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CN101876438A - 用于涡轮发动机的大体积燃料喷嘴 - Google Patents

用于涡轮发动机的大体积燃料喷嘴 Download PDF

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CN101876438A
CN101876438A CN2010101754900A CN201010175490A CN101876438A CN 101876438 A CN101876438 A CN 101876438A CN 2010101754900 A CN2010101754900 A CN 2010101754900A CN 201010175490 A CN201010175490 A CN 201010175490A CN 101876438 A CN101876438 A CN 101876438A
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CN101876438B (zh
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J·霍尔
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/286Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply having fuel-air premixing devices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/10Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour
    • F23D11/101Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour medium and fuel meeting before the burner outlet
    • F23D11/102Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour medium and fuel meeting before the burner outlet in an internal mixing chamber
    • F23D11/103Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour medium and fuel meeting before the burner outlet in an internal mixing chamber with means creating a swirl inside the mixing chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36Details
    • F23D11/38Nozzles; Cleaning devices therefor
    • F23D11/383Nozzles; Cleaning devices therefor with swirl means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/02Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the air-flow or gas-flow configuration
    • F23R3/04Air inlet arrangements
    • F23R3/10Air inlet arrangements for primary air
    • F23R3/12Air inlet arrangements for primary air inducing a vortex
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/03044Impingement cooled combustion chamber walls or subassemblies

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及用于涡轮发动机的大体积燃料喷嘴。具体而言,涉及一种用于涡轮发动机的燃料喷嘴,其构造成用以传送每单位体积的能量相对低的大体积燃料。该燃料喷嘴包括燃料涡流板(120),其具有相对于涡流板的平坦表面成角度的燃料传送开孔(124/126/127/129)。喷嘴帽盖(130)覆盖燃料喷嘴的端部以在出口端处形成涡流室(135)。喷嘴帽盖可包括多个空气进口开孔(136)用以允许空气进入涡流室。

Description

用于涡轮发动机的大体积燃料喷嘴
技术领域
本发明涉及用于涡轮发动机中的燃料喷嘴。
背景技术
用于发电装置中的涡轮发动机通常燃烧可燃燃料。燃烧发生在围绕涡轮发动机的外周设置的多个燃烧器中。来自涡轮发动机的压缩机部段的压缩空气传送到燃烧器中。位于燃烧器内的燃料喷嘴将燃料喷射到压缩空气中并且燃料和空气相混合。然后将燃料-空气混合物点燃而形成热的燃烧气体,该燃烧气体随后引向发动机的涡轮部段。
涡轮发动机中可使用各种不同的燃料。一些普通燃料包括天然气和诸如柴油的各种液体燃料。燃料喷嘴成形为将适当量的燃料传送到燃烧器中从而保持合适的燃料-空气比,这引起充分完全地燃烧,且因此产生高效率。
发明内容
一种用于涡轮发动机的燃料喷嘴,包括大致圆筒形主体,以及安装在圆筒形主体内邻近主体出口端的盘形燃料涡流板。多个燃料传送开孔贯通涡流板延伸,该燃料传送开孔相对于涡流板的第一和第二平坦表面成角度。该燃料喷嘴还包括附接在主体出口端上的喷嘴帽盖(cap),其中,喷嘴帽盖的直径从联接在主体上的第一端至形成出口的第二端逐渐缩小,且其中,燃料涡流板的出口侧和喷嘴帽盖的内侧壁限定了涡流室。
附图说明
图1A和图1B是包括大的圆形燃料传送开孔的喷嘴设计的截面透视图;
图2A和图2B是具有小的圆形燃料传送开孔的喷嘴设计的截面透视图;
图3A和图3B是具有螺旋形燃料传送开孔的喷嘴设计的截面透视图;
图4A和图4B是具有槽形燃料传送开孔的喷嘴设计的截面透视图;
图5A和图5B是喷嘴帽盖的截面图;
图6A和图6B是备选喷嘴帽盖设计的截面图;
图7A和图7B是另一备选喷嘴帽盖设计的截面图;
图8是示出了带有辅助或起动燃料喷嘴的燃料喷嘴设计的截面图。
部件清单
110 主体部分
120 燃料涡流板
122 传送开孔
124 燃料传送开孔
126 燃料传送开孔
127 燃料传送开孔
129 燃料传送开孔
130 喷嘴帽盖
132 顶部圆形边缘
134 扩散冷却孔
135 涡流室
136 空气进口开孔
140 起动喷嘴
具体实施方式
如上所述,用于涡轮发动机的燃料喷嘴构造成用以将适当量的燃料传送到燃烧器中,从而获得适当的燃料-空气混合物。合适的燃料-空气比确保充分完全地燃烧并产生高效率。
随着燃料成本的增加,在涡轮发动机中使用替代的、价格更低廉的燃料的兴趣日趋增加。可在涡轮发动机中燃烧但并非普遍使用的替代燃料包括气化煤、来自钢厂的鼓风炉气、垃圾填埋气体以及使用其它原料所产生的气体。通常,这些替代燃料每单位体积含有的能量相当低。例如,与正常燃料如天然气或柴油的每单位体积能量相比,一些替代气体每单位体积仅含有大约10%的热能。这意味着要提供相同量的热能,与正常燃料的量相比需要燃烧十倍体积之多的替代燃料。
由于燃料喷嘴普遍设计成用以传送热能高的燃料,故现有喷嘴设计不适合以燃烧替代燃料时所需的更高流速传送燃料。当前的燃料喷嘴设计完全不能够传送足量的替代燃料之一用以适当地运行涡轮发动机。
传送到涡轮发动机的燃烧器中的燃料以相比于燃烧器内的压力更高的压力传送到燃烧器中。如上所述,燃烧器填充有来自涡轮压缩机部段的压缩空气。因此,在燃料传送到燃料喷嘴中之前需要使用泵对燃料加压。燃料通常以相比于燃烧器中的空气压力要高10%到25%之间的压力传送到燃烧器中。这确保了燃料以足够高的速度离开喷嘴以与压缩空气适当地混合,并且这还有助于确保燃料一直到其与喷嘴本身相距足够远的距离才点燃。仅在燃料已离开喷嘴移动一定距离之后才点燃燃料有助于确保燃料喷嘴不会经受极高的温度。它还防止了如果喷嘴本身内出现燃料燃烧则可能出现的燃料喷嘴的恶化或毁坏。
用来在燃料传送到喷嘴之前对燃料进行加压的能量的量基本上代表涡轮中的能量损耗。由于涡轮发动机中仅使用了体积相对小的典型燃料,故对燃料进行加压所需的能量所代表的损耗在整个过程中并不明显。然而,当使用替代燃料时,必须将体积大得多的燃料传送到燃烧器。对体积大得多的替代燃料进行加压所需的能量的量则代表大得多的能量损耗百分比。
由于对大量的替代燃料进行加压所涉及的能量损耗,故希望设计一种用于替代燃料的燃料喷嘴,使得燃料喷嘴本身产生尽可能小的压力损耗。这继而又降低了燃料在其传送到喷嘴中之前必须升高的压力,从而降低了对燃料进行加压所涉及的能量损耗。
图1A至图4B示出了一些设计成将替代燃料传送到涡轮发动机的备选喷嘴设计,该替代燃料具有相对低的每单位体积的能量含量。这些燃料喷嘴设计能够将体积相对大的替代燃料传送到涡轮发动机的燃烧器中,从而适应当使用替代燃料时的大体积需求。
图1A和图1B示出了第一类型的喷嘴,其包括大致圆筒形主体部分110,以及安装在主体110的出口端上的喷嘴帽盖130。盘形燃料涡流板120安装在圆筒形主体110内邻近主体的出口端。多个燃料传送开孔122贯通涡流板延伸。
燃料喷嘴最终安装好的构造将包括辅助或起动喷嘴,如图8所示。如图中所示,辅助或起动喷嘴140将安装在涡流板120的中心。起动喷嘴将用来传送每单位体积具有更大能量的更为常规的燃料。起动燃料将在涡轮的起动期间使用,在此期间,仅使用替代燃料将难以起动涡轮机。一旦涡轮机上升到一定速度,便将切断起动燃料流,并将仅使用替代燃料。在任何情况下,涡流板的中心通常将由辅助喷嘴阻塞。
图1A和图1B中的燃料传送开孔122为大的圆形孔。然而,大的圆形孔122以一定角度穿过盘形燃料涡流板120。结果,经燃料传送开孔122传送的燃料在其离开盘形燃料涡流板120中的燃料传送开孔122时趋于以旋转的方式运动。
在图1A和图1B所示的喷嘴设计中,涡流室135形成在盘形燃料涡流板120的出口端与喷嘴帽盖130的内侧壁之间。经过燃料传送开孔122的燃料将趋于围绕涡流室135涡动。
在图1A所示的实施例中,多个空气进口开孔136形成在喷嘴帽盖130的侧壁中。空气进口开孔136允许空气从燃料喷嘴外部进入涡流室135。经进口开孔136进入的空气还趋于在涡流室内分配涡流运动,并且空气将与离开燃料涡流板120中的燃料传送开孔122的燃料混合。燃料-空气混合物然后将在喷嘴帽盖130的出口端132处离开喷嘴。图1B所示的实施例不包括空气进口开孔。
图1A和图1B所示的实施例还包括位于喷嘴帽盖130的顶部圆形边缘132中的扩散冷却孔134。这些扩散冷却孔134允许空气经过喷嘴帽盖的材料以有助于冷却喷嘴帽盖。
图2A和图2B示出了备选喷嘴设计。在该实施例中,燃料传送开孔124、126由设置成围绕盘形燃料涡流板120的两个同心环中的较小直径孔形成。两个同心环的燃料传送开孔124、126可具有相同直径或不同直径。在一些实施例中,燃料传送开孔124、126还将以一定角度经过燃料涡流板120,使得离开燃料传送开孔124、126的燃料随后将在喷嘴帽盖130内以旋转方式运动。虽然图2A和图2B中的实施例包括两个同心环的燃料传送开孔,但在备选实施例中,可形成不同数量的同心环的燃料传送开孔。在还有的其它实施例中,圆孔形燃料传送开孔可采用一些其它类型的模式设置在涡流板120中。
图3A和图3B示出了另一备选喷嘴设计。在该实施例中,穿过燃料涡流板120的燃料传送开孔127实际上为螺旋形。这里再次的是,螺旋形燃料传送开孔127旨在使离开涡流板的燃料在喷嘴帽盖130内围绕其旋转。
图4A和图4B示出了其它备选实施例。在这些实施例中,燃料传送开孔129为贯通燃料涡流板120延伸的具有矩形截面的槽。
图5A和图5B示出了包括多个空气进口开孔136的喷嘴帽盖设计。如图5B所示,空气进口开孔136以一定角度穿过喷嘴帽盖130的侧壁。这有助于向涡流室中的燃料-空气混合物给予涡流运动。在图5A和图5B所示的实施例中,伸长的空气进口开孔136的纵向轴线定向成大致平行于喷嘴帽盖本身的中心纵向轴线。
在一种备选设计中,如图6A和图6B所示,伸长的空气进口开孔相对于喷嘴帽盖本身的中心纵向轴线成角度。然而,空气进口开孔136在它们穿过喷嘴帽盖130的侧壁时仍然成角度。如上所述,这有助于向涡流室内部的燃料空气混合物给予涡流运动。
图7A和图7B示出了与图5A和图5B所示的设计相似的另一备选设计。然而,在该实施例中,伸长的空气进口开孔沿径向方向穿过喷嘴帽盖的侧壁。在还有的其它实施例中,空气进口开孔可沿径向方向穿过喷嘴帽盖的侧壁,如图7B所示,但开孔可相对于中心纵向轴线成角度,如图6A所示。
尽管已结合目前认为是最实用和优选的实施例描述了本发明,但应该理解的是,本发明并不局限于所公开的实施例,而是相反,本发明旨在涵盖包括在所附权利要求的精神和范围内的各种改型和等同布置。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于涡轮发动机的燃料喷嘴,包括:
大致圆筒形主体;
盘形燃料涡流板,其安装在所述圆筒形主体内邻近所述主体的出口端,其中,多个燃料传送开孔贯通所述涡流板延伸,所述燃料传送开孔相对于所述涡流板的第一平坦表面和第二平坦表面成角度;以及
喷嘴帽盖,其附接在所述主体的出口端上,其中,所述喷嘴帽盖的直径从联接在所述主体上的第一端至形成出口的第二端逐渐缩小,且其中,所述燃料涡流板的出口侧和所述喷嘴帽盖的内侧壁限定了涡流室。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述成角度的燃料传送开孔向离开所述涡流板并进入所述涡流室的燃料给予涡流运动。
3.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔包括围绕所述盘形燃料涡流板的中心所形成的单个环的开孔。
4.根据权利要求3所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔具有圆形截面形状。
5.根据权利要求3所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔具有线性截面形状。
6.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔包括围绕所述盘形燃料涡流板的中心所形成的多个环的开孔。
7.根据权利要求6所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔具有圆形截面形状。
8.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔具有圆形截面形状。
9.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔具有线性截面形状。
10.根据权利要求1所述的燃料喷嘴,其特征在于,所述燃料传送开孔以螺旋方式贯通所述盘形燃料涡流板延伸。
CN201010175490.0A 2009-04-30 2010-04-30 用于涡轮发动机的大体积燃料喷嘴 Active CN101876438B (zh)

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CN105705863A (zh) * 2013-11-08 2016-06-22 通用电气公司 用于燃料喷嘴的液体燃料筒
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CN101876438B (zh) 2014-07-23
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JP2010261701A (ja) 2010-11-18
US20100275604A1 (en) 2010-11-04
EP2246629A3 (en) 2014-01-29
US8161751B2 (en) 2012-04-24
JP5411793B2 (ja) 2014-02-12

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