CN101400730B - 使用自组装两性聚合物增溶和靶向递送药物 - Google Patents
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- CN101400730B CN101400730B CN2006800539190A CN200680053919A CN101400730B CN 101400730 B CN101400730 B CN 101400730B CN 2006800539190 A CN2006800539190 A CN 2006800539190A CN 200680053919 A CN200680053919 A CN 200680053919A CN 101400730 B CN101400730 B CN 101400730B
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Abstract
本发明提供了包含亲水骨架和作为疏水组分的脂肪族侧基的可生物降解的两性共聚物。此聚合物在水性环境中形成纳米级分子聚集体,所述分子聚集体具有可以增溶如药物、维生素、染料和显像剂的不溶性有机化合物的疏水性内核。可选择性地,此聚合物的特点在于为抗体、配体和其它用于靶向递送药物和显像剂的靶向部分提供连接位点的反应性官能团。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及两性聚合物的领域,特别是生物相容的形成胶束的梳型聚合物。本发明还涉及药物增溶和靶向给药的领域。
背景技术
近年来,由于包含疏水链段和亲水链段的两性嵌段共聚物具有随周边溶剂的改变而自组装成多种纳米结构的能力,人们已对其进行了深入研究。参见Cameron等,Can.J.Chem./Rev.Can.Chim.77:1311-1326(1999)。在水溶液中,两性聚合物的疏水段倾向于进行自组装以避免与水接触并使系统的自由界面能最小化。同时,亲水链段在水环境中形成水合的“晕状结构(corona)”,因此聚集体维持热力学稳定的结构。结果得到具有疏水核心和亲水外晕的聚合物聚集体颗粒的稳定乳胶状胶体悬浮液。
梳型两性共聚物与嵌段共聚物的不同之处在于其骨架主要为疏水的或亲水的,而相反极性的聚合物链悬挂在骨架上而不是并入骨架中。已经由疏水性骨架和亲水性分枝(Mayes等,美国专利第6,399,700号),以及由亲水性骨架和疏水性分枝(Watterson等,美国专利第6,521,736号)制备梳型共聚物。前者用于向细胞表面受体提供多价配基呈递,而后者用于增溶药物并将其传递至细胞。
已经将两性聚合物聚集体作为增溶不溶性药物的载体、靶向给药载体以及基因传递系统进行研究。由于链缠结和/或内部疏水区的结晶化,它们具有比传统的低分子量胶束更稳定的结构。载体的聚合物性质使聚集体相对少地受到降解的影响,而当普通脂质体被稀释到其临界胶束浓度以下时会产生降解。它们相对于传统脂质体给药组合物的优势还在于不存在双层膜,从而使其更易与细胞膜融合并将其有效载荷直接传递到细胞。
由于聚乙二醇(PEG)卓越的生物相容性以及PEG包被的“隐形 (stealth)”颗粒逃避网状内皮系统的显著能力,包含PEG的胶束、脂质体以及聚合物已被广泛地考虑作为用于给药系统的材料。有很多关于使用聚乙二醇(PEG)作为PEG-脂质(形成脂质体和胶束)的亲水组分的报道;参见,例如Krishnadas等,Pharm.Res.20:297-302(2003)。也已经将自组装成更坚固的“聚合物组装聚集体(polyersomes)”的自组装两性嵌段共聚物作为药物增溶和递送载体进行了研究(Photos等,J.Controlled Release,90:323-334(2003))。还可参见Gref等Int.Symp.Controlled Release Mater.20:131(1993);Kwon等,Langmuir,9:945(1993);Kabanov等,J.Controlled Release,22:141(1992);Allen等,J.Controlled Release,63:275(2000);Inoue等,J.Controlled Release,51:221(1998);Yu和Eisenberg,Macromolecules,29:6359(1996);Discher等,Science,284:113(1999);Kim等,美国专利第6,322,805号;Seo等,美国专利第6,616,941号和Seo等,欧洲专利第EP0583955号。也有关于聚乙烯亚胺(PET)在此功能上的用途的报道,其集中于对寡核苷酸的传递(Nam等,美国专利第6,569,528号;Wagner等,美国专利公开第20040248842号)。类似地,Luo等在Macromolecules35:3456(2002)中描述了适于传递多聚核苷酸的PEG-结合的聚酰胺胺(“PAMAM”)树枝状分子。
除了需要增溶、分散和传递药物,还需要特异性地导向靶组织、肿瘤或器官的靶向给药系统。这通常是通过对靶点处细胞壁具有特异亲和力的抗体或其它配体的连接而完成的。然而,除了聚合物链末端之外,PEG缺少官能团,而且大多数末端基团不可避免地被与其它嵌段共聚物组分的连接键占据。因此,向PEG嵌段共聚物连接如抗体或细胞粘附分子的靶向部分通常被限制于非PEG链段,遗憾的是,非PEG链段并不是共聚物中通常暴露在自组装聚集体外晕的部分。
造成嵌段共聚物自组装成聚合物聚集体的相分离现象可容易地逆转,并且人们已尝试通过交联疏水内核以提高聚集体的稳定性(参见欧洲专利第EP0552802号)。人们也已尝试将药物共价连接到嵌段共聚物的疏水组分(Park和Yoo,美国专利第6,623,729号;欧洲专利第EP0397307号)。
仍然需要一种稳定的、可生物降解的、可根据要求将靶向部分连接到聚集体外部并且有效地将药物传递到所需细胞靶标的给药系统。
发明内容
本发明提供了生物相容的梳型聚合物分子,所述梳型聚合物分子包含具有分支点部分的亲水骨架以及与这些分支点部分连接的疏水性分枝。本发明提供了由此类聚合物形成的聚合物聚集体的水性悬浮液,并提供了通过将不溶性或微溶性有机化合物(例如药物、染料、维生素和类似物)并入聚合物聚集体的疏水内核而使这样的化合物增溶的方法。用于将不溶于水的有机物增溶于水性溶剂的方法主要包括使不溶于水的有机物在水性或混合的水性溶剂中与本发明的聚合物相接触。
在具体实施方案中,分支点部分进一步包含可作为靶向部分连接点的反应性官能团。在特别优选的实施方案中,例如配体或抗体的靶向部分与本发明聚合物的分支点部分共价连接,且药物并入聚集体的内核以形成靶向药物配合物。
本发明进一步提供了制备梳型聚合物、聚集体和所述靶向药物配合物的方法。本发明的聚合物可自组装成为聚合物聚集体,所述聚合物聚集体可在体内高效地增溶、分散及传递药物,无毒,具有生物相容性和稳定性,并且能够在其外表面具有多细胞靶向部分。
附图说明
图1显示将20ul溶于去离子水的三种亲脂染料(A,苏丹IV;B,二氯荧光素;C,醇溶曙红Y)饱和溶液样品,点样在硅胶TLC板上。上一行:含有50mg/ml实施例1的π-聚合物;下一行:不含π-聚合物。
图2显示将50ul溶于去离子水的四种不溶性药物(第1行,红紫素;第2行,喜树碱;第3行,两性霉素B;第4行,阿霉素)饱和溶液样品,点样在硅胶TLC板上。A列,叶酸化聚合物A;B列,聚合物A;C列,不含聚合物。每个点周围的三个铅笔记号说明了溶剂在板上的延展范围。A列和B列的中圈在硅胶中均匀地扩散,表明溶液的澄清性;C列的中圈主要由固体沉淀物组成。
具体实施方式
本发明的聚合物(本文中称作“π-聚合物”)具有梳型结构,所述梳型结构具有由交替的分支点部分B和亲水的水溶性聚合物链段A形成的骨架,并具有与各分支点部分相连接的多个疏水性侧链C。它们基本由式1所示的结构组成。侧链C为相对较短的疏水部分,可以是脂肪族分子、链或寡聚物。p的理想 值为整数2、3或4。实际上,通常以非理想效率通过化学反应引入侧链,从而造成在所制备的聚合物整体中,p的平均值并不是理想的整数。如下文所述,也可以通过设计而获得非整数平均值。因此本发明聚合物中p的平均值为大于1且不超过4(1<p≤4)。在优选实施方案中,p的范围在约2至4之间,且最优选1.5<p≤2。
骨架聚合物链段A选自亲水的和/或水溶性聚合物链,包括但不限于聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙烯亚胺、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚糖和类似物。优选地,聚合物单元A为式-(CH2CH2O)m-的聚乙二醇链,其中m在1至10,000之间,优选3至3,000之间,可以为4至700。没有对聚合物链的末端官能团进行表征,这与本发明无关。
在制造不同等级的聚乙二醇时,已知在工业上使二价连接部分(例如,双酚A二缩水甘油醚)与两个聚乙二醇链相连从而有效地加倍聚合物分子量同时保持相对窄的分子量范围。因此,所得“聚乙二醇”分子在聚合物链中点处被非二醇连接部分所打断(参见,例如聚乙二醇-双酚A二缩水甘油醚加成物,CAS登录号37225-26-6)。高级寡聚物,即那些具有被两个双酚A二缩水甘油醚部分所分隔的三个PEG链的分子也是已知的,参见例如国际专利申请WO00/24008。因此,本文所使用的术语“聚乙二醇”和“聚丙二醇”涵盖了并入非二醇连接单位的聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇聚合物链,所述非二醇连接单位包括但不限于双酚A二缩水甘油醚、双酚B二缩水甘油醚、双酚S二缩水甘油醚、对苯二酚二缩水甘油醚和类似物。为了本说明书的目的,任何此类连接部分不计作“单体单位”。
最优选地,聚合物链段A的平均长度在20至50单体单位之间。聚乙二醇链的一个或两个末端可以被适于作为其它部分衔接物的官能团所取代,所述官能团包括但不限于氨基、巯基、丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、马来酸酯、马来酰亚胺和类似物。n值的范围在1至1000之间,优选在3至100之间。π-聚合物 的总分子量的范围是1,000至100,000道尔顿或更高;优选2,000道尔顿以上,且更优选7,000道尔顿以上。
疏水部分C可以相同或不同,并且可以是,例如直链烃(选择性地被一个或多个亲水取代基取代)、多环烃(选择性地被一个或多个亲水取代基取代)、疏水性的氨基酸、肽和聚合物。适合的亲水取代基包括但不限于羟基、醚、氰基和酰胺官能团。特别地,设想的取代基为具有ω-羟基、ω-氰基、ω-酰氨基或ω-烷氧基取代基的C8至C20烷基基团。在本文中,术语“取代基”包括使用杂原子(例如O、N或S)取代部分C的烃链或环系统中的碳原子。因此,醚键和酰胺键以及杂环均可并入C中。
疏水部分C优选为相对较短(C8-C20)的脂肪族链,但也可以是较短的寡聚物。适合的寡聚物包括寡聚羟基酸,例如,聚乙醇酸、聚(DL-乳酸)、聚(L-乳酸)和聚乙醇酸和聚乳酸羟基酸的共聚物,以及聚氨基酸、聚酸酐、聚原酸酯和聚磷酸酯,聚内酯,例如聚(ε-己内酯)、聚(δ-戊内酯)、聚(γ-丁内酯)和聚(β-羟基丁酸酯)。C部分也可以选自疏水分子,例如胆固醇、胆酸、石胆酸,疏水肽和类似物。各C部分的分子量大于40,优选在50和1,000之间,且最优选在100和500之间。通常,当处于分子形式C-H时不明显溶于水的任何C部分都被认为适用于本发明。
本发明梳型聚合物的显著特点在于侧链C并不是规律而均匀地沿聚合物链分布,而是出现在团簇[C]p中。这些团簇几乎规律地沿聚合物链彼此隔开,这依赖于聚合物单元A的单分散程度。因此,连接于共同分枝部分B的两个侧链C之间的距离不同于连接于不同分枝部分的两个侧链之间的距离。
在本发明的第二个实施方案中,分枝点部分B还包含一个或多个反应性官能团X,且聚合物基本由式2所示的结构组成。
式2中,单个反应性基团X可以相同或不同,并可在聚合物2组装过程中根据需要选择性被封闭或保护。r的平均值可在0(没有X基团)至约4的 范围内。特别地,反应性基团可选自于本领域已知可用于在分子之间形成共价键的官能团。基团X作为药物分子、组织或细胞靶向部分、病毒靶向部分或基质连接部分(例如用于涂覆支架或其它医疗器械表面的目的)的连接位点。在特定实施方案中,可以为单一连接位点X。在另一个实施方案中,可以有三种或四种不同类型的反应性基团。基质连接部分可通过共价键、特异性非共价相互作用(例如,抗体-抗原),或非特异性相互作用(例如,通过离子配对或“疏水”相互作用)连接到基质上。合适的反应性基团X包括但不限于-OH、-NH2、-SH、-CHO、-NHNH2、-COOH、-CONHNH2、卤酰基、乙酰乙酰基、-CN、-OCN、-SCN、-NCO、-NCS及类似物;反应性双键,例如乙烯基、丙烯酸基、烯丙基、马来酸基、苯乙烯基和类似物;以及带有反应性三键的基团,例如乙炔羧基和乙炔甲酰氨基(适合于迈克尔(Michael)加成反应、狄尔斯-阿尔德(Diels-Alder)反应和自由基加成反应)。
细胞靶向部分的实例包括但不限于受体特异性配体、抗体和其它靶向部分,例如带有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天门冬氨酸(RGD)氨基酸序列或酪氨酸-异亮氨酸-丝氨酸-精氨酸-甘氨酸(YISRG)基序的肽;生长因子,包括表皮生长因子、血管内皮生长因子和成纤维细胞生长因子;病毒表面配体,例如唾液酸和N-乙酰神经氨酸衍生物;细胞受体配体,例如叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶酸、雌二醇、雌三醇、睾丸酮及其它激素;甘露糖-6-磷酸、糖、维生素、色氨酸及类似物。抗体优选为抗细胞特异性表面抗原的单克隆抗体;适合的靶向部分不但包括完整抗体,而且还包括含有活性抗原结合序列的抗体片段,例如Fab’2片段、Fab’片段或此类抗体活性抗原结合序列的短链肽类似物。
病毒靶向部分的实例包括与病毒结合的小分子配体,例如氨基烷基金刚烷、FuzeonTM、PRO-542、BMS-488043、唾液酸、2-脱氧-2,3-双脱氢-N-乙酰神经氨酸、4-胍基-Neu5Ac2en(扎那米韦,zanamivir)、奥司他韦(oseltamivir)、RWJ-270201和类似物;与病毒表面结合的寡肽、寡糖和糖肽,以及抗病毒特异性表面抗原的抗体和抗体片段。在优选的实施方案中,本发明提供了负载有病毒神经氨酸酶或红血球凝集素配体的π-聚合物。已确定此类聚合物本身具有抗病毒性质;参见,例如T.Masuda等,Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin51:1386-98(2003);M.Itoh等,Virology212:340-7(1995)和Reece等,美国专利第6,680,054号(2004)。可以选择性地向本发明抗病毒聚合物以及聚合物聚集 体的疏水核心加载一种或多种传统抗病毒药物,所述传统抗病毒药物有利地在病毒颗粒附近释放。
其它适于药用的连接基团可以是可以影响如激素或激素激动剂或拮抗剂的生物过程的小型化学品、肽、抗体或抗体片段、酶或活性药物成分;干扰病毒结合的物质;进入细胞内后干扰细胞周期或细胞过程的物质及类似物。可靶向单细胞和多细胞生物的细胞,所述生物包括细菌、真菌、高等动物和植物。可将生物素连接于π-聚合物,并将其用作亲和素-和链霉亲和素-偶联蛋白质、肽和其它靶向或药理活性剂(例如,抗体、生长激素、显像剂和类似物)的连接位点。
“基质”是指有机或无机物质、表面和沉积物,例如玻璃、硅石或金属表面,细胞外基质、蛋白质沉淀物(例如多种淀粉样斑)、细胞表面、病毒表面以及详细表征或尚未详细表征的普通均质或异质表面,包括朊病毒。
玻璃或硅石基质连接部分的实例包括多种卤代硅烷、烷氧基硅烷、酰基硅烷以及具有此类官能团的化学品,包括聚合物。可根据基质的具体物化性质来设计其它连接基团。适合的连接部分,例如用于涂覆支架的那些连接部分为本领域的技术人员所熟知。
在本发明的第三方面,分枝点部分B与聚合物链上其它分枝点部分相连以形成交联水凝胶结构。可以通过使聚合物与含有同官能团或异官能团的多官能部分相反应而实现这样的交联,所述官能团中至少一个与位于第一分枝点部分上的X或在C上反应性基团相反应,且所述官能团中至少一个与第二分枝点部分的X或存在于C上的反应性官能团相反应。也可以通过与聚合物链A的末端官能团连接而进行交联。此类交联聚合物可选择性地含有适合药物分子或靶向部分连接的反应性官能团。
分枝点部分B通常衍生自具有多个反应性基团的多官能分子,其中两个反应性基团适合连接亲水性聚合物单位A,且两个反应性基团适合连接疏水部分C。部分B可选择性地具有附加的上述反应性基团X。
特别优选的分枝点部分为二硫苏糖醇(DTT)、二硫赤藓糖醇(DTE)或2,3-二氨基丁烷-1,4-二硫醇与两个马来酸分子的结合物。此分枝点部分与作为部分A的聚乙二醇的结合产生了式3和式3a的聚合物骨架。
其中,Y和Y’相同或不同,且优选自OH、NH2、ONH2、NHOH和NHNH2。在一个优选的实施方案中,反应性基团X为二硫醇的羟基或氨基基团,作为靶向部分或药物部分的连接位点,而官能团Y和Y’作为C部分的连接位点。或者,基团Y和Y’作为连接位点,而羟基或氨基基团用于连接C部分。
式3和式3a意在表明每个硫原子可分别连接于PEG酯羰基的α或β位。本发明涵盖了单一异构体组合物以及在一个或两个C-S键的区域异构体的混合物。此外,由于式1中的四个不对称碳原子,本发明涵盖了所有手性异构体、内消旋异构体和非对映异构体及其混合物。
乙炔二羧酸和呋喃的狄尔斯-阿尔德反应加成物也可作为合适的分枝点部分。例如,已知衍生自PEG和乙炔二羧酸的聚酯4经过了与呋喃的狄尔斯-阿尔德反应(M.Delerba等,Macromol Rapid Commun.18(8):723-728(1997))。
方案1
因此,其可与3,4-二取代呋喃进行狄尔斯-阿尔德反应以产生如图5所示的种类,且可以通过羟基化作用或环氧化作用对聚合物5进行修饰以提供反应性基团(例如,方案1中X和X’)。
同样,PEG与乙二胺四乙酸二酐反应可提供式6的聚酯:
其它适合的分枝点部分可衍生自酒石酸、乙炔二羧酸、次氮基三乙酸、 3,4,3’,4’-二苯砜四羧酸二酐、3,4,3’,4’-二苯醚四羧酸二酐、均苯四酸二酐、链烷二硫醇(例如1,2-乙二硫醇和1,4-丁二硫醇)、双(2-巯基乙基)醚、2-巯基乙基硫醚、二巯基丙醇、二巯基嘌呤、二巯基噻二唑、二巯基琥珀酸、苯二甲硫醇、苯二硫醇、二卤化苯二甲硫醇、二卤化4,4’-硫代双苯硫醇和类似物。
在Y和Y’为OH的情况下,疏水基团C可以通过对羧酸基团酰胺化或酯化反应而与聚合物连接。优选地,疏水基团C为相对较小(C8-C20)且主要为烃部分,并且可以是直链或支链或含有一个或多个环。实例包括但不限于共价连接的十二胺、十五胺、胆固醇和胆酸部分。虽然出于便捷考虑,本发明的聚合物表现为具有至多两个不同的疏水侧链,需要了解的是,可使用两种或多种疏水化合物的混合物向特定聚合物引入多种疏水侧链。
在一个具体实施例中,通过聚乙二醇与马来酸酐反应形成聚酯7,随后使其与二硫苏糖醇反应生成8来制备式2的聚合物(其中X=OH且r=2)。随后,使用十八胺酰胺化酸7以形成所需的梳型聚合物9(方案2)。式9所示衍生自DTT的酰胺梳型聚合物在本文中被称为“π-聚合物A”;方案2中的特定聚合物9可称为“C18-π-聚合物A”。
方案2
使用2,3-双(叔丁氧羰基氨基)丁烷-1,4-二硫醇(按DuPriest等,美国专利第4,755,528号的方法制备)代替二硫苏糖醇,在脱保护后,产生相应的氨基-官能化的π-聚合物9b(方案3)。
方案3
使用丁烷二硫醇10c同样可以产生总体结构9c的聚合物,其中使用间隔基团L以便随后连接靶向部分(方案4)。间隔基团L可以是任何本领域已知用于使配体或标签与底物分子相连接的间隔基团,包括但不限于C2至C20亚烃基和寡聚(乙二醇)间隔基。
方案4
在另一个实施方案中,可使用带有末端氨基基团的PEG聚合物制备如下列结构10-14中所示在单元A和单元B之间具有酰胺键的实例。可通过PEG二胺H2N-(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2-NH2与合适的环酐反应而对每种此类聚酰胺进行衍生化:
在温和条件下,上述酰胺酸为预期产物。预期经加热,可形成酰亚胺,从而使聚合物具有较少的反应性基团,但仍适于连接疏水性C部分。或者,可以将侧链C添加到聚合物A链段的末端,且可以在聚合过程中引入分枝点部分(方案5)。
方案5
除了如方案5所示的1,3-丙二胺的简单二胺之外,也可使用具有(可 选择性地遮蔽的)反应性官能团X的二胺,使聚合物15适合于靶向部分的连接(方案6)。在下式中,p可在0-4的范围,且各X基团独立地与任何其它可能存在的X基团相同或不同。反应性X基团不一定是侧基,而可以是,例如组成二胺的原子链中的NH基团,如单体H2N-(CH2)3-NH-(CH2)3-NH2。
方案6
按上述方案制备的某些π-聚合物带有适合进一步衍生化的反应性基团X,从而连接靶向部分,例如小分子、肽、核苷酸、糖、抗体等,或者通过双官能或多官能交联剂使聚合物链交联。在具体实施方案中,对聚合物链上的反应性基团进行部分衍生化以产生具有多种不同反应性基团的π-聚合物,这些反应性基团使得多种靶向和药物部分可以连接到一种聚合物链上。因此,实施例1的π-聚合物与亚化学计量的丙烯酰氯(或马来酸酐)的加成反应可提供带有丙烯酰(或马来酰)基团和残余羟基基团的聚合物。随后,亚化学剂量巯基羧酸(例如,HS-(CH2)3-COOH)的迈克尔加成反应可提供带有羟基、丙烯酰基和羧基基团的聚合物。除了由亚化学计量试剂所留下的剩余反应性基团之外,半胱氨酸的加成反应可引入氨基和羧基基团。
另一种获得多官能π-聚合物的方法包括精心去除部分疏水链C。例如,可以通过简单手段限制酰化步骤中形成侧链的烷基胺的量,制备具有未反应的羧酸基团的实施例1的π-聚合物。还有一种方法为与胺混合物的酰胺化反应,所述胺混合物的一部分含有反应性基团X。此外,在适宜的条件(步骤A中马来酸酐过量和步骤B中DTT过量)下,可产生具有所需的自由硫醇基团群的聚合物制备物。
通过设计,实施例1的π-聚合物在骨架中含有衍生自DTT部分的羟 基基团,所述羟基基团起反应性基团X的作用。在存在有碳酸盐/碳酸氢盐缓冲液的水性介质中,使用丙烯酰氯或甲基丙烯酰氯对这些基团进行酯化反应可导致-OH基团上的丙烯酰基取代反应。丙烯酸酯聚合物易于发生自由基聚合反应(存在或不存在额外的自由基单体,例如丙烯酸化合物或如双丙烯酸化合物的交联剂)而得到适于药物控释(作为聚合物库或贮存处)和局部给药(例如皮肤贴片或软膏)的水凝胶。
方案7
丙烯酰基团也可以进行迈克尔加成反应,特别是与巯基,例如与蛋白质、酶、肽、抗体、Fab’2片段或Fab’片段中半胱氨酸残基的巯基,或其它靶向部分的巯基进行迈克尔加成反应(方案7)。也可以使用马来酸酐酯化干燥后的带有反应性羟基基团的π-聚合物,使其与马来酸酯基团(迈克尔反应受体)相连接,同时产生自由羧基基团。在所得的聚合物中,马来酸双键可用于迈克尔加成反应,特别是与巯基,例如与蛋白质、酶、肽、抗体、Fab’2片段或Fab’片段中半胱氨酸残基的巯基,或其它靶向部分的巯基进行迈克尔加成反应(方案8),且羧基基团可以用于偶联药物或配体的氨基基团,或者蛋白质和肽中的赖氨酸残基。
可进一步通过酰胺化反应向新引入的(或先前可用的)羧基基团连接 不同的部分。这样,即使在饱和反应条件(即,将要连接的部分化学计量上过量)下也可以连接至少两种不同的靶向部分。
可使用胺在典型的偶联条件下酰胺化具有羧酸酯基团侧链的聚合物,也可以通过Curtius重排反应将其转化为异氰酸酯基团,并随后与胺或醇类偶联而分别形成脲或氨基甲酸酯。可使用此类反应引入疏水基团C或连接靶向部分。
可以通过反应性基团之一至少部分地与二胺反应,将游离胺引入聚合物中。必须对二胺进行选择以使其中一个氨基基团得到保护或者在反应条件下不反应。后者大多通过在pH约为7.5时使用乙二胺完成,因为两个氨基基团的pKa值有很大不同。优选地,此酰胺化反应在引入疏水性侧链基团之后作为单独的步骤进行。随后,可以通过此游离胺的酰胺化反应连接具有羧基基团的肽或其它分子。
方案8
这样,即使在饱和条件下,也可以将多至3种不同肽或其它靶向部分连接到π聚合物上:一个通过巯基,一个通过胺或羟基,一个通过羧酸基团。
也可以通过与氮丙啶或卤化烷基胺(例如溴乙胺或氯乙胺)的反应将羟基和巯基基团转化为伯胺。半胱胺的酰胺化反应可引入二硫化物,其可以直接与肽或抗体的半胱氨酸反应从而连接肽或抗体;或使用例如氨基乙硫醇或DDT先将其还原,随后进一步与肽或抗体反应。
通过进行部分反应,人们可以向本发明的聚合物引入附加的反应性官能团,包括但不限于(1)硫醇反应性基团,例如丙烯酸或马来酸衍生物,(2)羧酸反应性基团,例如氨基或羟基,(3)胺反应性基团,例如羧基,和(4)二硫化物反应性基团,例如巯基。每个聚合物分子中此类附加官能团的数目在1/r至若干倍r的范围之间,这取决于所使用的试剂及使用的量。
或者,可以连接两个或多个特异配体以改善与例如病毒或细胞表面结合的特异性。也可以使用两个或多个特异配体以促成不同细胞靶之间的相互作用,例如,一个配体可靶向病毒颗粒,而另一个配体可利于结合吞噬细胞,这样将病毒颗粒带到吞噬细胞附近或与其相接触并促进吞噬作用。
此类衍生化作用可以通过连接不同的官能团(例如,胺、羧酸和硫醇)将三种或多种不同靶向和/或治疗性部分与聚合物相连接。因此,人们可以将组织特异性靶向剂、显像剂和治疗剂与单一聚合物相连,并随后通过聚合物的自组装获得靶向治疗剂,所述靶向治疗剂的分布和靶向效率可受到监控。
将配体与本发明聚合物的重复单元相连接提供了配体在聚合物链和纳米颗粒表面上的多价展示(multivalent display)。多价展示通常会导致对靶标亲和力显著增加。例如,多价抗体清除其靶标的效果比正常二价抗体的效果高出很多。已知糖结合蛋白和糖类在自然状态下是多价的,并且其单价状态不起作用。相似地,多价肽和糖靶向部分比单独的单体明显更为高效。由于与聚合物相连接而增加的MW造成肽和其它配体的肾清除率的下降。此外,PEG骨架对肽的益处与PEG化类似,包括逃避免疫监视。
此外,与单价靶向部分相比,多价靶向部分可明显更有效地修饰及中和多价靶标(例如,病毒颗粒)。以多价形式展示多个(不同的)肽的能力将导致特异性的增强。例如,可以通过连接对应于CD4结合区的肽和对应于病毒CCR-5或CXCR-4结合区的另一肽,以及可能的对应于其它受体(分别为 CXCR-4或CCR-5)的第三多肽来构建真正HIV-特异性(HIV病毒结合的)聚合物。此聚合物可以完全掩蔽病毒的结合区并使病毒无法连接到细胞上从而失去感染性。此外,聚合物的表面活性剂性质可通过结合而造成病毒结构自身的不稳定。可以使用干扰相同结合形式(CD4,CCR-5,CXCR-4)的小分子或肽和小分子(优选具有互补活性)的混合物来代替肽。所得聚合物可使任何游离病毒无效,因此通过将它们用作避孕套润滑剂组分或类似物可以理想地阻止感染传播。此外,此类聚合物可以注射到患者体内以减少HIV载量。
通常,在使用如DTT的多官能试剂时,可以通过羧酸与DTT的酯化反应或类似的副反应产生聚合物链的部分交联。PEG链中心区的仲羟基基团(例如,与双酚A二缩水甘油醚残基结合的那些),如果出现在PEG原料中,也会导致交联反应。所得交联水凝胶结构也是有用的材料。例如,通过适当地增加此交联程度或通过使用可选的交联剂(例如双环氧乙烷)进行明确的交联,能够制造可用作药物存储库的柔性水凝胶材料。通过对材料进行适当地修饰(例如,缩短PEG长度、增加开放性羧基基团(open carboxylic group)以及并入合适的丙烯酸基团),能够制造可以作为存储库的直链或交联的水凝胶材料,所述水凝胶材料可以通过固定在如支架等器械上或被用于粘性贴片或皮下插入贴片的衬垫等器械吸收而得到支撑。通常,此类交联材料适合于控制释放而不是增强释放或靶向释放。
本发明的梳型聚合物可用于在水性溶剂系统中增溶微溶于水的物质。在水性溶剂中增溶物质的方法包括在水存在时使微溶物质与本发明的梳型聚合物相接触,以形成此物质与聚合物的水溶性复合物。或者,使聚合物与要增溶的物质在两相水-有机乳剂中相结合,并通过蒸发除去有机溶剂。例示性方法描述于美国专利第6,838,089号,通过引用并入本文。据信在大多数情况下,聚合物自组装成纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒具有溶解在疏水C链中的微溶物质,所述疏水C链在颗粒核心处接合,同时A链段形成亲水外晕,所述亲水外晕可充分地降低界面自由能以保持颗粒水性悬浮液的稳定。
在一些情况下,微溶物质可能并没有在内核中完全溶解,而是作为被C链包围并悬浮的固体纳米颗粒存在于颗粒核心中。为了本发明的目的,这是一个程度差异,因为本发明的实施并不依赖于链C与微溶物质间特定的混合程度。在一些情况下,物质以分子水平溶解在C链之间,然而在其它情况下,可以出 现与C-链环境任意程度的相分离。在一些情况下,可以预计由于温度的作用,此系统可从一种状态转化成另一种状态。
可以通过修饰疏水部分C对聚合颗粒疏水内核的溶剂化能力进行改进。适合的修饰包括但不限于引入一个或多个亲水性取代基(例如,羟基、醚、酰胺和氰基官能团)以增大疏水内核的极性和/或极化率。
可以通过这些聚合物增溶的微溶物质包括脂溶性维生素和营养品,包括但不限于维生素A、D、E和K,胡萝卜素、胆钙化醇和辅酶Q;不溶性药物,例如多西紫杉醇、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、紫杉醇、阿霉素、表阿霉素、鲁吡替康、替尼泊甙、足叶乙甙、柔红霉素、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素C、环胞菌素、伊立替康代谢物(SN-38)、他汀类和类固醇;染料、光动力剂和显像剂,以及核酸、核酸类似物和核酸复合体。核酸类似物包括的种类例如硫代磷酸盐(酯)和肽核酸;核酸复合体为寡聚核酸和基本电中和量的阳离子或多阳离子类物质的离子复合物。
为了本公开的目的,认为中性pH下不溶性的药物为“微溶”,因为在很多情况下需要中性的药物组合物。例如,环丙沙星在pH低于4.5时可溶于水,但在制备用于眼给药的药物时,此pH值的刺激性非常高。本发明的聚合物可在pH7时在生理盐水中增溶环丙沙星。并且,为了本发明的目的,应该将“微溶”理解为涉及具备以下条件的任何物质:其在水性介质中的溶解度使得溶解度的增加可得到改进的或更有用的组合物。因此,在静脉给药单位剂量为5g时,中等溶解性(例如,达到2g/升的溶解性)的药物为“微溶”。
本发明聚合物增溶药物活性种类的能力使得本发明也可提供包含本发明的一种或多种π-聚合物和治疗有效量的一种或多种药物活性剂的药用组合物。本发明的聚合物可以使在其它情况下无效量的药物活性剂有效。因此,为了本公开的目的,“治疗有效量”是使组合物整体有效的药物量。
本文中所有提到的专利、专利申请以及公开均通过引用完整地并入本文。
实施例
1.一般过程
本发明也提供用于制备本发明的梳状聚合物的方法。通过下面描述的 过程,有机合成领域的技术人员将很容易地实行这些聚合物的合成。主要起始材料是聚乙二醇,其优选在使用前干燥。通过在真空中高温下搅拌熔化的PEG,直到泡沫停止产生,可容易地进行干燥。这可花费8-12小时,这取决于PEG的质量。在干燥后,PEG可被长期地储存在氩气中。商业可获得的工业或研究级PEG可被使用以制造本发明的聚合物,例如具有1430-1570分子量分布的商业的多分散"PEG1500"。这种物质可掺入双酚A二缩水甘油醚,其在PEG链的中间引入仲羟基。为了确保本发明的聚合物具有最可重复性和一致性特性,PEG优选不含双酚A,并且是低分散度的。最优选的是>95%单分散性的PEG聚合物,例如从Nektar Therapeutics(以前,Shearwater Polymers),Huntsville AL和Polypure AS,Oslo,Norway商业可获得的PEG聚合物。特别优选的PEG的一个实例是来自Polypure的"PEG-28",其为>95%的HO(CH2CH2O)28H,分子量1252。
所有反应在惰性气氛如氮气或氩气中实行,伴随磁或优选机械搅拌。
在步骤A,熔化干燥的PEG,并伴随搅拌加入马来酸酐(每摩尔PEG,2摩尔)。马来酸酐的量应该与PEG末端羟基基团的数目尽可能接近的匹配。马来酸酐不足将导致羟基-封端的聚合物链,反之,过量的马来酸酐将在下一步骤中消耗巯基基团,这导致过早的链封端和末端羧基。反应温度不是关键的,该方法可在45℃和100℃之间的温度下合宜地实行。优选的反应温度在65℃和90℃之间。如果使用高温,马来酸酐倾向升华,应采取步骤确保马来酸酐保持在溶液中。最小化顶空和将反应容器浸没在油浴中是有效的方法。
取决于选择的温度,反应可以在2小时或更少的时间内完成,或者反应可被进行过夜。可以通过硅胶板上的TLC监控反应,并且继续进行直到马来酸酐消失以后。视觉对比、UV和碘染色都可被用来检查TLC板。
在步骤B中,在步骤A中产生的粗制PEG二-马来酸酯被与二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺(TEMED)组合(如果需要流动,加入水),在70℃下,搅拌混合物。在30分钟内完成反应,如粘度的快速增加所表明的。如果使用了多于或少于最佳量的DTT,那么将减小产物的分子量。如果需要,通过用较低效的叔胺碱如TEA替代TEMED,也可减小产物的分子量。
在步骤C中,将足量的水加入到反应混合物以减少粘度,并且相对于聚合物中每摩尔羧酸基团加入0.1mol N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)和1.05mol十六胺(这个量NHS表现最佳地最小化了副反应的程度)。然后,分步加入过量的N-(3- 二甲基氨基丙基)-N′-乙基碳二亚胺(EDC)(每摩尔羧酸基团1.4mol EDC),根据需要加入另外的水以保持搅拌。反应混合物的pH被保持在7以上,并优选在9到11之间,以优化烷基胺的反应性。含有十二烷胺,该反应可在大约40~45℃下进行,反之含有十八烷胺,温度在大约55℃-57℃。反应通过TCL监测,直到观察到恒定水平的剩余烷基胺,这通常在反应过夜之后。
将反应混合物酸化到pH大约3.0到大约4.5,并且在室温下搅拌大约24小时,以破坏未反应的EDC,然后使用1N NaOH将其滴定至pH7.0。最终的反应混合物在大约800xg下离心1到3小时,以除去固体污染物和副产物。
离心后,在GPC柱(ToyopearlTM、SephadexTM、SephacrylTM、BiogelTM等)上可对上清液色谱分析。然而,π聚合物是两性分子的物质,并且将对大多数GPC柱填充物表现亲和性,这使除去污染物变复杂。可选的,可在大孔疏水相互作用柱(例如TOYOPEARLTM Phenyl650C,Toshoh Biosciences,Montgomeryville,PA,U.S.A.)上对聚合物色谱分析,用甲醇/水梯度进行洗脱。优选地,反应混合物针对数种酸化的和中性的水的变化进行透析,以除去低分子量起始材料和反应副产物。
反应混合物也可用丁酮、异丙醇、丁醇或其它极性有机溶剂提取,以除去有机杂质,但是大量的两性分子聚合物被损失在提取溶剂中。优选地,反应混合物经过使用适当膜的超滤以将产物分为分子量等级,如5kDa到10kDa;10kDa到30kDa;30kDa到50kDa等,这取决于使用的滤过膜的截流(cutoff)。聚合物的水溶液可经过死端式过滤,以便产生无菌或无病毒的溶液,这取决于滤过膜或介质的选择。
2.π-聚合物的合成
实施例1:PEG-二(烷基酰胺基琥珀酰)二硫醚中等分子量聚合物(C16-π-聚合物A)
在真空中80℃下,干燥聚乙二醇(PEG-1500,Sigma Chemical Co.),直到气泡停止产生(8-12小时,这取决于PEG的质量)。干燥的PEG可被长期地储存在氩气下的干燥环境中。
在氩气中,油浴上熔化干燥的PEG,并且伴随搅拌逐步加入马来酸酐(每摩尔PEG2摩尔,做了对杂质的校正)。在氩气中90℃下,搅拌该混合物。 因为马来酸酐倾向升华,最小化了顶空,并且将整个反应容器保持在反应温度下。容器壁上任何冷凝的马来酸酐被刮回到反应混合物中。反应过程通过硅胶板上的TLC监控,分别使用乙醇和己烷作为溶剂,进行UV观察和碘染色。在马来酸酐消失后继续反应一小时。
用两体积的水稀释粗制的PEG二马来酸酯。然后,在搅拌下,将二硫苏糖醇(DTT,每当量PEG,1.01当量)和N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺(TEMED,1.02当量)的水溶液(每体积TEMED,2体积水)加入到反应混合物中。在70℃下、氩气中搅拌反应2.5hr,留在室温下过夜,然后再次在70℃下搅拌2小时。TLC监控反应,并且在DTT完全消失后判定反应完成。
将水加入到上述反应混合物以减少粘度,直到混合物可以被搅拌(大约25%固体),在65℃下、氩气中搅拌混合物,并且加入N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(每摩尔在PEG-二马来酸酯-DTT聚合物中的羧酸基团加0.1摩尔),然后加入十六烷胺(每摩尔在聚合物中的羧酸基团加1.05摩尔)和N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N′-乙基碳二亚胺(EDC,每摩尔在聚合物中的羧酸基团加0.56摩尔)。在氩气中,搅拌混合物1小时,加入第二份EDC(每摩尔在聚合物中的羧酸基团加0.56摩尔)。另一个小时后,进一步加入第三份EDC(每摩尔在聚合物中的羧酸基团加0.28摩尔,总共每摩尔羧酸加1.4mol EDC),以补充EDC水解的损失。当加入的固体使悬浮液很难搅拌时,根据需要加入另外的水以保持流动性,并且当需要时通过加入1N NaOH将pH保持在8到10之间。在65℃下、氩气中搅拌混合物过夜,TLC监控(二氧化硅、乙醇),直到烷基胺表现达到稳定的浓度,然后搅拌另外4小时。然后,用1N HCl酸化反应混合物至pH大约4.5,搅拌24小时以破坏未反应的EDC,并且通过逐滴加入1N NaOH,调节到pH7.0。含有十二烷胺,该反应在大约40-45℃下进行,反之含有十八烷胺,温度优选为55℃-57℃。
将混合物转移到离心管中,并且在台式离心机中在大约800xg下旋转2小时以分离残留固体。在离心后,用异丙醇提取反应混合物,以除去有机杂质。优选超滤作为异丙醇提取的替代方法。
通过该方法,下列氨基化合物被连接到聚合物:
实施例1a:十一烷胺
实施例1b:十八烷胺
实施例1c:4-壬基苄胺
实施例1d:3-[(4-苯氧基)苯基]丙胺
实施例2:PEG-二(烷基酰胺基琥珀酰)二硫醚高分子量聚合物
按照在实施例1中列出的方法,除了使用每摩尔马来酸酐0.55molDTT和0.55mol TEMED。因为粘度增长很快,需要强力搅拌。表明大部分反应在5-10分钟内完成,然后,随着温度由55℃升高到80℃,通过接下来4小时,缓慢完成反应。
实施例3:PEG-二(烷基酰胺基琥珀酰)二硫醚聚合物
按照在实施例1中列出的方法,除了每摩尔在聚合物中的羧酸基团使用1.5mol十二烷胺。加入N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS,每摩尔羧酸基团1.0mol)和1,1′-羰基二咪唑(CDI,每摩尔羧酸基团3.0mol),然后在80℃下,搅拌反应4小时,并如上所述进行后处理。
通过该方法,下列氨基化合物被连接到聚合物:
实施例3a:十一烷胺
实施例3b:十四烷胺
实施例3c:十八烷胺
实施例3d:脱氢松香基胺
实施例3e:胆固醇2-氨基乙醚
实施例3f:10-苯氧基癸胺
实施例3g:癸二酸酰肼
实施例3h:油酸酰肼
实施例3i:脱氢松香酸酰肼
实施例3j:胆酸酰肼
实施例3k:棕榈酸酰肼
实施例4:PEG-(烷基酰胺基琥珀酸酯)共聚物
在0℃下、氩气中,冷却无水的二乙醚(10ml)中的PEG(6.66mmol)和三乙胺(2.32ml,16.65mmol)的溶液,并且用甲磺酰氯(1.03ml,13.32mmol)对其逐滴处理。在0℃下,连续搅拌1消失,然后在室温下搅拌2小时。蒸发醚, 并将无水的丙酮(15ml)加入到剩余物中,以便沉淀三乙胺氢氯化物,其被从溶液过滤。将滤液用溴化锂(2.31g,26.64mmol)处理,并加热至回流20小时。然后用己烷稀释混合物,并通过覆盖有CeliteTM(0.5cm)的二氧化硅(3cm)短柱过滤,并用己烷洗脱。干燥滤液,过滤并蒸发以留下α,ω-二溴-PEG,一种油状物。
通过Godjoian et al.,tetrahedron Letters,37:433-6(1996)的方法将α,ω-二溴-PEG与一当量的2,2-二丁基-4,5-二(甲氧基羰基)-1,3,2-二氧杂锡杂环戊烷(dioxastannolane)反应。所形成的二甲基酒石酸-PEG聚醚使用甲醇中的KOH皂化,然后用十二烷胺或十六烷胺对其酰胺化,如上面在实施例1和3中所述,或者用实施例3a-3k中的胺对其酰胺化。
实施例5:PEG与EDTA二酐的共聚合
通过实施例1中描述的方法,将无水PEG与1,2-乙二胺四乙酸二酐反应,然后,如在实施例1用十二烷胺或如在实施例3用十六烷胺对其酰胺化,或者用实施例3a-3k中的胺对其酰胺化。
以相同方式,下列的二酐与PEG共聚合,并接下来对其酰胺化:
实施例5a:萘四羧酸二酐
实施例5b:二萘嵌苯四羧酸二酐
实施例5c:苯甲酮四羧酸二酐
实施例5d:4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例5e:丁烷四羧酸二酐
实施例5f:双环(2,2,2)辛-7-烯-2,3,5,6-四羧酸二酐
实施例5g:二亚乙基四胺五乙酸二酐
实施例5h:3,4,3′,4′-二苯基砜四羧酸二酐
实施例5i:3,4,3′,4′-二苯基醚四羧酸二酐
实施例5j:苯均四酸二酐
实施例6A:具有侧链硫醚的PEG-二胺共聚物
使用在实施例1中用于DTT的相同的步骤,将如实施例1中制备的PEG二马来酸酯与十二烷硫醇(每当量PEG二马来酸酯,两当量)反应。当没有聚合作用发生时,不需要稀释,并且在熔化的PEG-二马来酸酯中进行反应。加 入TEMED催化剂,然后加入硫醇。反应后,起始材料消失,使用TLC监测。最高可以使用蒸发导致的烷基硫醇的损失显著时的温度(高达大约100℃)。可使用轻微过量的烷基硫醇来充分饱和马来酸基团。通过充氮气和氩气和/或在真空中加热,在反应最后,过量烷基硫醇被驱除,直到通过气味或通过TLC检测不到烷基硫醇。
通过该方法,下列硫醇被连接到PEG二马来酸酯:
实施例6Aa:巯基琥珀酸二-t-丁酯
实施例6Ab:十四烷硫醇
实施例6Ac:十六烷硫醇
实施例6Ad:2-巯基乙烷磺酸
实施例6Ae:3-巯基丙烷磺酸
实施例6Af:6-巯基己酸-t-丁酯
实施例6Ag:4-巯基苯甲酸-t-丁酯
实施例6Ah:巯基乙酸-t-丁酯
实施例6Ai:4-(t-丁氧基羰基氨基)丁烷硫醇
实施例6Aj:3-(t-丁氧基羰基氨基)苄硫醇
实施例6Ak:4-癸基苄硫醇
具有活性官能团的硫醇适合用于连接C链,和/或活性官能团可作为对靶向部分的连接点(X)。
实施例6B:PEG-二胺与侧链硫醚的共聚物
使用与用于实施例1的十二烷胺的相同方法,用1,4-二氨基丁烷(每两当量COOH基团,一当量的二胺)对实施例6A中获得的硫醇加合物酰胺化,当需要时用水稀释以保持反应混合物的流动性。当需要时,加入另外的EDC等分样以确保完全的聚合作用。通过该方法,实施例6A和6Aa到6Ak的硫醇加合 物被转化为PEG-二氨基丁烷聚酰胺。
通过该方法,下列二胺可被转化为PEG聚酰胺(BOC=t-丁氧基羰基):
实施例6Ba:2-(O-BOC)-1,3-二氨基-2-丙醇
实施例6Bb:N′,N"-二(BOC)六亚乙基四胺
实施例6Bc:N′,N"-二(BOC)精胺
实施例6Bd:N′-BOC亚精胺
实施例6Be:N′,N",N′′′-三(BOC)五亚乙基六胺
实施例6Bf:胍基丁胺
实施例6Bg:赖氨酸t-丁酯
实施例6Bh:1,6-二氨基己烷
实施例6Bi:1,4-苯二胺
实施例6Bj:1,3-苯二胺
实施例6Bk:1,4-二氨基丁烷-2,3-二醇丙酮化合物
实施例7:PEG-二(烷基琥珀酸酯)二硫醚
通过S.Sasaki et al.,Chem.Pharm.Bull.33(10):4247-4266(1985)的方法的改良制备DTT(间-2,3-二(十六烷氧基)丁烷-1,4-二硫醇)的2,3-二-O-十六烷基醚。通过实施例1的方法,其被加入到PEG-二马来酸酯。
通过该方法,下列醚二硫醇被连接到PEG聚合物:
实施例7a:间-2,3-二(n-丁氧基)丁烷-1,4-二硫醇
实施例7b:间-2,3-二(4-壬基苯基甲氧基)丁烷-1,4-二硫醇
实施例7c:间-2,3-二(联苯基-4-甲氧基)丁烷-1,4-二硫醇
实施例7d:4,6-二(癸氧基)苯-1,3-二甲烷硫醇
实施例7e:4,5-二(癸氧基)苯-1,2-二甲烷硫醇
实施例7f:3,4-二(癸氧基)噻吩-2,5-二甲烷硫醇
实施例8A:取代的PEG琥珀酸酯
按照实施例1的方法,除了2-十二烯-1-基琥珀酸酐被使用代替马来酸酐。十二烯基取代基在最终聚合物中提供侧链C链。
通过该方法,下列取代的琥珀酸酐用PEG酯化:
实施例8Aa:异丁烯基琥珀酸酐
实施例8Ab:2-辛烯-1-基琥珀酸酐
实施例8Ac:十八烯基琥珀酸酐
实施例8Ad:3-氧杂二环-己烷-2,4-二酮
实施例8Ae:环己烷二羧酸酐
实施例8Af:邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例8Ag:4-癸基邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例8Ah:六氢甲基邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例8Ai:四氢邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例8Aj:降冰片烯二羧酸酐
实施例8Ak:斑蝥素
实施例8Al:双环辛烯二羧酸酐
实施例8Am:外-3,6-环氧-1,2,3,6-四氢邻苯二甲酸酐
实施例8An:S-乙酰基巯基琥珀酸酐
实施例8B:具有侧链烷基的PEG-二(烷基酰胺基琥珀酰)二硫醚
根据实施例1的方法,按照在实施例8A和8Aa到8An中描述获得的取代的PEG琥珀酸酯与DTT反应。
通过该方法,下列二硫醇与按照在实施例8A和8Aa到8An中描述获得的任意的取代的PEG琥珀酸酯反应:
实施例8Ba:乙烷-1,2-二硫醇
实施例8Bb:丙烷-1,3-二硫醇
实施例8Bc:丁烷-1,4-二硫醇
实施例8Bd:戊烷-1,5-二硫醇
实施例8Be:己烷-1,6-二硫醇
实施例8Bf:1,4-苯二硫酚
实施例8Bg:1,3-苯二硫酚
实施例8Bh:1,4-苯二甲硫醇
实施例8Bi:1,3-苯二甲硫醇
实施例8Bj:1,2-苯二甲硫醇
实施例8C:具有侧链烷基的PEG-二胺的共聚物
根据实施例6B的方法,按照在实施例8A中描述获得的取代的PEG琥珀酸酯与1,4-二氨基丁烷共聚合。
通过该方法,下列二胺与按照在实施例8A和8Aa到8An中描述获得的任意的取代的PEG琥珀酸酯共聚合:
实施例8Ca:2O-BOC1,3-二氨基-2-丙醇
实施例8Cb:N′,N"-二(BOC)六亚乙基四胺
实施例8Cc:N′,N"-二(BOC)精胺
实施例8Cd:N′-BOC亚精胺
实施例8Ce:N′,N",N′"-三(BOC)五亚乙基六胺
实施例8Cf:胍基丁胺
实施例8Cg:赖氨酸t-丁酯
实施例8Ch:1,6-二氨基己烷
实施例8Ci:1,4-苯二胺
实施例8Cj:1,3-苯二胺
实施例8Ck:1,4-二氨基丁烷-2,3-二醇丙酮化合物
实施例9:使用取代酸的PEG酯交换反应
PEG二甲苯磺酸酯:在氩气中,向1mol的PEG(溶于DMF或其熔融物)添加2.1mol对甲苯磺酰氯(5%摩尔过量)并搅拌。向此反应混合物中添加2.2mol四甲基乙二胺(TEMED)。随后,在45℃反应2小时。使用乙酸乙酯、甲苯或乙醇作为TLC溶剂通过TLC分离产物。使用甲苯从反应混合物中提取PEG二甲苯磺酸酯。也可以使用其它磺酰化剂,例如甲磺酰氯(参见实施例4)、 三氟甲磺酸酐或三氟代乙烷磺酰氯(tresyl chloride)代替甲苯磺酰氯(参见美国专利申请10/397332,公开号20040006051)。
PEG二甲苯磺酸酯的聚酯化反应:在氩气中,向1mol的熔融PEG二甲苯磺酸酯中添加1mol的S,S’-二癸基-间-2,3-二巯基琥珀酸和2mol的TEMED,并搅拌。必要时加入DMF以保持流动性。将反应混合物加热至80℃并搅拌24小时或至TLC显示完成。
实施例10:中等分子量聚合物PEG-二(琥珀酰)-二-(O-酰化)硫醚(C16-π-聚合物B)
将按实施例1制备的PEG-二马来酸酯(10.24g,6.1mmol)放置在125ml干燥烧瓶中并在氩气中加热至70℃以熔化PEG-二马来酸酯。在搅拌下,向此熔化物质中添加水(10mL)以及DTT(0.961g,6.168mmol)和TEMED(0.723g,6.166mmo])的水(3mL)溶液。将溶液在70℃搅拌约4小时。真空脱水得到产率约为90%的聚合物固体。
在氩气中,将干燥的聚合物(5g,2.7mmol)加热至70-90℃以使其熔化,并加入TEMED(0.635g,5.5mmol)。在搅拌下加入棕榈酰氯(1.689g,5.5mmol),并在氩气中将混合物搅拌过夜。(可以改变聚合物与酰氯的比例以获得0-100%化学计量的取代度。)向反应混合物中添加水以分离“C16-π-聚合物B”。
通过此方法使用二(琥珀酰)PEG-DTT共聚物的羟基酯化下列酸:
实施例10a:油酸
实施例10b:胆固醇琥珀酸酯
实施例10c:联苯-4-羧酸
实施例10d:4-辛基苯基乙酸
实施例10e:十六碳-6-炔酸
作为使用酰基卤的替代选择,也可以使用1,3-双(2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环-4-基甲基)碳二亚胺(BDDC)活化π-聚合物中衍生自DTT的羟基并直接与 羧酸偶联;参见Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,Reagents forGlycoside,Nucleotide,and Peptide synthesis,Ed.David Crich,Wiley,2005p107-108及其参考文献。
实施例11:C16-π-聚合物A的二马来酸酯
通过马来酸酐与聚合物A羟基基团的反应制备聚合物A二马来酸酯。可使用引入的活性双键向聚合物添加含巯基的配体。可以改变聚合物A与马来酸酐的比例以获得在0-100%全化学计量酯化反应内变化的取代度。
在干燥研钵中研磨C16-π-聚合物A(2g)和马来酸酐(0.85g),并将其转移到50mL圆底烧瓶中。在氩气中,将烧瓶加热至90℃,并搅拌2-3小时。随后,用水将固体反应混合物转移到透析袋中(截留分子量3.5kDa)并使用水透析以除去过量的马来酸和低分子量副产品。随后,将透析滞留物从透析袋中移出并于60℃干燥至恒重,以获得C16-π-聚合物A二马来酸酯(1.79g)。
实施例12:C16-π-聚合物A二马来酸酯的半胱氨酸加成物
向水(5mL)中添加粉末状C16-π-聚合物A的二马来酸酯(实施例11)(253mg),并剧烈搅拌混合物。向反应混合物中添加半胱氨酸(24mg)和TEMED(30.5uL),并室温中于氩气中搅拌混合物。使用TLC(硅胶板,正丁醇-乙酸-水,3:1:1)和茚三酮测试来监测反应进程。反应混合物表现出与聚合物共迁移的茚三酮阳性斑点。半胱氨酸也给出茚三酮阳性斑点,而起始聚合物对茚三酮则不会显出颜色。
3.使用π-聚合物增溶不溶性或微溶性物质
实施例1:增溶染料
在独立的容器中(AllExcel,Inc.,West Haven,CT生产的FlexExcelTM透明聚丙烯称量皿,WB2.5型),向经过离心以除去不溶性物质(而没有进行其它的纯化)的50mg/mL PEG1500-琥珀酰-DTT-双-C16-酰胺共聚物(C16-聚合物A,实施例1)水溶液的1.0mL等分试样中添加过量的染料曙红Y、二氯荧光素和苏丹IV,并将各组分一同搅拌以形成糊状物。随后,将容器底部放置在使用耐水双面胶纸的小型超声波首饰清洁池的底板上。向清洁池中加入刚好足够的水以使称量皿高度的约1/3浸入水中。进行15分钟的分步超声,每步5分钟。将液体转移至离心管,在台式离心机中两次离心30分钟以除去未溶解的染料颗粒。 将上清液转移到清洁离心管中重新离心以除去携带的固体。以同样的方式处理蒸馏水(与聚合物溶液的量相同)中的等量染料的悬浮液以作为对照。将所得溶液点样在(25ul)TLC板上以形成源自液滴的环。将此斑点的强度与由乙醇或乙醇/水制备的标准染料溶液形成的斑点强度进行比较,以测定近似的浓度;所述斑点显示于图1中。通过在室温下将适量染料溶于1升或更多去离子水(未缓冲)中,并进一步根据需要添加(即滴加)水以获得饱和溶液来测定染料在水中的溶解度。
相对于在H2O(苏丹IV在中性pH不能溶解)中0.000mg/ml的浓度,在50mg/ml聚合物中苏丹IV的浓度约为0.2mg/ml。相对于在H2O中0.010mg/ml的浓度,在50mg/ml聚合物中二氯荧光素的浓度约为5mg/ml。相对于在H2O中0.007mg/ml的浓度,在50mg/ml聚合物中曙红Y的浓度约为5mg/ml。经计算,对苏丹IV、二氯荧光素和曙红Y的有效负载率(每单位聚合物量的载药量,g/g)分别约为1:250、1:10和1:10。
对于与药物活性物质物化性质类似的极性化合物,1:10的有效负载率高于由脂质体、环式糊精、CremophorTM,或洗涤剂或其它增溶体系所通常能获得的有效负载率。曙红Y是一种高效光活性单线态氧生成剂,而可预期由实施例1聚合物制备的曙红Y的此类浓缩溶液具有作为光活性细胞毒剂的药理活性。
二氯荧光素在聚合物溶液(红黄/橙色)中相对于在水中(黄绿色)荧光光谱的变化为视觉可见的,并且说明染料并非处在水性环境中,而是被微胶囊化在自组装聚合物颗粒内核的有机环境中。荧光光谱的变化的确已经被用于测定微环境极性的变化的方法(例如,“脂质探针”)。相对于在乙醇溶液为红色且悬浮于水中时为棕色粉末,苏丹IV聚合物溶液的颜色为棕红色。曙红Y没有表现出显著的视觉变化(水中为粉色而在聚合物溶液中为粉红色)。
实施例2:增溶药物相关物质
选择红紫素、两性霉素B、喜树碱和阿霉素作为代表性的微溶性活性药物成分(API)。两性霉素B作为可注射抗真菌药在脂质体制剂中使用,而喜树碱和阿霉素为抗癌药。红紫素是具有药用潜力的DNA嵌入式染料,而曙红Y是在光动力疗法中具有潜在用途的光活性单线态氧生成剂。使用C16-π-聚合物A、C18-π-聚合物B和/或C16-π-聚合物A-叶酸结合物(见下)将各API增溶于水。按上述处理染料的方法,通过将增溶的API和未增溶的对照点样在TLC板 上来说明增溶作用。
用水重构干燥的聚合物,加热,搅拌并进行必要的超声处理。当溶液粘度过高时,进行稀释。所使用的C16-π-聚合物A为10%w/v,所使用叶酸化C16-π-聚合物A为5%w/v,且所使用的C18-π-聚合物B为2%w/v。
将药物(20mg)直接加入到1mL聚合物溶液中,所得C16-π-聚合物A、叶酸化C16-π-聚合物A和C18-π-聚合物B与API的质量比(除阿霉素之外,见下)分别为5:1、2.5:1和1:1。以低功率将混合物超声处理1小时,随后以2000xg离心两次以除去未溶解的固体。固体球团的量不显著。将溶液点样到硅胶TLC板上显示药物被增溶,其迁移比溶剂前缘迟缓(图2)。
按C16-π-聚合物A与阿霉素盐酸盐质量比10:1,或按叶酸化C16-π-聚合物A与阿霉素质量比5:1使阿霉素盐酸盐与上述聚合物结合,随后加入足量3M乙酸钠以中和阿霉素盐酸盐。将混合物剧烈振荡24小时,并随后以2000xg离心两次以除去未溶解的固体。固体球团的量不显著。
增溶的API与聚合物的质量比显示于表1中。没有做使聚合物负载最大化的尝试,因此这些比例体现了聚合物可增溶API量的下限。
将每种溶液的50ul样品点样在BakerflexTM硅胶TLC板上并使其扩散。水性溶液形成了圆圈的外边界,而带有微胶囊化物质的聚合物的迁移形成了内圈(图2)。在所有情况下,完全水性区外围边缘处的API极少,这说明成功的增溶以及最少的微胶囊化物质泄露。
表1:API的增溶
聚合物:底物质量比
| C16-π-聚合物A10%w/v | 叶酸化C16-π-聚合物A5%w/v | C18-π-聚合物B2%w/v | |
| 红紫素 | 5:1 | 2.5:1 | 未测试 |
| 喜树碱 | 5:1 | 2.5:1 | 未测试 |
| 两性霉素B | 5:1 | 2.5:1 | 未测试 |
| 阿霉素 | 10:1 | 5:1 | 未测试 |
| 曙红Y | 未测试 | 未测试 | 1:1 |
4.π-聚合物的生物相容性
实施例1:对局部润肤剂、乳剂或膏剂的适用性
发明人将实施例1聚合物的含油蜡浓缩物擦在腕关节内皮肤上,并观察其吸收情况。物质的吸收类似于含蜡的药理学乳剂,伴有该区域的轻微软化。没有观察到基于此单一局部给药的速发型或迟发型变态反应,例如发红、皮疹或瘙痒。
这些聚合物在室温下多为吸湿性蜡,并具有约45℃至60℃或更高的预期mp,这取决于组合物。由更低分子量PEG制备的聚合物在室温下甚至为液体。一些聚合物在室温下为固体,而在体温下融解。因此,这些π-聚合物的性质使其可以成为制造洗液、乳剂、药膏、润肤剂和其它给药方式的优良底物,可通过π-聚合物本身或与多种物质(包括活性药剂)的混合物进行制备。
实施例2:对胃肠外给药的适用性
在磷酸盐缓冲液中制备实施例1聚合物的水溶液,并随后通过0.22um过滤器过滤到无菌管中。
使用最大耐药量的试验方案,其中以10ml每千克体重的量向CD-1小鼠尾静脉注射多达5%w/v聚合物的水溶液。连续观察小鼠12小时,随后每2小时观察一次,并根据其分组直至观察48至72小时。采集血样并进行分析。处死一些小鼠并首先进行大体组织学检查。随后对选定切片进行显微组织学观察。
没有发现到对照小鼠与处理小鼠在血液化学方面的明显差别。在多个器官的大体组织学检查中,没有发现与对照动物相比的明显差别或伤害,所述多个器官包括心脏、肺、肾脏、脾、肝脏、肠、胃、膀胱、皮肤、肌肉、骨骼、大脑和淋巴结。对来自不同动物组的多个样本的研究观察到相同的结果。在所检查组织的细胞组织结构中未发现明显差别。一些肾组织显示出随暴露于聚合物的时间而减少的脱落物。这说明脱落物为临时状态,并且随时间进展可恢复正常。
总之,所述聚合物可作为注射制剂和其它胃肠外制剂中的药剂安全地用于医疗用途。有理由预期,所述化合物可安全地用于口服液、囊片和片剂、喷鼻剂、口腔/支气管气雾剂、舌下给药、皮肤用乳霜/洗液/贴片、眼药水、其它局部给药途径和其它服用途径。
5.靶向部分与π-聚合物的连接
实施例1:通过形成酰胺键将半乳糖胺与C16-π-聚合物B相连接
半乳糖胺(GA)靶向于肝细胞去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(ASGPR),而具有共价键连接的半乳糖胺的聚合物被运送到肝脏;参见L.Seymour等,"HepaticDrug Targeting:Phase I Evaluation of Polymer-Bound Doxorubicin(肝脏药物靶向:聚合物结合阿霉素的I期评价)"J Clin.Oncology,20(6):1668-1676(2002)和其中的参考文献。
将C16-π-聚合物B(上文合成方法的实施例10)(461mg,每重复单位0.2mmol当量COOH)分散于14mL水,并向此分散液中添加EDC HCl(0.485mmol)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(0.464mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌15分钟并加入半乳糖胺盐酸盐(0.386mmol)和TEMED(0.387mmol)的1mL水溶液。搅拌溶液,使用1-丁醇-乙酸-水(3:1:1)展开在硅胶上进行TLC,监测反应。加入额外量的TEMED(0.079mmol)、NHS(0.078mmol)和EDC HCl(0.193mmol)以推动反应完成。当TLC显示出稳态GA消耗时,使用3x1000ml去离子水对反应混合物进行透析(膜截留分子量3500Da)以除去低分子量反应物和副产品。取出透析滞留物并在60℃干燥至恒重(348mg)。
产物的TLC显示没有游离的GA(茚三酮阴性)。使用6N HCL在100℃水解产品样品以水解结合的GA。TLC分析显示存在GA(茚三酮阳性),Rf与参考GA相同。
实施例2:叶酸与C18-π-聚合物A的连接
在通有氩气流(BDDC非常粘稠并具有类似于蜂蜜的稠度,且难以操作)的125ml圆底烧瓶中称出BDDC(2.44g,8.56mmol)。向烧瓶中加入C18-π-聚合物A(10g,4.28mmol),将混合物加热至70℃,并使反应物共同搅拌约30分钟。加入叶酸(3g)后加入足量THF以使搅拌变得可能。在防止湿气进入的条件下,将反应物在40-70℃搅拌过夜。随后蒸发THF并加入水(80mL),并将混合物在50℃继续搅拌2小时。冷却至室温后,将混合物转移到截留分子量3500Da的透析管区域中,并使用0.1N HCl(2x2000ml)、水(2000ml)、5%碳酸钠(2x2000ml)和水(4x2000ml)进行透析以除去未反应的试剂和副产品。取出亮黄橙色的透析滞留物。将一部分蒸发至恒重以测定固体浓度,并用于上述增溶试验。
实施例3:N-乙酰神经氨酸(NANA)与C16-π-聚合物B的连接
神经氨酸衍生物有希望被用于流感病毒的靶向部分,因为已知红血球凝集素和神经氨酸酶外壳蛋白均与唾液酸相结合。
将BDDC(2.44g,8.56mmol)与C18-π-聚合物A(10g,4.28mmol)结合并加热至70℃,并在氩气下共同搅拌约30分钟。加入N-乙酰神经氨酸(3g),随后根据需要加入THF以维持流动性。在防止湿气进入的条件下,将反应物在40-70℃搅拌过夜。加入水(80mL),并将混合物在50℃继续搅拌2小时。冷却至室温后,使用截留分子量为3.5kDa的膜,以及0.1N HCl,5%NaHCO3和水(各2x2000ml)透析混合物。
实施例4:β-O-甲基神经氨酸(MNA)与C16-π-聚合物B的连接
将C16-π-聚合物B(基于COOH为43微摩尔,于1ml水中)与40微摩尔的神经氨酸β-甲基糖苷(Toronto Research Chemicals)一起混合,并依次加入0.1mL水中的40微摩尔NHS和0.1mL水中的40微摩尔EDC盐酸盐。将反应混合物在室温下振荡48小时,并使用异丙醇-醋酸乙酯-水(4:3:2)在硅胶上进行TLC分析。在130℃使用0.2%地衣酚的70%硫酸溶液进行检查,没有发生起始聚合物的颜色反应,但反应混合物的TLC则给出了与聚合物共迁移的紫色斑点。
实施例5:扎那米韦与C16-π-聚合物B的连接
扎那米韦(GG167)为强力病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂,且负载此多价配体分子的聚合物是流感病毒的复制抑制剂。
将C16-π-聚合物B(920mg)分散于30mL水,并向此分散体中添加EDC HCl(1.2mmol)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(1.1mmol)。将此混合物在室温下搅拌20分钟,并加入溶于1ml水的5-乙酰氨基-7-(6’-氨基己基)-氨基甲酰氧-4-胍基-2,3,4,5-四脱氧-D-甘油-D-半乳糖-壬-2-烯吡喃糖酮酸的三氟乙酸盐(5-acetamido-7-(6’-aminohexyl)-carbamyloxy-4-guanidino-2,3,4,5-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enopyranosonic acid)(美国专利第6,242,582号和第6,680,054号)(0.39g,0.67mmol)和TEMED(0.67mmol)的溶液。将溶液在室温下搅拌,反应由TLC监测。使用3500kDa截留分子量的膜和3x1000ml去离子水透析反应混合物以除去低分子量反应物和副产品。取出透析滞留物并在60℃干燥至恒重。通过比色分析法测定胍基团来测定糖加入水平(Can.J.Chem., 36:1541(1958))。可根据Potier等,Anal.Biochem.,29287(1979)的方法进行神经氨酸酶检测。
实施例6:Fab片段与C16-π-聚合物A二马来酸酯的连接
抗表面糖蛋白高分子量黑色素瘤相关抗原(HMW-MAA)的单链可变区抗体(scFv)靶向于黑色素瘤细胞;参见F.Martin等,J.Virology,73:6923-6929(1999)。
根据厂商的方法,使用固化的TCEP二硫化物还原胶体(ImmobilizedTCEP Disulfide Reducing Gel)(Pierce生物科技,美国伊利诺斯州罗克福德市)还原此抗体片段中的二硫键,并通过合成方法部分中实施例12的方法与C16-π-聚合物A二马来酸酯反应。
Claims (31)
2.如权利要求1所述的聚合物,其中p的平均范围为2至4。
3.如权利要求1所述的聚合物,其中p的平均范围是1.5≤p≤2。
5.如权利要求1至4任一项所述的聚合物,其中水溶性聚合物链段A选自于聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙烯亚胺、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚糖和其共聚物。
6.如权利要求5所述的聚合物,其中聚合物链段A选自于聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇及其共聚物。
7.如权利要求6所述的聚合物,其中聚合物链段A是聚乙二醇。
8.如权利要求7所述的聚合物,其中聚合物链段A的平均长度在4至700个单体单位之间。
17.一种通过聚乙二醇与马来酸酐的化学反应以及所得材料与二硫苏糖醇的化学反应得来的组合物,所述聚乙二醇与马来酸酐的化学反应导致聚乙二醇的末端羟基基团被马来酸酐基本完全酯化。
18.一种通过聚丙二醇与马来酸酐的化学反应以及所得材料与二硫苏糖醇的化学反应得来的组合物,所述聚丙二醇与马来酸酐的化学反应导致聚丙二醇的末端羟基基团被马来酸酐基本完全酯化。
20.一种具有以下结构的聚合物,
其中,m是4至700且n是3至1000,并且,其中在出现的每个具有所示结构的单体单位中,Y和Y’分别选自于OH、COOH、SH、NH2、NHR、ONH2、NHOH、NHNH2和NRNH2,其中R选自于C1至C5烷基、(CH2)kOH、(CH2)kCOOH、(CH2)kSH、(CH2)kNH2、(CH2)kONH2、(CH2)kNHOH和(CH2)kNHNH2,其中k为2至5;W和W’分别为O或H2,并且,其中在每个出现的单体单位中,Z和Z’分别选自于可选择性地经一个或多个亲水取代基取代的直链烃、可选择性地经一个或多个亲水取代基取代的多环烃、疏水性氨基酸、肽和聚合物。
22.一种含有如权利要求1至9任一项所述的聚合物的药用组合物,所述药用组合物进一步含有有效量的药理活性剂。
23.一种增加水性溶剂中物质溶解性的方法,所述方法包含使所述物质与权利要求1或2所述的聚合物相接触以形成所述物质与所述聚合物的水溶性复合物。
24.一种增加非水性溶剂中物质溶解性的方法,所述方法包含使所述物质与权利要求1或2所述的聚合物相接触以形成所述物质与所述聚合物的复合物,所述复合物可溶于非水性溶剂中。
25.如权利要求23或24所述的方法,其中所述物质选自营养剂、药物、染料、核酸复合物和显像剂。
26.如权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述物质为药物。
27.一种在权利要求4所述聚合物中产生对于生物靶标的结合亲和性的方法,该方法包含将靶向部分连接到聚合物上一个或多个反应性官能团X的步骤。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述生物靶标是细胞或病毒的表面。
29.如权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述靶向部分选自于受体特异性配体、抗体、抗体片段、包含RGD氨基酸序列的肽、包含YISRG基序的肽、生长因子、唾液酸衍生物、N-乙酰神经氨酸衍生物;叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶酸、雌二醇、雌三醇、睾丸酮、甘露糖-6-磷酸、糖、维生素、色氨酸、氨基烷基金刚烷、FuzeonTM、PRO-542、BMS-488043、唾液酸、2-脱氧-2,3-双脱氢-N-乙酰神经氨酸、4-胍基-Neu5Ac2en(扎那米韦)、奥司他韦和RWJ-270201。
30.如权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述靶向部分是单克隆抗体或抗体片段。
31.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述物质是维生素。
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| CA2470524A1 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-24 | David S. Soane | Use of oligomers and polymers for drug solublization, stabilization, and delivery |
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| EP2171088B1 (en) * | 2007-06-19 | 2015-10-14 | Stratos Genomics Inc. | High throughput nucleic acid sequencing by expansion |
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| US5919442A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1999-07-06 | Dendritech, Inc. | Hyper comb-branched polymer conjugates |
| CN1329632A (zh) * | 1998-12-04 | 2002-01-02 | 赫尔克里士公司 | 经疏水改性的梳形共聚物 |
| US6521736B2 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2003-02-18 | University Of Massachusetts | Amphiphilic polymeric materials |
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