CN102023165A - Three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for interior structure of glass fiber composite material - Google Patents
Three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for interior structure of glass fiber composite material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构的三维成像及损伤检测装置，其特征在于：包括光源(1)，所述光源出射光沿光路的方向上依次设有双凸透镜(A)、光纤(Ⅰ)、双凸透镜(B)及分光镜(2)，所述分光镜一侧出射端设有待检玻璃纤维复合材料(3)，另一侧出射端设有参考镜(4)，所述分光镜的输出端设有双凸透镜(C)，所述双凸透镜(C)经光纤(Ⅱ)连接至光谱仪(5)，所述光谱仪与带有数据采集和处理的电脑(6)相连，该装置通过扫描玻璃纤维复合材料，得到的光谱信号经过电脑的实时处理可以实现复合材料内部结构的三维成像，进而可以获得复合材料内部缺陷的信息，实现内部损伤的检测，检测精度高。
The invention relates to a three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for the internal structure of a glass fiber composite material, which is characterized in that it includes a light source (1), and the outgoing light of the light source is sequentially provided with a biconvex lens (A), an optical fiber ( Ⅰ), a biconvex lens (B) and a beam splitter (2), the exit end of one side of the beam splitter is provided with a glass fiber composite material to be inspected (3), and the exit end of the other side is provided with a reference mirror (4), and the exit end of the beam splitter is provided with a reference mirror (4). The output end of the mirror is provided with a double-convex lens (C), and the double-convex lens (C) is connected to a spectrometer (5) through an optical fiber (II), and the spectrometer is connected to a computer (6) with data acquisition and processing. By scanning the glass fiber composite material, the obtained spectral signal can be processed in real time by the computer to realize the three-dimensional imaging of the internal structure of the composite material, and then can obtain the information of the internal defect of the composite material, realize the detection of internal damage, and the detection accuracy is high.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于材料性能测试、图像处理、结构损伤检测技术领域，特别涉及玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构的三维成像和损伤检测装置。The invention belongs to the technical fields of material performance testing, image processing, and structural damage detection, and in particular relates to a three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for the internal structure of glass fiber composite materials.
背景技术Background technique
玻璃纤维复合材料具有高的比强度和比模量、良好的抗疲劳性等特点，被广泛应用于航空、航天、兵器、汽车等行业。然而由于复合材料的非均质性和各向异性，在制造和生产过程中较易产生各种缺陷和损坏，影响了材料的可靠性，制约了材料的应用。在应用过程中，由于疲劳累积、撞击、腐蚀等物理化学的因素影响，复合材料也会产生缺陷，这些缺陷很大一部分还是产生在复合材料内部。研究精确的复合材料定量、定性检测技术已成为无损检测技术的重点研究内容之一。Glass fiber composite materials have the characteristics of high specific strength and specific modulus, good fatigue resistance, etc., and are widely used in aviation, aerospace, weapons, automobiles and other industries. However, due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy of composite materials, various defects and damages are easy to occur in the manufacturing and production process, which affects the reliability of materials and restricts the application of materials. During the application process, due to physical and chemical factors such as fatigue accumulation, impact, corrosion, etc., composite materials will also have defects, and a large part of these defects are still generated inside the composite material. Research on accurate composite material quantitative and qualitative detection technology has become one of the key research contents of non-destructive testing technology.
目前玻璃纤维复合材料的检测方法主要有：X射线、红外热波、声发射、超声检测。X射线检测是检测复合材料中孔隙和夹杂物等体积型缺陷的优良方法，对增强基分布不均也有一定的检测能力。但是，该方法检测分层缺陷有困难，并且它具有辐射生物效应，其安全性需要考虑。红外热波无损检测的工作原理是根据变化性热源与媒介材料及其几何结构之间的相互作用，通过控制热激励并适时监测和记录材料表面的温场变化，经过特殊的算法和图像处理来获取被检物体材料的均匀性信息及其表面下的结构及热属性的特征信息，从而达到检测和探伤的目的。这种方法检测速度快，观测面积大，但是测量缺陷大小的时候误差较大(约200微米)。另外由于热图对材料非均匀性的敏感，也可以会对某些试件缺陷造成误判。声发射是在材料局部因能量的快速释放而发出瞬态弹性波的现象，是材料在应力作用下的变形、形成裂纹与裂纹扩展。这种检测方法适用于裂纹较大的场合。超声C扫描能可靠地检出材料中的分层、疏松、孔隙等大部分危害性缺陷，但检测效率较低，检测分辨率只能达到大约100微米。At present, the detection methods of glass fiber composite materials mainly include: X-ray, infrared thermal wave, acoustic emission and ultrasonic detection. X-ray inspection is an excellent method for detecting volume-type defects such as pores and inclusions in composite materials, and it also has a certain ability to detect uneven distribution of reinforcing bases. However, this method has difficulty in detecting delamination defects, and it has radiation biological effects, and its safety needs to be considered. The working principle of infrared thermal wave non-destructive testing is based on the interaction between the variable heat source and the medium material and its geometric structure, by controlling the thermal excitation and timely monitoring and recording the temperature field changes on the surface of the material, through special algorithms and image processing. Obtain the uniformity information of the material of the inspected object and the characteristic information of the structure and thermal properties under the surface, so as to achieve the purpose of detection and flaw detection. This method has a fast detection speed and a large observation area, but the error is relatively large (about 200 microns) when measuring the size of the defect. In addition, due to the sensitivity of the heat map to the non-uniformity of the material, it may also cause misjudgment of some specimen defects. Acoustic emission is a phenomenon in which transient elastic waves are emitted locally due to the rapid release of energy in the material. It is the deformation of the material under stress, the formation of cracks and the expansion of cracks. This detection method is suitable for occasions with large cracks. Ultrasonic C-scanning can reliably detect most harmful defects such as delamination, porosity, and porosity in materials, but the detection efficiency is low, and the detection resolution can only reach about 100 microns.
综上所述，至今在我国仍没有一种检测方法可以很精确地检测玻璃纤维复合材料的内部结构，特别是微米级的损伤检测。To sum up, there is still no detection method in our country that can accurately detect the internal structure of glass fiber composites, especially for micron-scale damage detection.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构的三维成像和损伤检测装置，该装置可以三维成像玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构，并测量玻璃纤维复合材料内部微小损伤，测量精度高，最高可达亚微米级。The object of the present invention is to provide a three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for the internal structure of glass fiber composite materials. The device can image the internal structure of glass fiber composite materials in three dimensions and measure the tiny damage inside the glass fiber composite materials. up to the submicron level.
本发明的技术方案在于：一种玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构的三维成像及损伤检测装置，其特征在于：包括光源（1），所述光源出射光沿光路的方向上依次设有双凸透镜（A）、光纤（Ⅰ）、双凸透镜（B）及分光镜（2），所述分光镜一侧出射端设有待检玻璃纤维复合材料（3），另一侧出射端设有参考镜（4），所述分光镜的输出端设有双凸透镜（C），所述双凸透镜（C）经光纤（Ⅱ）连接至光谱仪（5），所述光谱仪与带有数据采集和处理的电脑（6）相连。The technical solution of the present invention is: a three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for the internal structure of glass fiber composite materials, which is characterized in that it includes a light source (1), and the outgoing light of the light source is sequentially provided with biconvex lenses (A ), an optical fiber (I), a biconvex lens (B) and a beam splitter (2), the exit end of the beam splitter is provided with a glass fiber composite material to be inspected (3), and the exit end of the other side is provided with a reference mirror (4) , the output end of the spectroscope is provided with a biconvex lens (C), and the biconvex lens (C) is connected to a spectrometer (5) via an optical fiber (II), and the spectrometer is connected to a computer (6) with data acquisition and processing connected.
所述待检玻璃纤维复合材料设于可水平移动的水平移动平台（7）上，所述水平移动平台设于可垂直运动的垂直移动平台（8）上，所述水平移动平台经水平控制器（9）与电脑相连，所述垂直移动平台经垂直控制器（10）与电脑相连。The glass fiber composite material to be inspected is set on a horizontal moving platform (7) which can move horizontally, and the horizontal moving platform is set on a vertical moving platform (8) which can move vertically, and the horizontal moving platform is controlled by a horizontal controller (9) It is connected with the computer, and the vertical moving platform is connected with the computer through the vertical controller (10).
所述参考镜设于参考镜位移驱动器（11）上，所述参考镜位移驱动器经控制器（12）与电脑相连。The reference mirror is arranged on a reference mirror displacement driver (11), and the reference mirror displacement driver is connected to a computer via a controller (12).
所述光纤（Ⅰ）及光纤（Ⅱ）的两端分别设有用于固定的连接座（13）。Both ends of the optical fiber (I) and the optical fiber (II) are respectively provided with connecting seats (13) for fixing.
所述光源为可见光源或红外线光源，所述分光镜对应为可见光分光镜或红外线分光镜，所述光谱仪对应为可见光范围光谱仪或红外线光谱仪。The light source is a visible light source or an infrared light source, the beam splitter corresponds to a visible light beam splitter or an infrared beam splitter, and the spectrometer corresponds to a visible light range spectrometer or an infrared spectrometer.
本发明的优点在于：相对于传统的红外热波、超声检测以及声发射等方法，本发明具有更高的检测精度高，可以达亚微米级，适合于玻璃纤维复合材料结构早期微小缺陷的检测，防范于未然；该发明也解决了X射线对于分层缺陷的难题，可以很好地对分层、疏松、孔隙、裂纹等大部分危害性缺陷进行检测；另外该发明不具有类似于X射线的辐射生物效应，安全性可以保证。The advantage of the present invention is that: compared with traditional methods such as infrared heat wave, ultrasonic detection and acoustic emission, the present invention has higher detection accuracy and can reach sub-micron level, and is suitable for the detection of early micro-defects in glass fiber composite materials , take precautions; the invention also solves the problem of X-rays for delamination defects, and can well detect most harmful defects such as delamination, porosity, pores, cracks, etc.; in addition, the invention does not have similar X-ray Radiation biological effects, safety can be guaranteed.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的光路结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the optical path structure of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一种玻璃纤维复合材料内部结构的三维成像及损伤检测装置，其特征在于：包括光源（1），所述光源出射光沿光路的方向上依次设有双凸透镜（A）、光纤（Ⅰ）、双凸透镜（B）及分光镜（2），所述分光镜一侧出射端设有待检玻璃纤维复合材料（3），另一侧出射端设有参考镜（4），所述分光镜的输出端设有双凸透镜（C），所述双凸透镜（C）经光纤（Ⅱ）连接至光谱仪（5），所述光谱仪与带有数据采集和处理的电脑（6）相连。A three-dimensional imaging and damage detection device for the internal structure of glass fiber composite materials, characterized in that it includes a light source (1), and the outgoing light of the light source is sequentially provided with a biconvex lens (A), an optical fiber (I), A double-convex lens (B) and a beam splitter (2), the glass fiber composite material to be inspected (3) is provided at the output end of the beam splitter on one side, and a reference mirror (4) is installed at the output end of the other side, and the output of the beam splitter is A biconvex lens (C) is provided at the end, and the biconvex lens (C) is connected to a spectrometer (5) via an optical fiber (II), and the spectrometer is connected to a computer (6) with data acquisition and processing.
所述待检玻璃纤维复合材料设于可水平移动的水平移动平台（7）上，所述水平移动平台设于可垂直运动的垂直移动平台（8）上，所述水平移动平台经水平控制器（9）与电脑相连，所述垂直移动平台经垂直控制器（10）与电脑相连。The glass fiber composite material to be inspected is set on a horizontal moving platform (7) which can move horizontally, and the horizontal moving platform is set on a vertical moving platform (8) which can move vertically, and the horizontal moving platform is controlled by a horizontal controller (9) It is connected with the computer, and the vertical moving platform is connected with the computer through the vertical controller (10).
所述参考镜设于参考镜位移驱动器（11）上，所述参考镜位移驱动器经控制器（12）与电脑相连。The reference mirror is arranged on a reference mirror displacement driver (11), and the reference mirror displacement driver is connected to a computer via a controller (12).
所述光纤（Ⅰ）及光纤（Ⅱ）的两端分别设有用于固定的连接座（13）。Both ends of the optical fiber (I) and the optical fiber (II) are respectively provided with connecting seats (13) for fixing.
所述光源为可见光源或红外线光源，所述分光镜对应为可见光分光镜或红外线分光镜，所述光谱仪对应为可见光范围光谱仪或红外线光谱仪。The light source is a visible light source or an infrared light source, the beam splitter corresponds to a visible light beam splitter or an infrared beam splitter, and the spectrometer corresponds to a visible light range spectrometer or an infrared spectrometer.
本发明的工作过程大致如下：如图1所示，红外线或者可见光由光源（1）经透镜（A）、光纤（Ⅰ）、透镜（B）和分光镜（2）后分成两路：一路照到待检测玻璃纤维复合材料（3）；另外一路照到参考镜（4）上，参考镜（4）安装在参考镜位移驱动器（11）上，旨在利用相位平移的方法达到增加信噪比和系统动态范围的目的。The working process of the present invention is roughly as follows: As shown in Figure 1, the infrared or visible light is divided into two paths by the light source (1) through the lens (A), optical fiber (I), lens (B) and beam splitter (2): to the glass fiber composite material (3) to be tested; the other way is to shine on the reference mirror (4), which is installed on the reference mirror displacement driver (11), aiming to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by phase shifting and system dynamic range purposes.
参考镜位移驱动器（11）是由电脑(12)来控制的，两束光分别在参考镜和待测玻璃纤维复合材料表面发生反射/散射并且由分光镜的光纤输出端发生干涉并经此光纤接到红外线或可见光范围的光谱仪（5）输入端，红外线或可见光范围的光谱仪（5）输出端通过USB连接线（14）将光谱信号传送至电脑（6），在电脑中实现数据采集和处理、三维成像和内部损伤检测功能，水平移动平台（7）和垂直移动平台（8）的移动可以二维扫描玻璃复合材料，光谱信号经过电脑的实时处理可以实现复合材料内部结构三维成像，进而可以获得复合材料的内部缺陷的信息，实现内部损伤的检测。The reference mirror displacement driver (11) is controlled by a computer (12). The two beams of light are respectively reflected/scattered on the reference mirror and the surface of the glass fiber composite material to be tested and interfered by the optical fiber output end of the beam splitter and passed through the optical fiber. Connect to the input end of the spectrometer (5) in the infrared or visible light range, and transmit the spectral signal to the computer (6) through the USB cable (14) at the output end of the spectrometer (5) in the infrared or visible light range, and realize data acquisition and processing in the computer , three-dimensional imaging and internal damage detection functions, the movement of the horizontal moving platform (7) and the vertical moving platform (8) can scan the glass composite material in two dimensions, and the real-time processing of the spectral signal by the computer can realize the three-dimensional imaging of the internal structure of the composite material, and then can Obtain the information of the internal defects of the composite material to realize the detection of internal damage.
本发明利用Visual C++和Matlab混合编程的方法来实现实时控制、数据采集和分析、三维成像和缺陷诊断；利用Visual C++对水平和垂直方向自动移动扫描平台、参考镜位移驱动器和光谱信号的采集过程进行协调；鉴于Matlab拥有强大的信号处理和图像处理功能，本发明将采集到的光谱信号利用Matlab进行分析处理并三维成像；在分析过程中，对所采集到光谱信号首先进行小波降噪（Stationary Wavelet Transform）处理，再进行快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform)，从而获得玻璃纤维结构深度方向的信息。The present invention utilizes the mixed programming method of Visual C++ and Matlab to realize real-time control, data acquisition and analysis, three-dimensional imaging and defect diagnosis; utilizes Visual C++ to automatically move the scanning platform in the horizontal and vertical directions, the reference mirror displacement driver and the acquisition process of spectral signals Carry out coordination; In view of Matlab having powerful signal processing and image processing function, the spectral signal of the present invention utilizes Matlab to carry out analysis processing and three-dimensional imaging with the spectral signal that gathers; Wavelet Transform) processing, and then Fast Fourier Transform (Fast Fourier Transform), so as to obtain the information of the depth direction of the glass fiber structure.
如果玻璃纤维复合材料结构内部存在缺陷（比如分层），在经过傅里叶变换过的光谱信号上就会呈现更多的细节信号（比如波形上呈现更多的波峰等），对所有扫描得到的光谱信号进行处理之后就可以重构玻璃纤维内部结构的二维和三维图，根据此二维/三维图就可以诊断玻璃纤维复合材料结构内部的各种缺陷。If there are defects (such as delamination) inside the glass fiber composite structure, more detailed signals (such as more peaks appear on the waveform, etc.) will appear on the spectral signal after Fourier transform. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional diagrams of the internal structure of the glass fiber can be reconstructed after processing the spectral signals, and various defects inside the glass fiber composite structure can be diagnosed according to the two-dimensional/three-dimensional diagrams.
本发明对于玻璃纤维复合材料结构内部损伤的检测精度极高，以卤素钨灯等为例，如果采用分辨率为1.5 纳米的光谱仪，并且光谱中心频率为700纳米，半宽度为236纳米，该检测装置深度方向的分辨率可达0.7微米（假设玻璃纤维的折射率为1.5），比超声C扫描（精度为100微米）、红外线热波（精度为200微米）在精度上有明显的优势。The present invention has a very high detection accuracy for the internal damage of the glass fiber composite material structure. Taking a halogen tungsten lamp as an example, if a spectrometer with a resolution of 1.5 nanometers is used, and the spectral center frequency is 700 nanometers, and the half width is 236 nanometers, the detection The resolution in the depth direction of the device can reach 0.7 microns (assuming that the refractive index of the glass fiber is 1.5), which has obvious advantages over ultrasonic C-scan (accuracy of 100 microns) and infrared thermal wave (accuracy of 200 microns).
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰，皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the scope of the patent application of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
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