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CN102136634B - 一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线 - Google Patents

一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线 Download PDF

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CN102136634B
CN102136634B CN201110004946.1A CN201110004946A CN102136634B CN 102136634 B CN102136634 B CN 102136634B CN 201110004946 A CN201110004946 A CN 201110004946A CN 102136634 B CN102136634 B CN 102136634B
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CN102136634A (zh
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杨仕文
滕静华
黄明
聂在平
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种在卫星通信中运用于抛物面天线等天线系统中的Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线。它采用同轴嵌套的紧凑结构,同时工作于Ku、Ka频段。该馈源的基本结构包括加载尖锥状介质杆的圆波导、法兰盘、同轴波导、对称的SMA接头对、圆极化器和正交模耦合器。其中Ka频段的馈源工作于双圆极化,具有旋转对称的辐射方向图,在Ka双频段内圆极化轴比小于-2dB,收发隔离度小于-70dB等优良的性能;其中Ku频段的馈源工作于双线极化,具有旋转对称的辐射方向图,小于-40dB的交叉极化电平,良好的收发隔离度和反射损耗等优异的辐射性能。

Description

一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线
技术领域
本发明属于无线通信中馈源设计的技术领域,它特别涉及卫星通信系统中馈源设计的Ku/Ka频段收发四频段、线圆极化一体化等技术。 
背景技术
随着卫星通信事业的发展,现有的C频段卫星资源已不能满足日益增长的卫星通信需求,开发Ku、Ka波段势在必行。卫星通信事业的蓬勃发展对其地面站天线提出了新的要求,例如高增益、宽频带或多频段、低交叉极化、多波束、多极化等等。 
馈源是整个天线系统的心脏,高性能馈源是高性能天线系统的首要条件。如何在Ku、Ka频段设计同时工作在宽频带或多频段,具有低交叉极化、高隔离度的特性,并能实现收发双极化或多极化的馈源,以较好满足龙伯透镜天线、抛物面天线等其他天线系统对馈源的要求。 
高效紧凑的Ku/Ka波纹喇叭馈源能有效利用同一个辐射口面,使天线能同时工作在四个不同的频段,使得天线的利用率提高了三倍。在波纹喇叭馈源天线馈电时,四种不同频段、四种不同极化的信号就可以同时传输。即在这四个个频段之内,天线可以同时发送两种信号,同时接收两种信号,信号之间产生的干扰我们可以通过收发高隔离度和极化分离进行解决。 
中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所的杜彪等人在专利CN1438733中公开了一种双槽结构双频段共用波纹喇叭馈源,它由有害高次模抑制器、双槽结构波纹槽模变换器、双槽深波纹结构频率变化、角度变化过渡段和双槽深波纹结构辐射段构成。适合用作L/C、S/C、S/X和C/Ku等双频段共用卫星通信和测控天线的馈源。在专利CN1317884中杨可忠等人公开了一种改善偏置抛物面天线交叉极化特性的波纹喇叭馈源,它由双模波纹喇叭和由高次模传播及截止光壁圆波导、耦合腔、耦合孔构成的激励器组成。特别适合Ku频段小焦距直径比的卫星通信单偏置抛物面天线做馈源装置。中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所的万笑梅等人在专利CN101626113中题为“双圆极化和差波束宽带波纹喇叭馈源天线”公开了一种双圆极化和差波束宽带波纹喇叭馈源天线,它的结构包括天线本体和同轴探针,天线本体为圆柱状,其上部为波纹部分,下部为馈电部分。可用于高频段的宽带双极化单脉冲馈源,在60%的频带范围内 可实现良好的圆极化轴比。信息产业部电子第二十九研究所的唐益民等人在专利号CN1331502中公开了一种宽带、大功率、高隔离度的正交极化馈源。正交极化馈源在满足宽频带、大功率容量的同时,主路、侧路的隔离度有了质的提高,达到42dB以上。以上国内公开的这些关于馈源方面的专利,它们的设计普遍都是双频段的,一些满足高功率的要求,一些满足宽带的或是高隔离度的要求,实现天线系统有效的辐射特性。而本发明的馈源工作于Ku、Ka频段,能同时进行线圆极化的收发工作,在天线系统中不需要多个馈源就能单独覆盖四个频段,解决多个馈源放置时波束偏焦的问题。同时在Ku频段和Ka频段收发工作时,馈源有优异的辐射特性和高的隔离度。 
美国专业发明者Joseph A.Preiss在公开专利号6005528中题为“Dual Band Feed with Integrated Mode Transducer”阐述了一种馈源结构是中间介质杆加载,外围是用轴向槽的波纹喇叭来嵌套,实现在两个频段的辐射特性,但是由于轴向开槽对工艺的要求较高,加工成本较大。2006年Stephen D.Tafgonski在IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,October 2006,Vol.54,No.10,p.2862-2868发表“A Multiband Antenna for Satellite Communications on the Move”。介绍了一种三频段的馈源,它工作在20.2-21.2GHz(K频段),30-31GHz(Ka频段),43.5-45.5GHz(Q频段)。这种馈源的优势是能同时工作在三个频段和多个极化,并且保证较高的口径效率。美国专利发明者Robert A.Frosch在公开专利号4258366题为“Multifrequency Broadband Polarized Horn Antenna”中介绍了一种工作在五频段的馈源,通过一个波纹圆锥转喇叭口辐射所有的信号,通过正交模结构把信号从公共的传输波导中耦合出来。由于有多个频段的信号共同传输,馈源在输出接口处需要许多带通滤波器把各个信号分离,增加频带之间的隔离。它在各个频段辐射的远场方向图等化性较差。2009年,Bhattacharyya,A.等在Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,2009.APSURSI′09.IEEE上发表了题为“Multiband Feed using coaxial configuration”中论述了一种采用同轴嵌套结构来实现工作在S、Ku、K、Ka频段的方案。馈源中间变张角的圆波导传播Ku、K、Ka频段的电磁波信号,而阶梯变张角的同轴波导传播S频段的信号。在高频段处,同轴波导和圆波导之间的多种耦合对馈源的性能有很显著的影响。文章中提到用一个圆波导来实现三个频段的有效辐射,但是没有提及在后面馈电网络中各个频带信号之间的隔离。对于所我们要求的同时进行收发工作是不满足的。 
与之前提及的发明专利和论文相比,本发明采用的同轴嵌套结构的线圆极化一体 化四频段馈源保证了各个邻近频段之间的隔离度,能使馈源在Ku双频段,Ka双频段同时进行收发工作,而不需要额外加滤波器来分离收发信号。馈源的远场辐射方向图轴向对称,交叉极化低,良好的线圆极化性能和回波损耗。传统的龙伯透镜馈电系统将单个Ku或Ka馈源并排放置,其最大波束指向都会产生一定角度的偏移,无法实现接收同一颗卫星,这种馈源很好的解决了波束偏焦的问题,它特别适用于抛物面天线等大型卫星通信天线的馈源系统中。 
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供了一种卫星通信中用于抛物面天线等大型天线系统的收发线圆双极化、四频段高效紧凑的馈源,它工作于Ku/Ka波段,具有旋转对称的辐射方向图、极低的交叉极化、良好的回波损耗和高的隔离度等优异的性能,并且结构紧凑,实用性强。 
本文所发明的线圆极化四频段Ku/Ka馈源采用同轴嵌套的结构形式,使Ku和Ka馈源的辐射口面实现在空间上的隔离。它是由法兰盘1、尖锥状介质杆2、内部圆波导3、Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4、对称的金属短路柱5、Ku馈源接收正交模对6、Ka馈源接收端口7、Ka馈源发射端口8、同轴波导9、圆极化器10、阶梯波导11组成。其中,Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4采用微波通信中经常使用的50欧姆SMA接头,Ku馈源接收正交模对6外接国家标准矩形波导BJ140,Ka馈源接收端口7外接BJ220,Ka馈源发射端口8外接BJ320,对称的金属反射柱5通过焊接或打孔固定在同轴波导9当中。 
本文所发明的Ku/Ka馈源工作于Ku、Ka波段,Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4用于发射频段fT(带宽5%),Ku馈源接收正交模对6用于接收频段fR(带宽5%).调整发射SMA接头对4、接收正交模对6、对称的金属短路柱5在同轴波导9中的位置和发射SMA接头对4深入到同轴波导9中的深度、圆波导3与同轴波导9在辐射口面的相对位置以及同轴波导9在馈源辐射口面的阶梯波导11尺寸,本文所述Ku/Ka馈源得到了良好的回波损耗及收发隔离度。其中,对称的金属短路柱5起到了减小馈源长度以及提高收发隔离度的作用。 
尖锥状介质杆2将内部圆波导3中传播的主模TE11模调整为HE11模,HE11模可以得到旋转对称的辐射方向图。为保证不激励起除HE11模以外的其他模式,圆波导4的 内半径r以及尖锥状介质杆1的相对介电常数εr以及工作波长λ需满足下式: 
2 * r < 1.22 &epsiv; r - 1 &lambda;
Ka馈源中,圆极化器10是圆极化天线系统中实现极化变化的关键部件。圆波导中的主模TE11模经过圆极化器以后分解为两路正交的、幅度相等,相位差90°的主模信号,从而构成了圆极化的信号传输,经过介质杆加载的圆波导辐射出去,得到了圆极化的辐射信号。正交模耦合器属于双频段窄带正交模耦合器,它将两个频段内的信号通过正交模耦合器进入同一个波导内传输。如图3所示,发射信号经由双频段正交模耦合器馈入波导中,再经过双频段圆极化器转变为圆极化信号,然后有双频辐射口面辐射出去;由双频辐射口面接收到的圆极化信号经过双频圆极化器变成线极化信号,再通过双频段正交模耦合器由标准波导口耦合出去。双频段圆极化Ka馈源的系统框图如下图所示。 
Ku双频段线极化馈源(如图2所示)在同轴波导内发射垂直极化的信号,接收水平极化的信号。其中Ku馈源的发射端口采用等幅反相对称的探针对来激励。通过这种方式来抑制同轴波导中的主模(TEM模),而最大程度的激励同轴波导中的第一高次模(TE11模);Ku馈源的接收端口采用等幅同相对称的正交模对来激励。根据电场中的模式分布可知,这种方式同样可以用来抑制同轴波导中TEM模,最大限度的激励起TE11模。 
本发明具有以下有益效果: 
(1).与常用的双频段馈源和三频段馈源相比,本发明结构更加紧凑高效,将同时收发一定带宽、四种不同极化四个频段的电磁波信号集成于同一个馈源当中。 
(2).在收发的Ku、Ka频段内,本发明馈源具有旋转对称的辐射方向图、优良的收发隔离度、良好的回波损耗以及低交叉极化等特性。 
附图说明
图1是本发明结构示意图; 
其中,1是法兰盘,2是尖锥状介质杆,3是内部圆波导,4是Ku馈源发射SMA接头对、6是Ku馈源接收正交模对、7是Ka馈源接收端口、8是Ka馈源发射端口 
图2、图3是本发明透视结构示意图; 
其中,1是法兰盘,2是尖锥状介质杆,3是内部圆波导,4是Ku馈源发射SMA接头对、5是对称的金属短路柱、6是Ku馈源接收正交模对、7是Ka馈源接收端口、8是Ka馈源发射端口、9是同轴波导、10是圆极化器、11是阶梯波导 
图4是Ku馈源接收频段的回波损耗及收发隔离度; 
图5是Ku馈源发射频段的回波损耗及收发隔离度; 
图6是Ku馈源接收频段中心频(12.5GHz)E面、H面的主极化与交叉极化方向图; 
图7是Ku馈源发射频段中心频(14.25GHz)E面、H面的主极化与交叉极化方向图; 
图8是Ka馈源接收频段中心频(20.5GHz)E面、H面的主极化与交叉极化方向图; 
图9是Ka馈源发射频段中心频(30.3GHz)E面、H面的主极化与交叉极化方向图; 
图10是尖锥状介质杆2、内部圆波导3的剖视图; 
图 11 是双频段圆极化 Ka 馈源的系统框图 。
具体实施方式
参照图1,本文所发明的线圆极化四频段Ku/Ka馈源由法兰盘1、尖锥状介质杆2、内部圆波导3、Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4、对称的金属短路柱5、Ku馈源接收正交模对6、Ka馈源接收端口7、Ka馈源发射端口8、同轴波导9、圆极化器10、阶梯波导11组成。法兰盘采用180°张角波纹喇叭结构;尖锥状介质杆两端为两个底面半径相同的圆锥,介质杆的半径与内部圆波导(3)相同,将其安装在法兰盘口;Ka馈源接收端口(7)位于圆波导的侧壁上,Ka馈源发射端口(8)位于圆波导末端,Ka馈 源接收端口(7)采用标准矩形波导BJ220,Ka馈源发射端口(8)采用标准矩形波导BJ320。馈源各结构按如下描述连接:内部圆波导3嵌套在同轴波导9内,作为同轴波导9的内导体;阶梯波导11与同轴波导9相连;法兰盘1固定在阶梯波导11端口处;尖锥状介质杆2部分插入到法兰盘1所在端口的内部圆波导3中;在同轴波导9的末端,依次是Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4、对称的金属短路柱5和Ku馈源接收正交模对6;Ka馈源接收端口7处于内部圆波导3远离法兰盘1端处侧面;Ka馈源发射端口8处于内部圆波导3末端;圆极化器10置于内部圆波导3内。Ku馈源发射SMA接头对4采用微波通信中经常使用的50欧姆SMA接头,可直接与波导同轴转换器连接,后面接180°电桥的功分器;对称的金属短路柱5通过在同轴外波导部分打孔固定在同轴波导9当中;馈源中间的内部圆波导3通过延长同轴波导9短路壁后面的长度来固定。 
本发明工作于Ku、Ka波段,发射SMA接头对4用于发射频段fT(带宽5%),接收正交模对6用于接收频段fR(带宽5%).调整发射SMA接头对4、接收正交模对6、对称的金属短路柱5在同轴波导9中的位置和发射SMA接头对4伸入同轴波导9中的深度、接收正交模对6的结构尺寸以及阶梯波导11的尺寸与内部圆波导的相对位置。本文所述线圆极化四频段Ku/Ka馈源在Ku、Ka收发频段内均得到了良好的回波损耗及收发隔离度。 
尖锥状介质杆2将内部圆波导3中传播的主模TE11模调整为HE11模,HE11模可以得到旋转对称的辐射方向图。设计时为了避免激励起其他的激励模式,须适当选择截面直径使它们工作在截止状态,一般只需避免产生非对称波HE12和EH12。内部圆波导3的内半径r以及尖锥状介质杆2的相对介电常数εr以及工作波长λ需满足下式: 
2 * r < 1.22 &epsiv; r - 1 &lambda;
首先选择合适的介电常数εr和内部圆波导3的半径r,本发明馈源的内部圆波导3中尖锥状介质杆2的材料选择了常用的聚四氟乙烯;然后根据上述的公式合理的选择内部圆波导3的半径r;通过改变在内部圆波导中尖锥状介质杆2的尺寸(见图10),可以明显改善Ka馈源的圆极化特性。在Ka馈源发射频段和接收频段5%的带宽内,其轴向的圆极化轴比都小于-2dB。在Ka接受频段和发射频段,本发明均具有旋转对称 的辐射方向图、良好的圆极化特性。见图8、图9。Ka馈源中接收端口和发射端口都是由正交模耦合器构成的。设计合理的尺寸和结构,可以达到良好的回波损耗和隔离度。其中,在Ka馈源的发射频段内,回波损耗小于-18dB;在Ka馈源的接收频段内,回波损耗小于-20dB;收发隔离度小于-70dB,达到了优异的性能要求。 
通过在同轴波导中设置对称的金属短路柱5和Ku馈源接收正交模对,从而实现了Ku馈源在工作频带内高的收发隔离度。Ku馈源收发隔离度如图4、图5所示。从仿真结果可知,在Ku馈源双频段的收发隔离度都在50dB以上。Ku馈源从发射SMA接头对4或是接收正交模对6馈入的电磁波信号在同轴波导中,如果直接向自由空间辐射的话,会产生很大的反射损耗。设计中我们在同轴波导的外波导中加入阶梯变换波导11,以减少同轴波导到辐射口面的反射损耗,利于Ku馈源在工作频率范围内调节匹配。通过合理的优化尺寸,Ku馈源在发射频段和接收频段的回波损耗都小于-10dB。见图4、图5。同时,Ku馈源在发射频段和接收频段具有旋转对称的远场辐射方向图,低于-40dB的交叉极化等优异的性能。见图6、图7。 
因此,本专利提供的线圆极化一体化高效紧凑四频段馈源性能充分满足龙伯透镜天线、抛物面天线等天线系统对馈源的性能要求。 
以上,向熟悉本技术领域的人员提供本发明的描述以使他们易于理解与运用本发明。对于熟悉本技术领域的人员,对这些实施例的各种变更是显而易见的,而无需创造性的劳动。因此,本发明并不仅限定在这里所述的方案,而是与所述的权利要求一致的范围。 

Claims (5)

1.一种用于卫星通信的Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线基于同轴波导嵌套结构,包括法兰盘(1)、尖锥状介质杆(2)、内部圆波导(3)、Ku馈源发射SMA接头对(4)、对称的金属短路柱(5)、Ku馈源接收正交模对(6)、Ka馈源接收端口(7)、Ka馈源发射端口(8)、同轴波导(9)、圆极化器(10)、阶梯波导(11)。馈源各结构按如下描述连接:内部圆波导(3)嵌套在同轴波导(9)内,作为同轴波导(9)的内导体;阶梯波导(11)与同轴波导(9)相连;法兰盘(1)固定在阶梯波导(11)端口处;尖锥状介质杆(2)部分插入到法兰盘(1)所在端口的内部圆波导(3)中;在同轴波导(9)的末端,依次是Ku馈源发射SMA接头对(4)、对称的金属短路柱(5)和Ku馈源接收正交模对(6);Ka馈源接收端口(7)处于内部圆波导(3)远离法兰盘(1)端处侧面;Ka馈源发射端口(8)处于内部圆波导(3)末端;圆极化器(10)置于内部圆波导(3)内;其中,Ku馈源发射SMA接头对(4)采用微波通信中经常使用的50欧姆SMA接头,Ku馈源接收正交模对(6)外接国家标准矩形波导BJ140,Ka馈源接收端口(7)外接BJ220,Ka馈源接收端口(8)外接BJ320,对称的金属反射柱(5)通过焊接或打孔固定在同轴波导(9)当中。
2.根据权利要求1述的一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线,其特征在于所述Ku馈源发射SMA接头对(4)和Ku馈源接收正交模对(6)在同轴波导中实现收发双线极化。
3.根据权利要求1述的一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线,其特征在于所述的对称的金属短路柱(5)和Ku馈源接收正交模对(6)实现了馈源在Ku频段收发工作的高隔离度。
4.根据权利要求1述的一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线,其特征在于所述的法兰盘(1)和同轴波导(9)中之间引入了阶梯波导(11)。
5.根据权利要求1述的一种Ku/Ka频段线圆极化一体化收发馈源天线,其特征在于所述的尖锥状介质杆(2)位置的选择,尖锥状介质杆两端为两个底面半径相同的圆锥,介质杆的半径与内部圆波导(3)相同,将其安装在法兰盘口。
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