CN101404927A - 慢速脑室内递送 - Google Patents
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Abstract
脑室内递送治疗剂可绕过血―脑屏障成功治疗包括溶酶体贮积病在内的神经系统疾病。与此相似,诊断剂和麻醉剂也可通过这种方式到达脑部。慢速给药可达到最大药效,药剂到达远端脑的效果也较好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及脑部给药。特别地,涉及脑部诊断、治疗和显影。
背景技术
一组称之为溶酶体贮积病的代谢失调,包括超过四十种基因失调,其中许多失调包含多种溶酶体水解酶基因缺陷。典型溶酶体贮积病和相关缺陷酶类见表1。
表1
溶酶体贮积病 缺陷酶
天冬氨酰氨基葡糖尿 天冬氨酰氨基葡糖苷酶
法布莱病 α-半乳糖苷酶A
婴儿型巴藤病*(CNL1) 棕榈酰蛋白硫脂酶
典型迟发性婴儿型巴藤病*(CNL2) 三肽基肽酶
少年型巴藤病*(CNL3) 溶酶体跨膜蛋白
其他类型巴藤病*(CNL4-CNL8) 多种基因产物
胱氨酸病 半胱氨酸转运蛋白
法伯病 酸性神经酰胺酶
岩藻糖苷贮积病 酸性α-左旋-岩藻糖苷酶
半乳糖唾液酸沉积症 保护蛋白/组织蛋白酶A
戈谢病1型、2型*和3型* 酸性β-葡糖苷酶,或者
GM1神经节苷脂沉积症* 酸性β-半乳糖苷酶
亨特病* 艾杜糖醛酸-2-硫酸酯酶
胡尔勒-沙伊综合征* α-左旋-艾杜糖苷酸酶
克拉贝病* 半乳糖脑苷酯酶
α-甘露糖苷过多症* 酸性α-甘露糖苷酶
溶酶体贮积病 缺陷酶
β-甘露糖苷过多症* 酸性β-甘露糖苷酶
马洛托-拉梅综合征 芳香基硫酸酯酶B
异染性脑白质营养不良* 芳香基硫酸酯酶A
A型莫尔基奥综合征 N-乙酰半乳糖胺-6-硫酸酯
酶
B型莫尔基奥综合征 酸性β-半乳糖苷酶
粘脂病II/III型* N-乙酰氨基葡糖胺-1-
A*、B型尼曼-皮克病 酸性神经鞘磷脂酶
C型*尼曼-皮克病 NPC-1
庞普*病 酸性α-葡糖苷酶
桑霍夫病* β-己糖胺酶B
A型桑菲利波综合征* 乙酰肝素N-硫酸酯酶
B型桑菲利波综合征* α-N-乙酰氨基葡糖胺酶
C型桑菲利波综合征* 乙酰-辅酶A:α-氨基葡糖
苷
D型桑菲利波综合征* N-乙酰氨基葡糖-6-硫酸酯
酶
辛德勒病* α-N-乙酰氨基半乳糖胺酶
辛德勒-神崎病 α-N-乙酰氨基半乳糖胺酶
唾液酸沉积症 α-唾液酸酶
斯赖综合征* β-葡糖苷酸酶
泰-萨克斯病* β-己糖胺酶A
渥尔曼病* 酸性脂酶
*累及包括中枢神经系统
溶酶体贮积病的标志性特征是溶酶体内代谢产物的异常贮积,导致核周形成大量扩张型溶酶体。治疗溶酶体贮积病的主要挑战(与治疗肝特异性酶不全症相反)是需要在多个不同的组织中逆转溶酶体贮积引起的病理学改变。通过酶替代治疗(ERT)静脉补充缺陷酶类可有效治疗一些溶酶体贮积病。例如,利用重组半乳糖脑苷酯酶(Cerezyme TM,Genzyme公司)对仅有内脏病变的1型戈谢病患者进行酶替代治疗,患者反应良好。然而,对于患有影响中枢神经系统代谢的溶酶体贮积病(如2型或3型戈谢病)静脉给予酶替代治疗,往往不能奏效。这是因为由于血脑屏障(BBB)的存在,通过静脉输注的替代酶不能到达脑组织。再者,尝试直接向脑组织注射替代酶的方法受到限制,部分由于酶在局部浓度过高而引起的细胞毒性,并且高浓度也限制了酶在脑白质中的扩散速度(Partridge,Peptide Drug Delivery to the Brain,Raven Press,1991)。
根据UniprotKB/Swiss-Prot第P17405项,位于第11对染色体上,(1lpl5.4-pl5.1)SMPDl基因缺陷造成A型尼曼-皮克病(NPA),后者也被称为典型婴儿型。尼曼-皮克病是一种临床医学和遗传学上的基因异质性隐性遗传病。该病由于神经鞘磷脂和其它代谢相关脂类在溶酶体内的贮积,导致自生命早期开始出现神经退行性病变。病人可出现黄色瘤、色素沉着、肝脾肿大、淋巴结肿大和精神发育迟滞。尼曼-皮克病在祖先是德系犹太人的个体中的发生率中比在一般人群中高。NPA在婴儿早期典型,病程进展迅速,三岁前即导致死亡。酸性神经鞘磷脂酶(aSM)催化神经鞘磷脂生成神经酰胺。酸性神经鞘磷脂酶也有磷脂酶C的活性,可催化神经鞘磷脂生成1,2-二酰甘油磷酸胆碱和1,2-二酰甘油磷酸甘油。该酶转化
神经鞘磷脂+H2O→N-脂酰基神经鞘氨醇+磷酸胆碱
对于既有脑部又有内脏病理病变的溶酶体贮积病,本领域不断需要其治疗方法。本领域也不断需要能够使不易通过血脑屏障的诊断剂和治疗剂到达不同脑区的方法。
发明内容
根据本发明实施方案,其提供了将药剂送达患者脑部的方法。药剂经由脑的侧脑室以单一剂量超过2小时的速率为患者给药。
根据本发明另一实施方案,其提供了将药剂送达患者脑部的方法。药剂经由脑的侧脑室以单一剂量投药,耗时比患者脑脊液循环时间缩短至少50%。
根据本发明另一实施方案,其提供了将药剂送达患者脑部的方法。估计患者脑脊液循环时间。药剂经由脑的侧脑室递送速率和递送总耗时可根据脑脊液循环时间做出调整。设置泵以使药剂以所述选定递送速率在所述选定递送总耗时内到达患者脑部。
根据本发明另一实施方案,其提供了将药剂送达患者脑部的方法。估计患者脑脊液循环时间。药剂经由脑的侧脑室递送速率和递送总耗时可根据脑脊液循环时间做出调整。药剂以所述选定速率在所述选定总时间内到达患者脑部。
根据本发明另一方面,该发明提供了将药剂送达患者脑部的方法。药剂经由脑的侧脑室以单一剂量连续给药直至至少可以在患者血清中检测到该药。
根据本发明实施方案,一名患有A、B、或D型尼曼-皮克病的患者接受治疗。将酸性神经鞘磷脂酶通过脑室内给药到达该患者脑部,用量足以降低其脑部神经鞘磷脂水平。
本发明另一方面是治疗A、B、或D型尼曼-皮克病患者的试剂盒。该试剂盒由一种酸性神经鞘磷脂酶和一根将所述酸性神经鞘磷脂酶递送到患者脑室的导管所组成。
本发明另一方面是治疗A、B、或D型尼曼-皮克病患者的试剂盒。该试剂盒由一种酸性神经鞘磷脂酶和一个将所述酸性神经鞘磷脂酶递送到患者脑室的泵所组成。
根据本发明,可以治疗患有由于酶缺陷造成酶底物积聚所导致的溶酶体贮积病的患者。酶可经由脑室内递送到患者脑部。以单一剂量耗时超过4小时的速率给药。所述脑的底物水平因此而降低。
上述和其他实施方案提供了本领域将药剂递送到脑的难以到达分区的方法。阅读本说明书后本领域技术人员可明确理解上述和其他实施方案。
附图说明
图1显示脑各部分线图,用以分析神经鞘磷脂。S1是脑的前部,S5是脑的后部。
图2显示脑室内给予rhASM可降低ASMKO小鼠脑内SPM水平。
图3显示脑室内给予rhASM可降低ASMKO小鼠肝、脾和肺内SPM水平。
图4显示脑室内输注后脑hASM染色。
图5显示脑室内输注rhASM 6小时以上可降低ASMKO小鼠脑内SPM水平。
图6显示脑室内输注rhASM 6小时以上可降低ASMKO小鼠肝、血清和肺内SPM水平。
图7显示文献记载的hASM变异体及其与疾病或酶活性的关系。
图8显示将全脑和脊髓浸于脑脊液中的脑室系统。
具体实施方式
本发明人已发现,药剂通过脑室内以缓慢的速度而不是以丸药的方式给予患者,可以促进药剂从注射部位向脑的远端有效渗透。可通过这种方式给药的可以是任何药剂,包括诊断剂、显影剂、麻醉剂和治疗剂。这种递送方式对于不能通过血脑屏障的药剂尤其有效。
申请人已经观察到丸药式的脑室内给药并不十分有效,而慢速注射则十分有效。而申请人不想受限于任何事物特别是手术理论,据后者认为,慢速注射有效是因为脑脊液(CSF)的不断循环。文献中关于脑脊液循环时间的估计和计算数值不尽相同,成年人脑脊液循环时间约4、5、6、7或8小时。循环速率依个体身材大小及脑脊液体积而不同。因此,举例来说,儿童的脑脊液比成人少,因而循环时间也较短。本发明中可测定慢速输注的速率使得递送时间约等于或大于脑脊液的循环时间。本测定可以是一个固定时间,例如大于2、4、6、8或10小时,或者设定为估计循环时间的一部分例如大于50%、75%、100%、150%、200%、300%或400%。脑脊液清空到静脉血液系统。该递送可持续一段时间直到可在患者血清中检测到该递送药剂。也可以在中枢神经系统的其他部分例如脊髓和蛛网膜下腔检测和/或测定递送的药剂。后者也可做为递送终点。
成人CSF的分泌速率约为每天430至600毫升或约每分钟0.35到0.4毫升,任何特定时刻的体积大约是80至150毫升,全部体积的CSF置换一遍的时间是六至八小时。估计婴儿每分钟分泌0.15毫升。侧脑室脉络丛最大,产生大部分脑脊液。由侧脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液经室间孔流至第三脑室,与第三脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液一起,流经中脑水管进入第四脑室。来自第四脑室的脑脊液经第四脑室正中孔流入环绕着脊髓的蛛网膜下腔;来自第四脑室的脑脊液经卢施卡(lushka)孔流入环绕着脑的蛛网膜下腔。蛛网膜沿蛛网膜下腔分布;蛛网膜绒毛是膜的一部分。蛛网膜绒毛是泵样结构,它能够将脑脊液吸收并返回到静脉循环。脑脊液通过蛛网膜绒毛被重吸收入血。
根据本发明,慢于丸药式递送具备能够到达丸药式不能到达的脑区的优势。丸药式递送的药剂积聚在室管膜层或毗邻注射部位的脑白质部分。与此相反,慢速递送的药剂则广泛分布于从注射部位到脑实质的远端(沿脑的前后轴广泛递送;此外,沿室管膜层的背侧和腹侧广泛递送)如第三脑室,中脑水管、第四脑室、卢施卡(lushka)孔、第四脑室正中孔、脊髓、蛛网膜下腔和血清。从血清可达外周器官。
脑脊液通过蛛网膜绒毛和颅内血管窦清空到血中,因此能够把酶类送达内脏器官。尼莫-皮克病经常累及的内脏器官是肺、脾、肾和肝。慢速脑室内输注可使至少上述器官内底物量减少。
脑、肺、脾、肾和/或肝内积聚的底物显著减少。减少达到10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%和90%以上。患者和患者之间,甚至同一患者器官和器官之间减少的程度并不必相同。
递送的药剂可以是本领域已知的任何一种脑治疗剂和显影剂。显影剂可以是放射活性的、造影剂、荧光剂等。治疗剂可以是用于神经系统疾病或其他脑病的任何一种。治疗慢性和急性疼痛的麻醉剂如盐酸利多卡因和吗啡。治疗剂的例子包括溶酶体贮积病缺陷酶。其他可能用的药剂包括核酸载体,如质粒和病毒载体、短干扰RNA、反义RNA等。其他治疗剂包括那些能够提高或降低脑内神经元兴奋性的药物,包括谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和多巴胺的激动剂或拮抗剂。具体的例子包括环丝氨酸、羧基苯甘氨酸、谷氨酸、地佐环平、氯胺酮、右美沙芬、巴氯芬、异鹅羔胺、gabazine、saclofen、氟哌啶醇和甲烷磺酸盐。此外用到的药剂还可以是抗炎药,特别是非甾体类抗炎药,如吲哚美辛和环氧合酶抑制剂。
可以通过任何理想的载体递送核酸。这些载体包括病毒性或非病毒性载体,包括腺病毒载体、腺病毒伴随病毒载体、逆转录病毒载体、慢病毒载体和质粒载体。可效仿的病毒类型包括单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、腺病毒伴随病毒(AAV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、牛免疫缺陷病毒(BIV)以及鼠白血病病毒(MLV)。核酸可以以任何理想的形式给药以提供充分有效的递送水平,包括以病毒颗粒、脂质体、纳米粒子和复合聚合物的形式。
腺病毒是一个没有衣壳的核DNA病毒,其基因组约36kb,经典遗传学和分子生物学对其特征已经研究得很清楚。(Hurwitz,M.S.,Adenoviruses Virology,3rd edition,Fields et al.,eds.,Raven Press,NewYork,1996;Hitt,M.M.et al.,Adenovirus Vectors,The Development ofHuman Gene Therapy,Friedman,T.ed.,Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress,New York 1999)。参考病毒蛋白质根据产生时间分成两类,可将该病毒基因可分为早期(命名为E1-E4)转录单位和晚期(命名为L1-L5)转录单位。两者以病毒DNA复制为分界。根据各自不同的特性,包括血红细胞凝集作用、致肿瘤性、DNA和蛋白质的氨基酸组成和同源性、抗原关系,可将人类腺病毒分为多种血清型(约47种,相应编号,并分为6组:A、B、C、D、E和F)。
重组腺病毒载体用做基因的运载工具具有若干优势。这些优势包括对分裂期和非分裂期细胞的趋向性,最小的潜在致病性,可复制到高滴度以制备载体库和携带大的插入片段的潜力(Berkner,K.L.,Curr.Top.Micro.Immunol.158:39-66,1992;Jolly,D.,Cancer Gene Therapy1:51-64 1994)。人们已将删除了不同基因序列的腺病毒载体如假腺病毒(PAVs)和部分删除的腺病毒(命名为“DeAd”)设计成具备理想腺病毒的优势,使之成为能将核酸递送至受体细胞的合适载体。
特别是假腺病毒载体(PAVs),也称为‘无胆量腺病毒’或小腺病毒载体,属腺病毒载体,其来源于包含复制和包装载体基因组所需的最小顺式作用核苷酸序列的腺病毒基因组,PAVs是可以包含一个或多个转基因的腺病毒载体(见美国专利5,882,877其中包括假腺病毒载体(PAV)及其制备方法,列于此处以供参考)。PAVs已被设计成具备理想腺病毒的优点,是基因传递的合适载体。通过删除对病毒生长可有可无的区域,腺病毒载体一般都可以插入长达8kb大小的片段,使用删除了大部分病毒编码序列的包括PAVs在内的腺病毒载体,可达到最大携带容量。见U.S.Patent No.5,882,877 of Gregory et al.,Kochanek et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA 93:5731-5736,1996;Parks etal.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 93:13565-13570,1996;Lieber et al.,J.Virol.70:8944-8960,1996;Fisher et al.,Virology 217:11-22,1996;U.S.Patent No.5,670,488;PCT Publication No.WO96/33280,publishedOctober 24,1996;PCT Publication No.WO96/40955,published December19,1996;PCT Publication No.WO97/25446,published July 19,1997;PCT Publication No.WO95/29993,published November 9,1995;PCTPublication No.WO97/00326,published January 3,1997;Morral et al.,Hum.Gene Ther.10:2709-2716,1998。这样的PAVs,有许多优势,其可容纳达约36kb的外源核酸,这是因为载体的承载能力经过优化,而载体对宿主的致免力或病毒复制能力减弱。PAV载体包含5′倒转末端重复序列(ITR)和3′ITR核苷酸序列,5′ITR和3′ITR包含病毒复制起始区,包装PAV基因组所需的顺式核苷酸序列,PAV载体并可容纳一个或多个带有适当调控元件的转基因,例如带有启动子、增强子等调控元件的转基因。
另一方面,部分删除的腺病毒载体可制成一种部分删除腺病毒载体(名为“DeAd”),其大多数病毒复制所需的腺病毒早期基因已从载体中删除和在条件启动子控制下在产毒细胞染色体组中被替代。那些在产毒细胞染色体组中被替代而删除了的腺病毒基因可包括E1A/E1B、E2、E4(只有ORF6和ORF6/7需被置换进入细胞)、pLX和pIVa2。也可从载体中删除E3,但因为它对于载体的生产不是很需要,所以可从产毒细胞中省略。腺病毒晚期基因,正常情况下受主要晚期启动子(MLP)调控,出现在载体中,但MLP可被条件启动子替代。
适宜在DeAd载体和在产毒细胞系中使用的条件启动子包含下列特征:在非诱导状态时的基础表达量很低以使其细胞毒性或抑制细胞增殖活性的腺病毒基因的表达保持在对细胞无害的水平;在诱导状态时高水平表达,以产生充足的病毒蛋白支持载体复制和包装。适于在DeAd载体和在产毒细胞系中使用的优选条件启动子包含基于免疫抑制剂FK506和雷帕霉素的双基因控制系统,蜕皮激素基因控制系统和四环素基因控制系统。本发明可能还用到了基因开关(GeneSwitchTM)技术(Valentis,Inc.,Woodlands,TX),Abruzzese等人发表在Hum.Gene Ther.1999 10:1499-507的文章描述了该技术,在此列入以供参考。在WO99/57296中进一步说明了部分删除的腺病毒表达系统,在此列入以供参考。
腺病毒伴随病毒(AAV)是一种单链人类DNA细小病毒,其基因组为4.6kb大小。AAV基因组含有两个主要基因:rep基因,编码rep蛋白(Rep76、Rep68、Rep52和Rep40)和cap基因,编码AAV复制、拯救、转录和整合所需蛋白,而cap蛋白形成AAV病毒颗粒。AAV的名字得自于需要依赖腺病毒或其他辅助病毒(例如疱疹病毒)供应必需的基因产物,AAV才能进行复制性感染,即在宿主细胞内复制自身。无辅助病毒时,AAV作为前病毒整合进入宿主细胞的染色体,直到辅助病毒(通常是腺病毒)超感染宿主细胞才被拯救出来(Muzyczka,Curr.Top.Micor.Immunol.158:97-127,1992)。
AAV适宜作为基因转移载体源于其数个独特的生物学特性。在AAV基因组两端各有一个名为倒转末端重复序列(ITR)的核苷酸序列,它包含病毒复制、拯救、包装和整合所需的顺式作用核苷酸序列。由rep蛋白介导的ITR的反式整合功能允许AAV基因组在无辅助病毒时在感染后整合进入细胞基因组。该病毒这种独特的优势与AAV病毒在基因转移中的应用有关,因为它使得包含目的基因的重组AAV病毒得以整合进入细胞基因组。因此,稳定的基因转化和基因转移的许多理想目标可通过使用重组AAV载体(rAAV)而实现。此外,人们对AAV的整合位点已经了解得很清楚,它位于人类第19号染色体上(Kotin et at,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.87:2211-2215,1990)。整合位点的可预见性减少了病毒载体随机插入到细胞基因组中的危险,病毒载体如果随机插入到细胞基因组有可能激活或灭活宿主基因或打断编码序列,因而限制了整合有AAV的载体的使用,在rAAV载体的设计中移除这个基因可导致整合模式的改变,这一点已在rAAV载体中观察到。(Ponnazhagan et al.,Hum Gene Ther.8:275-284,1997)。
使用AAV进行基因转移还有其他优势。AAV的宿主范围很广。而且,与逆转录病毒不同,AAV既能感染静息期细胞也能感染分裂期细胞。此外,AAV与人类疾病不相关,免除了人们对于使用逆转录病毒来源的基因转移载体的许多担心。
重组rAAV载体产生的标准方法需要一系列细胞内事件的协调发生:用含有目的转基因及位于其侧翼的AAV ITR序列的rAAV载体基因组转染宿主细胞,用编码被反式需要的AAV rep和cap蛋白的基因的质粒转染宿主细胞,用辅助病毒感染被转染细胞,该辅助病毒提供被反式需要的非AAV辅助功能(Muzyczka,N.,Curr.Top.Micor.Immunol.158:97-129,1992)。腺病毒(或其他辅助病毒)的蛋白质激活AAV rep基因的转录,rep蛋白随后激活AAV cap基因的转录。Cap蛋白随后利用ITR序列将rAAV基因组包装成为rAAV病毒颗粒。因此,包装效率部分取决于是否有足量的结构蛋白以及rAAV载体基因组中需要的任何顺式包装序列是否易得。
逆转录病毒载体是一种常见的基因转移工具(Miller,Nature(1992)357:455-460)。逆转录病毒载体能够将非重排的单拷贝基因导入多数啮齿类、灵长类和人类的体细胞,此种能力使得逆转录病毒载体非常适合把基因转移到细胞。
逆转录病毒是RNA病毒,其病毒基因组是RNA。当逆转录病毒感染宿主细胞时,其基因组RNA反转录成DNA中间体,DNA中间体非常有效地整合到被感染细胞的染色体DNA中。这种整合了的DNA中间体被称为前病毒。前病毒在下列情况下转录并装配成为感染性病毒:存在适宜的辅助病毒或细胞系中含有适宜的能够进行壳体化的序列,同时未发生辅助病毒的污染。如果通过共转染适宜载体提供了壳体化序列,则辅助病毒对于生产重组逆转录病毒不是必需。
逆转录病毒基因组与前病毒DNA有三个基因:gag、pol和env。其侧翼是两个长末端重复序列(LTR)序列。Gag基因编码内部结构(基质、衣壳和核衣壳)蛋白;Pol基因编码RNA指导的DNA聚合酶(逆转录酶);Env基因编码病毒包膜糖蛋白。5′和3′端的LTR有助于促进病毒体RNAs的转录和多腺苷酸化。LTR包含所有其它病毒复制所必需的顺式作用序列。慢病毒属还有其它基因包括vit vpr、tat、rev、vpu、nef和vpx(在HIV-1、HIV-2和/或SIV中)。毗邻5′LTR的序列对于基因组的反转录(tRNA引物结合位点)和病毒RNA有效衣壳化成为病毒颗粒(Psi位点)是必需的。如果衣壳化必需序列(或把逆转录病毒RNA包装成为感染性病毒体的必需序列)从病毒基因组中缺失,其结果是顺式缺陷,其妨碍基因组RNA的衣壳化。然而,缺陷产生的突变体仍能指导所有蛋白质的合成。
慢病毒属是复杂的逆转录病毒,其中除了含有共同的逆转录病毒基因gag、pol、和env之外,还含有其他调节性基因和结构性功能基因。较高的复杂性使慢病毒能够在潜伏性感染过程中调节其生命周期。一个典型的慢病毒是人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV),是艾滋病(AIDS)的病原体。在体内,HIV能感染极少分裂的终末分化细胞如淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞。在体外,HIV能感染单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞(MDM)原代培养物和经阿非迪霉素或γ射线处理捕获在细胞周期中的HeLa-Cd4细胞或T淋巴细胞。细胞感染取决于HIV前整合复合物通过靶细胞的核孔进入核内的活性。后者由复合物中多个,部分冗长的分子决定物与靶细胞的核内输机制相互作用而出现。已鉴定的决定物包括功能性核定位信号(NLS),后者位于gag基质(MA)蛋白、亲核的病毒体相关蛋白、vpr和gag MA蛋白的C-末端磷酸酪氨酸残基之中。逆转录病毒用于基因治疗已有描述,例如美国专利6,013,516和美国专利5,994,136,披露在此以供参考。
本发明人发现,脑室递送溶酶体水解酶治疗酶缺陷患者可改善患者脑和受累内脏(非CNS)器官的代谢状况。当递送率相对于丸药式递送缓慢时更是如此。治疗A、B或D型尼曼-皮克病特别有用的酶是酸性神经鞘磷脂酶(aSM),如SEQ ID NO:1所示酶1。
尽管SEQ ID NO:1显示一个特定的氨基酸序列,但人群中保留活性的正常变异体同样可用。典型地,这些正常变异体与SEQ ID NO:1序列只是一个或两个残基的不同。可用的变异体应该与SEQ ID NO:1至 11-46残基构成信号序列,该序列在分泌后被剪切掉。少有95%、96%、97%、98%或99%相同。不应使用与疾病相关或活性减弱的变异体。典型地,递送的是酶的成熟形式。如SEQ ID NO:1所示,从第47位氨基酸残基开始是酶的成熟形式。疾病相关的变异体见图7。
根据本发明的试剂盒将各不同成分组装起来。这些成分可以装在同一个容器中也可以单独分装。即使是同一个容器也可分成小格。典型地,一套使用说明会与该试剂盒一并提供,该说明对递送诊断剂、治疗剂或麻醉剂,如往侧脑室递送溶酶体水解酶提供指导。这套使用说明,可能是印刷品形式、电子形式,也可以一段教学视频或DVD的形式刻于压缩光盘上、软盘上或放在互联网上,互联网地址写在外包装上或综合使用以上手段。该试剂盒除提供药剂、一个或多个套管或导管和/或泵外,也提供其他组份如稀释剂、缓冲液、溶剂、磁带、螺丝钉和维修工具。印刷品或其他指导性材料可与脑脊液容积、脑脊液循环时间、患者体重、患者年龄、递送率、递送时间和/或其他参数相关。泵可校准至基于脑脊液容积和/或循环时间和/或患者年龄和/或患者体重的特定速率。
用本发明的方法治疗的人群包括但不限于患有神经代谢失调的患者或有发展成神经代谢失调风险的患者,如LSD,表1中列出了这类疾病,尤其当该病累及CNS和内脏器官时。在一个说明性的实施例中,疾病是A型尼曼-皮克病。如果该病的遗传倾向已经确定,治疗可自出生前开始。其他可治疗的疾病或情况包括但不限于神经外科患者、中风患者、亨廷顿病、癫痫、帕金森病、路葛雷克症和阿耳茨海默(氏)病。
药剂,如溶酶体水解酶,可被纳入药物组份中。这种药物组份可用于诊断、麻醉或治疗过程,如抑制、减弱、防止或改善以溶酶体水解酶活性不足为特征的情况。这种药物组份可用于罹患溶酶体水解酶缺陷或有发展成所述缺陷风险的客体的给药。组份应以药物可接受的载体来包含有效的诊断性、麻醉性、治疗性或预防性剂量的药剂。药物载体可以是适合把多肽递送给患者的任何兼容性好的无毒物质。无菌水、酒精、脂肪和蜡可用做载体。药物可接受的佐剂、缓冲成分、分散成分以及类似的物质也可纳入药物组份中。载体可与药剂一同制成任何适合由脑室注射或输液(也可能是静脉或鞘内)或其他途径的适合给药的形式。适合的载体包括,举例来说,生理盐水、抑菌水、Cremophor EL.TM.(BASF,Parsippany,N.J.)或磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、其他盐溶液、葡萄糖溶液、甘油溶液、水和油乳剂如用石油、动物油、植物油或合成油类(花生油、豆油、矿物油或芝麻油)制备的。可将人工脑脊液用做载体。载体优选灭菌并且无致热源。药剂在药品组份中的浓度可以差别很大,也就是说,按重量计,至少可从约0.01%、到0.1%、到约1%,直到高达20%或更多。
对于脑室给药而言,组份必须无菌并应是液体。它必须在制造和储存条件下稳定,必须能够不被微生物如细菌和真菌污染。防止微生物污染可通过加入各种抗菌素或抗真菌素来实现,如对羟基苯甲酸酯类、氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸和硫柳汞等类物质。在许多情况下,药物组份包含等渗剂是优选的,例如糖、多元醇如甘露醇、山梨醇和氯化钠。
无论是aSM还是其他溶酶体水解酶,不同个体之间使用任何药剂,其剂量可能都会有所不同,这取决于特定药剂或酶及其在体内的特定活性、给药途径、医疗条件、患者年龄、体重或性别、患者对aSM药剂或其载体成分的敏感性以及主诊医生随时顾及的其他因素。而剂量变化依赖于疾病和患者,这种酶向患者给药的剂量一般是每50公斤体重每月从约0.1至1000毫克,优选是每50公斤体重每月从约1至500毫克。
慢速输液的的方法之一是用泵。这种泵可购得,例如可从Alzet(Cupertino,CA)或Medtronic(Minneapolis,MN)购得。该泵可植入体内或在体外使用。另一种方便的给予酶的方法是使用插管或导管。该插管或导管可用于多重给药行为在不同时间分别进行。插管和导管可定位植入。采用多重给药行为治疗典型溶酶体贮积病患者是可预期的。导管和泵可以分开或联合使用。导管可通过手术植入,这一点为本领域所知。试剂盒可包括药剂及导管和/或泵。泵可有调节装置以达到基于个人脑脊液容积的合适的递送率。
上述披露一般性地描述了本发明。所有提及的参考文献列于此以供参考。参考以下具体示例,可对本发明有一个较完整的理解,这里提供例子仅为了说明,并不打算限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
动物模型
ASMKO鼠是公认的A型和B型尼曼-皮克病模型(Horinouchi et al.(1995)Nat.Genetics,10:288-293;Jin et al.(2002)J.Clin.Invest.,109:1183-1191;and Otterbach(1995)Cell,81:1053-1061)。尼曼-皮克病(NPD)归入溶酶体贮积病类,是一种以酸性神经鞘磷脂酶(ASM;sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase,EC 3.1.3.12)基因缺陷为特征的遗传性神经代谢失调。ASM蛋白功能缺乏使得神经鞘磷脂底物在整个大脑神经元细胞和神经胶质细胞内的溶酶体内积聚。这导致在核周形成大量扩张型溶酶体,这是A型NPD的标志性特点和主要细胞表型。扩张型溶酶体的出现与正常细胞功能的丧失和渐进性神经退行性变病程相关,后者导致受累个体在童年早期即死亡(The Metabolic andMolecular Bases of Inherited Diseases,eds.Scriver et al.,McGraw-Hill,New York,2001,pp.3589-3610)。第二种细胞表型(例如其他代谢异常)也与此病相关,特别是大量胆固醇积聚在溶酶体内。神经鞘磷脂对胆固醇有很强的亲和力,导致神经鞘磷脂与胆固醇在ASMKO小鼠和人类患者的溶酶体内大量结合(Leventhal et al.(2001)J.Biol.Chem.,276:44976-44983;Slotte(1997)Subcell.Biochem.,28:277-293;and Vianaet al.(1990)J.Med.Genet.,27:499-504.)。
实施例2
“ASMKO小鼠脑室内输注rhASM II”
目标:确定脑室内输注rhASM对ASMKO鼠脑内存储病理学(即神经鞘磷脂和胆固醇的存储)的影响。
方法:对12到13周龄ASMKO小鼠定位植入一留置引导插管。于14周龄时,用连接到泵上的输液探针(固定在引导插管内)给鼠输注.250毫克hASM(n=5)用时超过24小时(~.01毫克/小时)连续4天(总给药量1毫克)。冻干hASM输液前用人工脑脊液(aCSF)溶解。输液后三天处死小鼠。处死小鼠过量给予戊巴比妥钠(>150毫克/公斤),然后用PBS或4%副甲醛输注。取其脑、肝、肺和脾分析神经鞘磷脂(SPM)水平。在分析SPM之前,将脑组织被分为5个部分(S1=前脑,S5=后脑;见图1)。
表2。
| 组 | 治疗 | N |
| ASMKO | .250毫克/24小时(共1毫克) | 5 |
| ASMKO | 无 | 4 |
| WT | 无 | 4 |
结果摘要:以.250毫克/24小时连续4天(共1毫克)脑室内输注hASM,导致ASMKO全脑hASM染色和菲利平(即胆固醇储存)清除。生物化学分析表明,脑室内输注hASM也导致整个大脑SPM水平普遍下降。SPM水平降低到野生型(WT)的水平。在肝脾也可观察到SPM显著减少(肺呈下降趋势)。
实施例3
“ASMKO小鼠脑室内递送hASM III”
目标:确定输注超过6小时的最低有效剂量。
方法:对12到13周龄ASMKO小鼠定位植入一留置引导插管。于14周龄时,以下列剂量之一给予hASM输注,输注时间超过6小时:10毫克/公斤(.250毫克;n=12)、3毫克/公斤(.075毫克;n=7)、1毫克/公斤(.025毫克;n=7)、.3毫克/公斤(.0075毫克;n=7)或aCSF(人工脑脊髓液;n=7)。从每个剂量水平中取2例小鼠,输注6小时后立即输注4%副甲醛,以评价酶在大脑中的分布(还从这些小鼠采血测定血清hASM水平)。每组中余下的小鼠在输液后一周被处死。取其脑、肝、肺组织分析05-0208研究中的SPM水平。表3。
| 组 | 治疗 | n |
| ASMKO | 0.250毫克(10毫克/公斤) | 12 |
| ASMKO | 0.075毫克(3毫克/公斤) | 7 |
| ASMKO | 0.025毫克(1毫克/公斤) | 7 |
| ASMKO | 0.0075毫克(.3毫克/公斤) | 7 |
| ASMKO | aCSF | 7 |
| WT | 无 | 7 |
结果摘要:脑室内给予hASM超过6小时导致整个脑SPM水平显著下降,且与剂量无关。剂量大于.025毫克处理的小鼠脑内SPM水平下降到野生型水平。内脏器官SPM的水平也显著下降(但未达到野生型水平),且呈剂量依赖性。也检测了用hASM蛋白输注的ASMKO小鼠血清中的hASM蛋白,支持上述发现。组织学分析表明,脑室内给予hASM后,hASM蛋白广泛分布于整个脑(从前脑至后脑)。
实施例4
“ASMKO小鼠脑室内输注rhASM IV”
目标:确定(1)给予hASM(剂量=.025毫克)输注6小时后,SPM在脑(和脊髓)重新积聚所需时间;(2)对脑室内hASM给药的反应上是否存在性别差异(以前的实验结果证实,底物在肝脏中的积聚存在性别差异,在脑内是否如此尚属未知)。
方法:对12到13周龄ASMKO小鼠定位植入一留置引导插管。于14周龄时,给予.025毫克hASM输注,输注超过6期。在脑室内递送hASM之后,分别在输注后一周(n=7雄、7雌),或输注后两周(n=7雄、7雌)或输注后三周(n=7雄、7雌)处死小鼠。取其脑、脊髓、肝脏和肺进行SPM分析。
| 组 | 治疗 | n | 处死 |
| 雄ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后一周 |
| 雌ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后一周 |
| 雄ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后二周 |
| 雌ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后二周 |
| 雄ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后三周 |
| 雌ASMKO | .025毫克 | 7 | 输注后三周 |
| 雄ASMKO | aCSF | 7 | 输注后一周 |
| 雌ASMKO | aCSF | 7 | 输注后一周 |
| 雄WT | 无 | 7 | 输注后一周 |
| 雌WT | 无 | 7 | 输注后一周 |
准备进行SPM分析的组织样品。
实施例5
“脑室内输注rhASM对ASMKO小鼠认知功能的影响”
目标:确定脑室内输注rhASM是否缓解ASMKO小鼠疾病所致认知障碍。
方法:对第9到第10周龄ASMKO小鼠定位植入一留置引导插管。于13周龄时,给予.025毫克hASM输注,输注超过6期。于14到16周龄时,用巴恩斯(Barnes)迷宫对小鼠进行认知测试。
实施例6
“脑室内输注后hASM蛋白在ASMKO CNS中的分布”
目标:确定脑室内输注后hASM蛋白(随时间变化)在ASMKO小鼠脑和脊髓中的分布。
方法:对12到13周龄ASMKO小鼠定位植入一留置引导插管。于1 4周龄时,给予.025毫克hASM输注,输注超过6期。此后,小鼠或被立即处死或于1周或2周或3周后被处死。
参考文献
每篇引用文献列于此处。
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2)Kakkis E,McEntee M,Vogler C,Le S,Levy B,Belichenko P,Mobley W,Dickson P,Hanson S,Passage M.Intrathecal enzymereplacement therapy reduces lysosomal storage in the brain and meningesof the canine model of MPS I.Mol Genet Metab.2004;83(1-2):163-74.
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Claims (53)
1、将药剂送达患者脑部的方法,该方法包括:
经脑的侧脑室以单一剂量耗时超过两小时的速率为患者给药。
2、将药剂送达患者脑部的方法,该方法包括:
经脑的侧脑室以单一剂量耗时至少是患者脑脊液循环时间的50%为患者给药。
3、将药剂送达患者脑部的方法,该方法包括:
估计患者脑脊液循环时间;
选定药剂经脑的侧脑室的基于患者脑脊液循环时间的速率和总递送时间;
设置泵以所述选定速率和所述总递送时间递送药剂。
4、将药剂送达患者脑部的方法,该方法包括:
估计患者脑脊液循环时间;
选定药剂经脑的侧脑室的基于患者脑脊液循环时间的速率和总递送时间;
以所述选定速率和所述总递送时间为患者递送药剂。
5、将药剂送达患者脑部的方法,该方法包括:
经脑的侧脑室为患者给药,速率是以单一剂量连续给药至少直到能够在患者血清中检测到该药。
6、根据权利要求3的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的50%。
7、根据权利要求4的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的50%。
8、根据权利要求3的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量的药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的100%。
9、根据权利要求4的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量的药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的100%。
10、根据权利要求3的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量的药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的150%。
11、根据权利要求4的方法,其中,速率是递送单一剂量的药剂持续时间大于或等于估计脑脊液循环时间的150%。
12、根据权利要求2的方法,其中,给药耗时至少是估计脑脊液循环时间的100%。
13、根据权利要求2的方法,其中,给药耗时至少是估计脑脊液循环时间的150%。
14、根据权利要求2的方法,其中,给药耗时至少是估计脑脊液循环时间的200%。
15、根据权利要求2的方法,其中,给药耗时至少是估计脑脊液循环时间的250%。
16、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达第三脑室。
17、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达中脑水管。
18、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达第四脑室。
19、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达卢施卡(Lushka)孔。
20、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达第四脑室正中孔。
21、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达脊髓。
22、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达蛛网膜下腔。
23、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂到达血清。
24、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂是显影剂。
25、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂是治疗剂。
26、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂是麻醉剂。
27、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂是酶。
28、根据权利要求1、2、3或4的方法,其中,药剂是溶酶体贮积病缺陷的酶。
29、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是造影显影剂。
30、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是荧光显影剂。
31、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是放射性显影剂。
32、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是神经鞘磷脂酶。
33、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有B型尼曼-皮克病。
34、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是α-左旋-艾杜糖苷酶。
35、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有胡尔勒综合征。
36、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有戈谢病。
37、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是葡糖脑苷脂酶。
38、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有法布莱病。
39、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是α-半乳糖苷酶A。
40、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有庞普病。
41、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是酸性麦芽糖酶。
42、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有泰-萨克斯疾病。
43、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是氨基己糖苷酶。
44、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,患者患有糖原贮积症II型。
45、根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的方法,其中,药剂是α-葡糖苷酶。
46、根据权利要求1的方法,其中,速率是以单一剂量给药耗时超过4小时。
47、根据权利要求1的方法,其中,速率是以单一剂量给药耗时超过6小时。
48、根据权利要求1的方法,其中,速率是以单一剂量给药耗时超过8小时。
49、根据权利要求1的方法,其中,速率是以单一剂量给药耗时超过10小时。
50、根据权利要求1、2、4或5的方法,其中,使用导管递送药剂。
51、根据权利要求1、2、4或5的方法,其中,使用泵递送药剂。
52、根据权利要求1、2、4或5的方法,其中,使用植入式泵递送药剂。
53、根据权利要求3的方法,其进一步包括操作泵以使药剂控制在选定速率的步骤。
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