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CN102056840B - 制备合成气的方法和设备 - Google Patents

制备合成气的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN102056840B
CN102056840B CN200980122071.6A CN200980122071A CN102056840B CN 102056840 B CN102056840 B CN 102056840B CN 200980122071 A CN200980122071 A CN 200980122071A CN 102056840 B CN102056840 B CN 102056840B
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R·永格伦
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种由固体碳颗粒(C)制备合成气(S)的方法，所述碳颗粒(C)由热解获得，在碳颗粒(C)所在的同一空间中，在过程气体(P)的存在下，通过间接加热发生碳颗粒(C)的气化，且气化过程中产生的合成气(S)从所述空间排出。本发明还涉及一种制备合成气的设备。本发明的方法的特征在于所述碳颗粒(C)和过程气体(P)位于反应器(1)中，并且间接加热通过位于反应器(1)中的燃烧器(Br1-Brn)的辐射热发生。

Description

制备合成气的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明关于由固体碳颗粒制备合成气的方法和设备，所述碳颗粒由热解获得，在碳颗粒所在的同一空间中，在过程气体(process gas)的存在下，通过碳颗粒的间接加热发生碳颗粒的气化，并将气化过程中产生的合成气从所述空间排出。
背景技术
气化是一种从固体燃料制备气体燃料的方法。该技术用于煤、煤的副产物、石油残余物、废物和生物质。反应基于加热氧化气体(例如CO2和H2O)并与碳([C]一种还原剂)反应，由此形成一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2)，消耗热量来驱动反应，该反应是吸热的。一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2)的混合物通常被称作合成气。
通常的气化技术是当供给过热蒸汽时，在显著的低于计量条件下燃烧煤。燃烧为系统提供热量和燃烧废气(CO2和H2O)。未燃烧的但此时过热的煤与废气和供给的蒸汽反应。碳(C)会将二氧化碳(CO2)还原为一氧化碳(CO)，并将水蒸汽(H2O)还原为氢气(H2)。消耗的热量降低温度，并且反应性减弱。碳的反应性高度依赖于温度，而反应的平衡也依赖于温度。目前，基于氧的燃烧是气化领域的主导燃烧形式，虽然也发生基于空气的燃烧。
煤、煤的副产物、石油残余物、废物和生物质气化的问题在于它们不是均相物质，而且在反应中释放出不同重量的组分(焦油)和复合物组分(芳烃)。这些组分不一定会反应，但需要在使用合成气之前除去，或进一步精炼为液体烃或其它燃料。
在气化反应之前通过热解煤、煤的副产物、石油残余物、废物和生物质，这些不同重量的组分(焦油)和复合物组分(芳烃)能够被去除。此时获得的由可冷凝产物和气体组成的热解产物可以用作气化过程中的燃料。在上述低于计量燃烧的气化中，热解反应是过程的一部分。但是不同重量的组分(焦油)和复合物组分(芳烃)与在气化过程中生成的合成气在同一反应器中。因此，不同重量的组分(焦油)和复合物组分(芳烃)的处理成为气化过程可以达到的有效程度的限制因素，而没有如浓缩、沉淀等反应器本身引起的物理问题。
发明目的和特征
本发明的主要目的是提出在开头部分定义的方法和设备，其中本发明的重要原理是使用间接加热。
本发明进一步目的在于间接加热使用了来自于先前的含碳材料的热解阶段的燃料。
本发明的另一个目的还在于使用热交换以利用过程中所产生的产物的热量。
通过具有下列独立权利要求所限定的特征的方法和设备，至少本发明的主要目的已实现。本发明的优选实施方案在从属权利要求中详细说明。
附图说明
后面讲参考附图说明本发明的优选实施方案，其中：
图1显示根据本发明的优选方法的流程图，所述流程图也示意性显示了进行该方法的设备的组成单元。
优选实施方案
图1示意性显示了进行该方法的设备的多个组成单元。连接设备的单元的管道、导管等未详细说明或示出。合适地设计管道、导管等以实现其功能，即在设备的单元之间传输气体和固体。
图1显示一种间接加热气化反应器1，其通常为一种陶瓷衬里的反应器。将固体碳颗粒C与过程气体P一起送入反应器。碳颗粒C来自气化之前的热解。碳颗粒C的大小优选为足以能被带有过程气体P的进气流一起送入反应器。过程气体P可以是蒸汽或循环的和提纯的源自燃烧阶段的废气A。如果过程气体P是循环的废气A，其可同时含有水蒸汽(H2O)和二氧化碳(CO2)。过程气体P在热交换器2中通过从流出的合成气S中回收的热量被加热。发生在气化反应器1中的反应是碳C将过程气体P的组分(H2O和CO2)还原为合成气S(H2和CO)，其中还原过程使用由燃烧器Br1至Br n供给反应过程的热量。
气化反应器1通过燃烧器Br 1至Br n间接加热(n是气化反应器1所需的燃烧器数量)。通过来自Br 1至Br n的辐射给气化反应供应热量，燃烧发生在辐射管内，即，与气化流分离。气化反应器1中Br 1至Br n与过程气体P或其反应产物之间没有直接的气体交换发生。
向燃烧器Br 1至Br n供给燃料F，燃料F优选来自于先前含碳材料的热解阶段。以空气、富氧空气或纯氧形式存在的氧化剂O供给燃烧。热交换器3从流出废气A中回收热量并加热流入的氧化剂O。可选地，热交换器3中的热量可用于蒸发流入水或用于先前的热解和干燥工艺。废气A进入烟气净化设备，依照流入含碳材料的需要，使用旋风分离器、催化净化器、过滤器(电的或布的)和洗涤器以满足工艺的排放要求。
碳C来自先前的热解阶段并且含有灰分剩余物。通过控制气化反应器1中的温度至高于灰分的熔点，优选地可将其作为炉渣S1以液体形式移除。
流出的合成气S可用于为燃烧目的的能量气体或作为进一步精制为液体燃料的基础(用于典型机动车燃料、甲醇生产等的费托合成)。
气化反应器1中的压力可控制为从大气压至非常高的压力(＞100bar)。可控制气化反应器1中的温度以获得最大产量的合成气S。典型的数值在900-1300℃之间。
过程气体P和碳C的间接加热也可在发生燃烧反应的反应器内的管路系统中进行，且在这种情况下管路系统成为气化反应器1，非常类似于锅炉，但是在不同的高温下。
气化反应器1的几何结构取决于气化过程所需的反应时间，而反应时间又取决于所选的温度。其几何结构可以是以管路形式旋转对称的，可以形成非常紧凑的气化过程，或者类似锅炉的更大容积的设计且不需要旋转对称。反应器的尺寸可以设计成从小型到非常大的工业规模。
来自气化反应器1的合成气S(H2和CO)将含有高达50％的氢气和剩余量的一氧化碳，其取决于流入的过程气体P的组成。
间接加热气化反应器的热效率将会非常高且包括先前的热解，以及附加的干燥可达到整个体系80％的热效率。

Claims (6)

1.由固体碳颗粒(C)制备合成气(S)的方法，所述碳颗粒(C)由热解获得，在碳颗粒(C)所在的同一空间中，在过程气体(P)的存在下，通过间接加热发生碳颗粒(C)的气化，且气化过程中产生的合成气(S)从所述空间排出，其特征在于所述碳颗粒(C)和过程气体(P)位于反应器(1)中，并且所述间接加热通过位于反应器(1)中的燃烧器(Br1-Brn)的辐射热发生。 
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述燃烧器(Br1-Brn)内的燃烧是与气化流分离的。 
3.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于借助气化中产生的合成气(S)用热交换加热过程气体(P)，该加热发生在过程气体(P)参与气化之前。 
4.用于进行制备合成气(S)的方法的设备，其包括反应器(1)，其特征在于，在反应器(1)内放置至少一个燃烧器(Br1-Brn)，所述设备具有用于向反应器(1)的内部空间供给碳颗粒(C)和过程气体(P)的装置，并且所述设备具有用于排出得到的合成气(S)的构件，燃烧器(Br1-Brn)包括辐射管，并且燃烧发生在所述辐射管内，热交换器(3)位于燃烧器(Br1-Brn)的供给装置附近，所述燃烧器(Br1-Brn)用于加热供给至燃烧器(Br1-Brn)的氧化剂(O)，热交换器（3）从来自燃烧器的废气（A）回收热量。 
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其特征在于所述燃烧器(Br1-Brn)具有用于向燃烧器(Br1-Brn)的内部空间供给燃料的构件，并且所述供给构件位于反应器(1)的外面。 
6.根据权利要求4-5任一项所述的设备，其特征在于用于加热过程气体(P)并冷却合成气(S)的热交换器(2)位于反应器(1)的外面。 
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