CN109136122B - 一种降解皂素和单宁的复合微生物菌剂 - Google Patents
一种降解皂素和单宁的复合微生物菌剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种皂素单宁降解微生物菌剂,该菌剂由降解皂素微生物菌剂解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301和Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302、降解单宁微生物菌剂泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301组成,三者的体积比为(1‑5)﹕(1‑5)﹕(3‑5)。本发明的菌剂具有降解皂素单宁的能力,尤其是油茶壳、油茶粕、马尾松木屑中的皂素和单宁,其降解率在68%以上。因此该菌剂在含皂素单宁等植物材料降解中的应用,具有很好的前景,大大拓展了富含皂素单宁材料的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于微生物菌剂领域,特别是涉及一种能够降解皂素和丹宁的复合微生物菌剂。
背景技术
皂素是一类结构较为复杂的成分,由皂苷和糖、糖醛酸或其它有机酸所组成。皂素广泛存在于植物界,在单子叶植物和双子叶植物中均有分布。有关皂素中毒报道越来越多,如芸豆又称四季豆,是我国常用的一种食物,食用芸豆不当常会引起中毒现象,这与芸豆中含有多种抗营养素有关,皂素就是抗营养素之一。皂苷,味苦而辛辣,对黏膜有刺激性,对心脏有刺激作用,是很强的溶血剂。茶皂素(Tea saponin,TS)是一类齐墩果烷型五环三萜类皂甙结构类似物的统称,主要来源于山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属(Camellia)植物的根、叶、花和果实,其单体物质常被称作茶皂甙、茶皂苷。其中油茶皂素是油茶(Camellia oleifera)木本油料植物含有的一类天然糖甙化合物,可广泛应用于日化、建材、纺织、农药和医药领域,经济价值较高。茶皂素主要存在于油茶粕和油茶果壳中,研究表明,油茶果壳中茶皂素的含量约5%左右,油茶粕中茶皂素的含量约15%左右,油茶壳和油茶粕大多数被废弃,只有部分农村地区直接用油茶粕做清塘剂或堆肥,产生巨大的资源浪费,并造成环境污染。因此研究皂素堆肥过程中的微生物降解菌,为农林废弃物的堆肥化应用及新产品开发起到积极的作用。
单宁是植物的次级代谢产物,相对分子质量在500-3000Da,是一种水溶性聚酚,广泛存在于植物体内,具有多种生物活性。单宁分为水解单宁和缩合单宁。基质中单宁含量会影响植物或食用菌的品质,如油茶果壳、板栗果壳、山核桃果壳和马尾松木屑中单宁含量分别为2.26%、5.581%、0.97%和2.32%。
因此,采用高效环保的微生物降解方法来降解堆肥植物材料中的单宁和皂素,受到越来越多的关注。目前,已有大量研究表明,自然界中的部分霉菌、细菌及酵母菌等菌种,对单宁有一定的降解能力。地衣芽孢杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌、泛菌和肠杆菌对皂素有一定的降解能力。
但是,鲜有研究报道能够同时降解单宁和皂素这两种物质的微生物混合菌剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种三种微生物菌剂以及包含这三种微生物菌剂的降解皂素和单宁的复合微生物菌剂。
为实现本发明的目的,本发明提供的第一种降解皂素微生物菌剂命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏日期:2018年5月31日,保藏编号:CGMCC NO.15834。
本发明的第二种降解皂素微生物菌剂命名为Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏日期:2018年5月31日,保藏编号:CGMCC NO.15835。
本发明的第三种降解单宁微生物菌剂命名为泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏日期:2018年5月31日,保藏编号:CGMCC NO.15862。
本发明的皂素单宁降解复合微生物菌剂,其成分包括:解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)S301和Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302以及泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301。
作为优选,本发明的复合微生物菌剂,其包括如下体积比的组分:解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301︰Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302︰泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301=(1-5)﹕(1-5)﹕(3-5)。
本发明的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301和Meyerozymaguilliermondii S302以及泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301菌株分离自浙江省杭州市富阳区中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所内的普通油茶树下的土壤中。
本发明的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301特征为:属芽孢杆菌属;革兰氏阳性、阴性或可变,严格需氧或兼性厌氧,细胞呈直杆状,以成对或链状排列,具圆端或方端,有荚膜的杆菌;通过周生鞭毛运动;每个细胞产一个芽孢;具耐热、pH和盐各种多样性的生理特性;最适温度为30℃,存在于土壤中,而且还存在水、食物和临床标本中。
本发明的Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302特征为:细胞呈球形、椭圆形、拉长形,偶尔呈锥形,但不形成尖顶。无性繁殖方式为多边芽殖,有些种类可形成节孢子。每个子囊通常包含1~4个子囊孢子,偶尔多于4个,孢子呈帽状、半球形或球形有棱,子囊成熟后一般裂开,少数不裂开,接合或不接合形成子囊,接合在母细胞和芽体或两个独立细胞之间发生,菌丝和假菌丝都可作为子囊,但形态不会变大或变成纺锤形,同宗或异宗配合;发酵或不发酵;可同化硝酸盐,DBB反应阴性。
本发明的泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301特征为:属曲霉属,曲霉属真菌是一类具有分生孢子的真菌。是常见的淀粉类食物的污染物,也能生长在许多植物和树木中。曲霉真菌可以在高渗透压的环境中生存,也可以在营养缺乏的环境中生存,目前发现的曲霉属都是高度需氧的。
本发明的菌种筛选培养基以皂素或单宁为唯一碳源。
本发明解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301,其培养和保藏方法为:将菌种S301接种于LB肉汤培养基中30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备LB琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
本发明的Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302,其培养和保藏方法为:将Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302接种于马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤培养基中30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
本发明的泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301,其培养和保藏方法为:将菌种T301接种于马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤培养基中30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
优选的,所述LB肉汤培养基为胰蛋白胨10g,酵母浸出粉5g,氯化钠10g,pH为7.0-7.2。
优选的,所述LB琼脂培养基为胰蛋白胨10g,酵母浸出粉5g,氯化钠10g以及琼脂15.0g,pH为7.0-7.2。
优选的,所述马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤培养基为马铃薯浸出粉10g,葡萄糖20g,pH为7.0-7.2。
优选的,所述马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基为马铃薯浸出粉10g,葡萄糖20g,琼脂15.0g,pH为7.0-7.2。
本发明的微生物菌剂由解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301和Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302以及泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301三个菌种组成。所述复合微生物菌剂在降解皂素单宁的应用,包括在油茶壳、油茶粕、板栗蒲、山核桃蒲、马尾松木屑等堆肥中降解皂素单宁的应用。
本发明具有以下技术特点:
1)本发明中的复合微生物菌剂易于培养,操作方便,成本低廉。
2)采用本发明的复合微生物菌剂能够将植物材料中的皂素单宁降解,堆肥过程中单宁、皂素的降解率达68%以上,最高可达98.6%。
具体实施方式
以下具体实施例是对本发明提供的方法与技术方案的进一步说明,但不应理解成对本发明的限制。
(一)菌株的培养和保藏:
1.培养基
胰蛋白胨10g,酵母浸出粉5g,氯化钠10g,以及琼脂15.0g,pH为7。
马铃薯浸出粉10g,葡萄糖20g,琼脂15.0g,pH为7.0-7.2。
2.解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301
将解淀粉芽孢杆菌S301放入LB肉汤培养基中,30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备LB琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
3.Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302
将Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302放入马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤培养基中,30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
4.泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301
将泡盛曲霉T301放入马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤培养基中,30℃,150r/min振荡培养3d;然后制备马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面,待凝固后,将菌株接入试管斜面,培养3d,待长满斜面,放入4-5℃冰箱保存。
(二)复合微生物菌剂的制备
1.斜面接种:将解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301接种于LB琼脂培养基试管斜面上,30℃静置培养3d;将Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302接种于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面上,30℃静置培养3d;将泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301接种于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基试管斜面上,30℃静置培养3d。
2.液体培养:将解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301接种于LB肉汤中,30℃,150r/min培养3d;将Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302接种马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤中,30℃,150r/min培养3d;将泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301接种马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤中,30℃,150r/min培养3d。
3.活菌计数测定:按照稀释涂布平板法,计算活菌数;
4.菌种混合:将发酵液按解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301︰Meyerozyma guilliermondiiS302︰泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301混合,混合体积比可以是三者的体积比为(1-5)﹕(1-5)﹕(3-5),本实施例按照1︰1︰3的体积比混合,得到复合微生物菌剂。
(三)本发明微生物菌剂降解皂素单宁的实验
无机盐基础培养基,成分及用量(g/L):(NH4)2SO41.0g,K2HPO41.5g,KH2PO40.5g,NaCl 1.0g,MgSO40.2g,FeSO40.05g,加入水1000ml。调节pH至7.0-7.2,再加入18g的琼脂。
在含有皂素的固体平板上,接种10μL的复合微生物菌剂的菌液(1:3:5),30℃培养。
在含有单宁的固体平板上,接种10μL的复合微生物菌剂的菌液(1:3:5),30℃培养。
复合微生物菌剂在3、7、14和21d的降解圈和菌落直径见表1和表2。
表1复合微生物菌剂在含有皂素的琼脂培养基上的降解圈和菌落直径(mm)
表2复合微生物菌剂在含有丹宁的琼脂培养基上的降解圈和菌落直径(mm)
根据每天观察降解圈和菌落的大小,可以看出,在含有皂素的平板上,复合微生物菌剂降解圈生长较快,直径变大,对皂素的降解效果较好;在含有丹宁的平板上,培养时间越长,降解圈生长较快,直径变大,对丹宁的降解效果较好。
(四)本发明微生物菌剂在堆肥中的应用
油茶壳加油茶壳干重二分之一的油茶粕,加尿素调C/N比为30,加水调节初始含水率为55%,加入5%单宁皂素混合微生物菌剂,高温好氧堆腐发酵60天后,皂素和单宁的降解率分别为75.22%和96.55%。
马尾松木屑加豆粕调C/N比为30、1-5%红糖为微生物初始营养物质、0.5%稻草为蓬松剂、3%单宁降解菌、2%皂素降解菌、5%松节油降解菌、5%纤维素和木质素降解菌竹醋液调初始pH为5.8,进行堆肥,直至堆温降至室温终止试验。24天后,单宁降解率为75.77%,皂素降解率为72.73%
因此,本发明的复合微生物菌剂对皂素单宁具有较好的降解效果。
以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明方法及其核心思想。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰,这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种降解皂素微生物菌剂,其特征在于,命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏日期:2018年5月31日,保藏编号:CGMCC No.15834。
2.一种降解皂素微生物菌剂,其特征在于,命名为Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏日期:2018年5月31日,保藏编号:CGMCC No.15835。
3.一种降解皂素和单宁的复合微生物菌剂,其特征在于,包括降解皂素微生物菌剂解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301和Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302、降解单宁微生物菌剂泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301,所述菌种保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,其中解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301保藏编号为CGMCC NO.15834, Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302保藏编号为CGMCC NO.15835,泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301保藏编号为CGMCCNO.15862。
4.根据权利要求3所述的复合微生物菌剂,其特征在于,所述复合微生物菌剂包括解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)S301、Meyerozyma guilliermondii S302、泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)T301,三者的体积比为(1-5)﹕(1-5)﹕(3-5)。
5.如权利要求3-4任一所述的菌剂的应用,其特征在于,所述复合微生物菌剂在降解皂素单宁中的应用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的复合微生物菌剂的应用,其特征在于,所述复合微生物菌剂在林业废弃物堆肥中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合微生物菌剂的应用,其特征在于,所述复合微生物菌剂在油茶壳、油茶粕、马尾松木屑、山核桃壳和板栗壳中一种或几种混合堆肥中的应用。
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