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CN109477170A - 具有功能性表面的无铅铝滑动轴承材料 - Google Patents

具有功能性表面的无铅铝滑动轴承材料 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109477170A
CN109477170A CN201780045018.5A CN201780045018A CN109477170A CN 109477170 A CN109477170 A CN 109477170A CN 201780045018 A CN201780045018 A CN 201780045018A CN 109477170 A CN109477170 A CN 109477170A
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sliding element
element according
particles
coating
functional layer
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霍尔格·施密特
丹尼尔·迈斯特
迈克尔·瓦格纳
加埃塔诺·法比奥·科森蒂诺
拉尔夫·赫贝尔
斯蒂芬妮·卡塔琳娜·韦德曼
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Federal Mogul Wiesbaden GmbH
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    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有涂层的滑动元件，所述涂层包括至少一个功能层，所述功能层包括混合氧化物基质，并且在混合氧化物基质中，固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬颗粒嵌入混合氧化物基质中。

Description

具有功能性表面的无铅铝滑动轴承材料
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有混合氧化物基质功能层的滑动元件。根据本发明的滑动元件具有表面性能优越、易于制造的特点。
背景技术
使用氧化物层作为滑动轴承涂层的组成部分在现有技术中是众所周知的。
DE 10 2007 042 382 B3公开了一种适合作为滑动轴承的部件，其中在部件的结构中提供了一种由轻金属材料制成的层，该材料提供了在该部件的滑动表面的方向上具有孔的氧化物层，并且其中将硬质材料引入所述孔中。
DE 196 12 109 C1涉及一种具有可承受摩擦应力的表面的轴承部件。对于此目的，轴承部件由金属基复合材料构成，其基质由比例大于1％重量的SiC颗粒增强的铝合金形成，并且摩擦学应力表面是阳极氧化层表面。
Fürbeth等人的IGF项目302ZBG的最终报告“Hartanodisierschichten als innovativer Verschleiβ-und Korrosionsschutz fürAluminiumwerkstoffe”涉及了将纳米颗粒引入硬质阳极氧化铝材料层中。
最后，Fürbeth等人的IGF项目321ZBG的最终报告“Optimierung derModifizierung von Anodisierschichten auf Aluminiumwerkstoffen durch chemischeNanotechnologie und industrielle Anpassung des Verfahrens”教导了用纳米颗粒浸渍阳极氧化层以改善腐蚀保护。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有改进的表面性能的滑动元件，特别是关于以下性能的至少一种：硬度、延展性、导热性、润湿性、摩擦系数、磨损性能、粗糙度和/或形貌。
该目的的解决方案通过权利要求1中描述的滑动元件实现。
将固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒嵌入滑动元件涂层的功能层的混合氧化物基质中导致了滑动元件的特别有益的机械性能。特别地，滑动元件的性能轮廓可以通过有针对性地选择固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒而特定地适合于各自的应用。与在滑动轴承的氧化物涂层中使用孔作为润滑剂储存器相比，还获得了对于所使用的颗粒更均匀分布和更大柔韧性的优点。
在其他权利要求中描述了优选的改进。
涂层从内到外有利地包括至少一种由铝基合金组成的铝合金层和功能层。这种结构可以通过铝合金层的电解氧化以特别简单的方式生产。术语“铝合金层”和“铝基合金”还包括纯铝和纯铝层。
优选地，铝基合金由至多10.0wt％的Fe、至多10.0wt％的Mg、至多15.0wt％的Zn、至多15.0wt％的Si、至多30.0wt％的Sn、至多5.0wt％的Cu、至多5.0wt％的Ni、至多5.0wt％的Mn、至多5.0wt％Cr、至多1.0wt％的Zr、V、Sr和/或Ti，以及剩余物为铝和不可避免的杂质组成。上述铝基合金的化学组成使得可以获得金属硬度为30至100HBW 1/5/30的滑动元件。
最优选地，将功能层施加到铝合金层上。铝合金层又优选地施加到由钢构成的基底背衬上，优选为钢种C06-C45中的一种。上述钢的特征在于具有良好的可用性并且可以特别好地粘合铝合金层以形成滑动元件。
另外，在基底背衬和铝合金层之间引入优选由纯铝组成的中间层。中间层改善了基底背衬和涂层之间的粘合。
固体润滑剂颗粒有利地包括BaSO4、h-BN、石墨、MoS2、PTFE、WS2、ZnS和/或SnS2。上述颗粒特别适用于改善滑动元件表面的润滑性能。
硬质颗粒优选地包括氧化物、氮化物、磷化物、磷酸盐、氟化物、WC、TiC、TaC、CrC、B4C、CaC2和/或Al4C3，以增加耐磨性。
此外，提供了有机改性的颗粒、具有例如优选为NaHCO3的烧结添加剂的颗粒、核-壳颗粒，优选填充有固体润滑剂的纳米胶囊、和/或嵌入聚合物溶胶中的颗粒嵌入混合氧化物基质中。这导致颗粒在混合氧化物基质中特别均匀的分布。
涂层有利地具有10至1500HV的硬度，优选为10-500HV0.1。太软的层在负载下屈服并且由于材料转移而导致卡住，并且降低硬质颗粒和固体润滑剂的效果。相反，太硬的层可能由于磨损而影响滑动元件的对应构件。
此外，功能层的厚度优选为10nm至100μm。如果层厚度小于10nm，则不能充分改善磨损保护，而厚度大于100μm的层只能以很大的经济成本生产。
铝合金层优选具有至多500μm的厚度。更大的层厚度不会导致滑动元件的机械性能的进一步改善。
为了改善功能层性能，嵌入的颗粒的平均直径优选为1nm至15μm。
功能层有利地具有5至100W/m*k的导热率，优选为20至40W/m*k。这些值位于纯氧化铝的水平，因此在混合摩擦条件下可实现良好的散热。
此外，根据本发明提供了固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒在混合氧化物基质中的分布具有从内向外的梯度。因此，可以在涂层的表面区域而不是在内部区域设置其他结构，其不会通过不连续性削弱粘附力。
最后，涂层优选地在其外侧具有覆盖层，该覆盖层优选电解施加。根据应用，这种覆盖层可以增加耐磨性和/或改善摩擦性能。
具体实施方式
根据优选的实施方式，提供了一种在C06钢基底背衬上具有涂层的滑动轴承。以下层结构是特别优选的：具有位于钢背衬上的在权利要求3中提到的元件的所述铝合金层。然后通过化学-物理过程(阳极氧化)产生功能层，并且功能层又可以包含固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒。在这种情况下，首先通过带铸法浇铸铝合金，然后通过随后的轧制步骤将其轧制成最大1.5mm的厚度。当使用中间膜来改善粘合性时，然后通过辊包覆将条带和膜连接以形成线料。随后，将线料研磨并通过辊包覆施加到C06钢上。滑动轴承材料随后通过传统的成形步骤获得轴承壳体外形。随后通过使用直流电、交流电或脉冲电流源对铝合金层进行电解氧化，恒电流或恒电位地产生混合氧化物基质。为此目的所需的方法是本领域技术人员已知的，例如来自IGF项目321ZBG的最终报告(“Optimierung der Modifizierung vonAnodisierschichten auf Aluminiumwerkstoffen durch chemische Nanotechnologieund industrielle Anpassung des Verfahrens”；Fürbeth et al.；chapter 2.5)。同时，B4C颗粒通过电泳沉积法平行沉积，从而嵌入混合氧化物基质中。为了确保均匀的颗粒分布，通过使用稳定的分散剂确保颗粒的团聚。最后，对滑动轴承表面进行后处理。

Claims (15)

1.一种具有涂层的滑动元件，所述涂层包括至少一种功能层，其特征在于，所述功能层包括混合氧化物基质，并且固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒嵌入混合氧化物基质中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层从内到外包括至少以下的层：由铝基合金组成的铝合金层，和功能层。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述铝基合金由
至多10.0wt％的Fe、
至多10.0wt％的Mg、
至多15.0wt％的Zn、
至多15.0wt％的Si、
至多30.0wt％的Sn、
至多5.0wt％的Cu、
至多5.0wt％的Ni、
至多5.0wt％的Mn、
至多5.0wt％的Cr、
至多1.0wt％的Zr、V、Sr和/或Ti，以及
剩余物为铝和不可避免的杂质组成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，将所述功能层施加到铝合金层上，铝合金层又粘合到基底背衬上，并且基底背衬由钢组成，优选为钢种C06-C45中的一种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，在所述基底背衬和涂层之间提供优选由纯铝组成的中间层。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述固体润滑剂颗粒包括BaSO4、h-BN、石墨、MoS2、PTFE、WS2、ZnS和/或SnS2。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述硬质颗粒包括氧化物、氮化物、磷化物、磷酸盐、氟化物、WC、TiC、TaC、CrC、B4C、CaC2和/或Al4C3。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，有机改性的颗粒、具有例如优选为NaHCO3的烧结添加剂的颗粒、核-壳颗粒，优选填充有固体润滑剂的纳米胶囊、和/或嵌入聚合物溶胶中的颗粒嵌入混合氧化物基质中。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层的硬度为10-1500HV0.1，优选为10-500HV0.1。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述功能层的厚度为10nm至100μm。
11.根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述铝合金层的厚度至多为200μm。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述嵌入的颗粒的平均直径为1nm至15μm。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述功能层的导热率为5至100W/m*k，优选为20至40W/m*k。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述固体润滑剂颗粒和/或硬质颗粒在混合氧化物基质中的分布具有从内向外的梯度。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层在其外侧具有覆盖层，所述覆盖层优选电解施加。
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