1989-02-08 NZ NZ227893A patent/NZ227893A/xx unknown
- 1989-02-10 JP JP1032554A patent/JPH0221840A/ja active Pending
- 1989-02-15 AU AU30000/89A patent/AU621341B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-02-16 PT PT89735A patent/PT89735B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-17 DK DK075389A patent/DK75389A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-02-17 TR TR89/0167A patent/TR24539A/xx unknown
- 1989-02-17 DD DD89325845A patent/DD283560A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-17 BR BR898900698A patent/BR8900698A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-17 HU HU89805A patent/HU202650B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-18 CN CN89100841A patent/CN1023442C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-02-18 KR KR8901927A patent/KR920006032B1/ko not_active Expired
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1992
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