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CN108386427A - 用于接合部件的插入件 - Google Patents

用于接合部件的插入件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108386427A
CN108386427A CN201810076885.1A CN201810076885A CN108386427A CN 108386427 A CN108386427 A CN 108386427A CN 201810076885 A CN201810076885 A CN 201810076885A CN 108386427 A CN108386427 A CN 108386427A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
axis
layer
component
fiber
internal layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201810076885.1A
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English (en)
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CN108386427B (zh
Inventor
凯瑟琳·艾弗里
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Publication of CN108386427A publication Critical patent/CN108386427A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN108386427B publication Critical patent/CN108386427B/zh
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    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B19/00—Bolts without screw-thread; Pins, including deformable elements; Rivets
    • F16B19/04—Rivets; Spigots or the like fastened by riveting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/10—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of bayonet connections
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    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

一种接合结构包括第一部件、第二部件和插入件。第一部件由纤维增强材料形成并且具有限定轴线的孔。第二部件邻近第一部件并且具有与第一部件的孔对准的孔。插入件位于第一部件的孔中。插入件包括围绕轴线具有管状形状的内层、围绕轴线同心地与内层相邻的中间层以及围绕轴线同心地与中间层相邻的外层。这些层由纤维增强材料形成。内层与中间层之间的边界和中间层与外层之间的边界中的一个沿平行于轴线的方向具有非线性轮廓。

Description

用于接合部件的插入件
技术领域
本发明涉及车辆技术领域，具体涉及用于接合部件的插入件。
背景技术
机动车辆和其他复杂总成可以包括由纤维增强塑料制成的部件和由金属制成的部件。纤维增强塑料是一种复合材料，即由两种或更多种物理或化学性质明显不同的材料组成的材料。纤维增强塑料由纤维增强的聚合物基体制成。纤维是纵长的，即具有比其厚度长得多的长度。在其它应用中，纤维增强塑料可用于车身面板(特别是在车辆中)。
如钢和铝的金属广泛用于车辆中，例如用于车架、车身面板、发动机、传动系等中。
发明内容
根据本发明，提供一种接合结构，包含：
第一部件，第一部件由纤维增强材料形成并且具有限定轴线的孔；
第二部件，第二部件邻近第一部件并且具有与第一部件的孔对准的孔；和
插入件，插入件位于第一部件的孔中，插入件包括围绕轴线具有管状形状的内层、围绕轴线同心地与内层相邻的中间层、以及围绕轴线同心地与中间层相邻的外层；
层由纤维增强材料形成；和
内层与中间层之间的边界和中间层与外层之间的边界中的一个沿平行于轴线的方向具有非线性轮廓。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层具有孔；接合结构还包含衬于孔的衬套。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中第一部件的纤维增强材料具有纤维，并且纤维中的至少一些暴露在第一部件的孔中。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中层的纤维增强材料各自具有纤维，并且中间层的纤维增强材料的纤维在相对于轴线的不同于内层和外层中的一个的纤维增强材料的纤维的方向上延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层的纤维相对于轴线周向地延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中中间层的纤维相对于轴线径向地和轴向地延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层的纤维沿着相对于轴线的周向与轴向之间的对角线的方向延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层具有围绕轴线同心地邻近中间层的管状部分和从管状部分相对于轴线径向向外延伸的凸缘部分。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层具有第一端部，并且凸缘部分从邻近内层的第一端部的管状部分相对于轴线径向向内延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层的凸缘部分与内层的第一端部之间的边界沿相对于轴线的径向尺寸具有非线性轮廓。
根据本发明，提供一种插入件，包含：
具有限定轴线的管状形状的内层；
围绕轴线同心地与内层相邻的中间层；和
围绕轴线同心地与中间层相邻的外层；
层由纤维增强材料形成；和
内层与中间层之间的边界和中间层与外层之间的边界中的一个沿平行于轴线的方向具有非线性轮廓。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层具有孔；插入件还包括衬于孔的衬套。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中层的纤维增强材料各自具有纤维，并且中间层的纤维增强材料的纤维在相对于轴线的不同于内层和外层中的一个的纤维增强材料的纤维的方向上延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层的纤维相对于轴线周向地延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中中间层的纤维相对于轴线沿径向和轴向中的一个延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层的纤维沿着相对于轴线在周向与轴向之间的对角线的方向延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层具有围绕轴线同心地邻近中间层的管状部分和从管状部分相对于轴线径向向外延伸的凸缘部分。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中内层具有第一端部，并且凸缘部分从邻近内层的第一端部的管状部分相对于轴线径向向内延伸。
根据本发明的一个实施例，其中外层的凸缘部分与内层的第一端部之间的边界沿相对于轴线的径向尺寸具有非线性轮廓。
根据本发明，提供一种插入件，包含：
内层，内层具有限定轴线并且从第一端部延伸的管状形状；
中间层，中间层围绕轴线同心地与内层相邻并且从第一端部延伸；和
外层，外层具有围绕轴线同心地与中间层相邻的管状部分和从管状部分相对于轴线径向向内和向外延伸的凸缘部分，凸缘部分邻近内层的第一端部；
层由纤维增强材料形成。
附图说明
图1是第一部件和第二部件的透视图；
图2是第一部件、第二部件、插入件和紧固件的透视图；
图3是图2中的第一部件、第二部件、插入件和紧固件的沿着线3-3的横截面视图；
图4是图2中的第一部件、第二部件和插入件的沿着线3-3的横截面视图，其中为了说明而移除了紧固件；
图5是图2中的插入件的沿着线3-3的剖视图；
图6是图2中的插入件的沿着线3-3的横截面视图；
图7是插入件的第一实施例的剖视图；
图8是插入件的第二实施例的剖视图。
具体实施方式
参考附图，其中相同的附图标记在几个视图中表示相同的部分，接合结构30包括第一部件32、第二部件34和插入件36。(本文件中的形容词“第一”和“第二”用作标识符而并非旨在表示重要性或顺序)。第一部件32由纤维增强材料形成并且具有限定轴线A的孔38。第二部件34与第一部件32相邻并且具有与第一部件32的孔38对准的孔40。插入件36位于第一部件32的孔38中。插入件36包括具有围绕轴线A的管状形状的内层42、围绕轴线A同心地与内层42相邻的中间层44；以及围绕轴线A同心地与中间层44相邻的外层46。层42、44、46由纤维增强材料形成。内层42与中间层44之间的边界50以及中间层44与外层46之间的边界52中的一个沿平行于轴线A的方向具有非线性轮廓。
插入件36允许由纤维增强材料制成的第一部件32以减少腐蚀风险的方式接合到第二部件34。与第一部件32和第二部件34接合的第二部件34或紧固件48可以由金属形成。当纤维增强材料中的纤维暴露于金属时，纤维会在金属中引起电化学腐蚀、这可能损害接点(例如紧固件48)的强度。插入件36减少了纤维增强材料中的纤维56对由金属制成的部分的暴露，例如减少第一部件32的纤维56对紧固件48和/或第二部件34的金属的暴露。插入件36还可以当第一和第二部件32、34受到反向力时提供额外的能量吸收，从而降低了接合结构30失效(即分离)的风险。
参考图1-4，第一部件32可以具有片状或板状的形状，即长度和宽度远大于厚度。第一部件32的片状形状可以根据第一部件32的需求来弯曲或弯折或成型。作为一个示例，第一部件32可以是如乘客车辆或商用车辆(如小型客车、载重货车、厢式货车、运动型多用途车、旅行车等)的车辆(未示出)的车身面板。具体地，第一部件32可以是车辆的外部车身面板。第一部件32可以具有A级表面(即旨在暴露给顾客并且特别地制造成具有高质量、完美而没有瑕疵的美观的表面)。作为其他示例，第一部件32可以是车辆的结构构件(例如车身加强件、车架构件、立柱、车顶横梁、车顶纵梁、下边梁、车架横梁等)。
第一部件32由纤维增强材料形成；换言之，第一部件32是纤维增强材料。第一部件32的纤维增强材料可以例如是纤维增强塑料或纤维增强聚合物。纤维增强材料包括纤维56。纤维56可以例如由碳、芳族聚酰胺(aramid)、玻璃、聚丙烯腈(polyacrylonitrile)、人造纤维等形成。纤维增强材料包括基体材料，并且纤维56设置在基体材料中。第一部件32的基体材料可以例如是聚酯(polyester)、环氧树脂(epoxy)、聚酰胺(polyamide)、聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate)、聚丙烯(polypropylene)、乙烯基树脂(vinyl)、任何合适类型的聚合物等。
参考图1和图4，第一部件32具有孔38。可以穿过第一部件32的厚度来切出孔38。例如，可以在第一部件32成型之后切出孔38，这导致纤维56的端部暴露在孔38周围。第一部件32的至少一些纤维56可能暴露在孔38中；换言之，至少一些纤维56位于孔38的表面处而没有被例如基体材料覆盖。因此，如果有的话，纤维56可能有在接触纤维56的金属部分中引起腐蚀的风险。
参考图1-4，接合结构30包括第二部件34。第二部件34可以具有片状或板状的形状，即长度和宽度远大于厚度。第一部件32的片状形状可以根据第一部件32的需求弯曲或弯折或成型。例如，第一部件32可以是车辆(未示出)中的车身面板。作为其他示例，第二部件34可以是车辆的结构构件，例如车身加强件、车架构件、立柱、车顶横梁、车顶纵梁、下边梁、车架横梁等等。
第二部件34与第一部件32相邻；换言之，第一部件32与第二部件34之间没有任何东西，并且第二部件34可以接触第一部件32。第二部件34可以与第一部件32齐平。更具体地，围绕第一部件32的孔38的区域58可以接触围绕第二部件34的孔40的区域60。区域58、60可以表示第一部件32和第二部件34的正交于第一部件32的和第二部件34的厚度的宽阔表面。
第二部件34可以由用于其需求的任何适当的坚固和耐用的材料形成；换言之，第二部件34是这样的材料。例如，第二部件34可以由如钢或铝的金属、塑料、如描述第一部件32的纤维增强材料等形成。
参考图1和图4，第二部件34具有与第一部件32的孔38对准的孔40。例如，由第一部件32的孔38限定的轴线A可以与由第二部件34的孔40限定的轴线相同。孔38、40的方向可以是平行的。
参考图2，第一部件32的孔38限定轴线A。该轴线A可以是圆柱坐标系的基线。在圆柱坐标系中，位置P被指定为三个尺寸：平行于轴线A的轴向尺寸z、指向为垂直远离轴线A的径向尺寸r、以及围绕轴线A的周向尺寸θ。轴向尺寸z和径向尺寸r是距离，并且周向尺寸是角度。轴向是平行于轴线A的方向，即轴向尺寸z在径向尺寸r和周向尺寸θ是恒定的时增大或减小。径向是与轴线A正交或远离轴线A的方向，即径向尺寸r在轴向尺寸z和周向尺寸θ是恒定的时增大或减小。周向方向在与轴线A正交的平面内环绕轴线A，即周向尺寸θ在轴向尺寸z和径向尺寸r是恒定的时增大或减小。
参考图4，插入件36位于在第一部件32的孔38中。如图4所示，插入件36可以位于在第二部件34的孔40的外部，或者插入件36可以延伸到第二部件34的孔40中。插入件36可以具有与轴线A对准的圆柱形形状。
参考图4-6，插入件36包括具有围绕轴线A的管状形状的内层42。换言之，内层42可以具有沿着轴线A伸长的圆形，并且可以具有平行于或对准于轴线A延伸穿过内层42的孔62。内层42可以从第一端部64轴向延伸到第二端部66。第二端部66可以接触第二部件34，并且第一端部64可以与第二部件34间隔开并且可以位于与第二部件34相对的第一部件32的孔38的端部处。
中间层44围绕轴线A同心地与内层42相邻；即中间层44围绕轴线A的整个周向与内层42相邻。中间层44可以具有管状形状。中间层44可以具有沿着轴线A伸长的圆形形状并且可以绕轴线A周向地围绕内层42。中间层44可以从第一端部68轴向地延伸到第二端部70。中间层44可以与内层42轴向共同延伸；即中间层44的第一端部68可以在内层42的第一端部64处，并且中间层44的第二端部70可以在内层42的第二端部66处。中间层44可以从内层42的第一端部64延伸到内层42的第二端部66。中间层44的第二端部70可以接触第二部件34，并且中间层44可以远离第二端部70轴向地延伸到中间层44的第一端部68。
中间层44和内层42可以在其之间具有边界50。边界50可以是内层42与中间层44的共享表面。边界50可以沿平行于轴线A的方向(即沿着轴向尺寸)具有非线性轮廓。换言之，边界50并不遵循内层42的第一端部64与内层42的第二端部66之间的直线。边界50的形状可以是旋转曲面，即通过围绕平面中的直线使平面中的曲线旋转而形成的表面。边界50可以是围绕轴线A旋转的非线性轮廓的旋转曲面。
继续参考图4-6，外层46可以包括管状部分72和凸缘部分74。管状部分72围绕轴线A同心地邻近中间层44；即管状部分72围绕轴线A的整个周向邻近中间层44。管状部分72具有管状形状。管状部分72可以具有沿着轴线A伸长的圆形形状并且可以绕轴线A周向地围绕中间层44。管状部分72可以从第一端部76轴向延伸到第二端部78。管状部分72的第一端部76可连接到凸缘部分74。管状部分72可与中间层44和/或内层42轴向地共同延伸；即管状部分72的第一端部76可以位于中间层44和/或内层42的第一端部64、68处，并且管状部分72的第二端部78可以位于中间层44和/或内层42的第二端部66、70处。管状部分72可以从中间层44和/或内层42的第一端部64、68延伸到中间层44和/或内层42的第二端部66、70。管状部分72的第二端部78可以接触第二部件34，并且管状部分可以远离第二端部78轴向地延伸到管状部分72的第一端部76。
中间层44和外层46的管状部分72可以具有其之间的边界52。边界52可以是中间层44和外层46的共享表面。边界52可以沿平行于轴线A的方向(即沿着轴向尺寸)具有非线性轮廓。换言之，边界52不遵循沿着中间层44的第一端部68与中间层44的第二端部70之间的轴向尺寸的直线。边界52的形状可以是旋转曲面，即通过围绕平面内直线使平面内的曲线旋转而形成的表面。边界52可以是围绕轴线A旋转的非线性轮廓的旋转曲面。
继续参考图4-6，外层46的凸缘部分74可以相对于轴线A从管状部分72径向向外延伸，即可以沿远离轴线A的径向方向延伸。凸缘部分74的外径可以大于外层46的管状部分72的外径。凸缘部分74可以具有在凸缘部分74的外径处周向延伸的斜面80。
凸缘部分74可以从邻近内层42的第一端部64的管状部分72相对于轴线A径向向内延伸，即可以沿着径向方向朝向轴线A延伸。凸缘部分74可以与中间层44相邻。凸缘部分74的内径可以小于管状部分72的内径。凸缘部分74的内径可以与内层42的内径相同，即与内层42的孔62的直径相同的尺寸。
外层46的凸缘部分74具有与内层42的第一端部64和中间层44的第一端部68的边界54。边界54可以是凸缘部分74、内层42或中间层44的共享表面。边界54可以沿与轴线A正交的方向(即沿着径向尺寸)具有非线性轮廓。换言之，边界54不遵循沿着从第一端部64处的凸缘或内层42的内径延伸到第一端部76处的管状部分72的内径的径向尺寸的直线。边界54的形状可以是旋转曲面，即通过围绕平面中的直线使平面中的曲线旋转而形成的表面。边界54可以是围绕轴线A旋转的非线性轮廓的旋转曲面。
参考图7和8，层42、44、46由纤维增强材料形成；即层42、44、46是纤维增强材料。层42、44、46可以由相同或不同的纤维增强材料形成，或者三个层42、44、46中的两个可以由相同的纤维增强材料(即相同类型的纤维增强材料)形成。作为另一个示例，所有三个层42、44、46可以由不同的纤维增强材料(即不同类型的纤维增强材料)形成。如上所述，纤维增强材料可以例如是纤维增强塑料或纤维增强聚合物，例如碳纤维、玻璃纤维或芳族聚酰胺纤维。纤维增强材料各自具有纤维82、84、86。纤维82、84、86可由例如碳、芳族聚酰胺、玻璃、聚丙烯腈、人造纤维等形成。纤维增强材料各自包括基体材料，并且纤维82、84、86设置在基体材料中。层42、44、46的基体材料可以例如是聚酯、环氧树脂、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯，乙烯基树脂、任何合适类型的聚合物等。
层42、44、46可以是一体的，即一起同时形成为一个整体单元。可选地，层42、44、46中的任何一个可以与其他层分开形成并且随后固定到其他层。
中间层44的纤维增强材料的纤维84在相对于轴线A的不同于内层42和外层46中的一个的纤维增强材料的纤维82、86的方向上延伸。例如，如果中间层44的纤维84径向延伸，则内层42或外层46的纤维82、86轴向地、周向地或者相对于轴向或周向以一定角度延伸。每根纤维都是纵长的，即在比在任何其他方向上长得多的一个方向上延伸。纤维集合(例如层42、44、46中的一个的纤维82、84、86)的方向是单独的纤维82、84、86的聚集方向，具体地是其中大部分纤维82、84、86取向的方向。
纤维82、84、86的密度可以在层42、44、46的不同位置之间变化。例如，如图7所示，相比在凸缘部分74的内径处或在管状部分72中，纤维82在外层46的凸缘部分74的外径处的密度可以更大。纤维82、84、86的密度是每单位体积的纤维数量。
参考图4-8，衬套88可以衬于孔62。衬套88可以是形成内层42的纤维增强材料的基体材料；即内层42的纤维增强材料的纤维86可以通过衬套88与孔62隔开。可选地，衬套88可以是与内层42的基体材料不同的材料。
参考图2和图3，接合结构30包括紧固件48。紧固件48可以位于穿过内层42的孔62和第二部件34的孔40。紧固件48接合第一部件32和第二部件34，即将第一部件32和第二部件34保持在一起。紧固件48由于插入件36而在安装时不接触第一部件32的纤维增强材料的任何纤维56。如图2和3所示，紧固件48可以是铆钉。当紧固件48安装到第一部件32和第二部件34时，紧固件48可以在两端包括头部90，头部90将内层42和外层44夹在一起。可选地，紧固件48可以是用于将第一部件32和第二部件34保持在一起的任何合适的类型，例如螺纹紧固件、销、夹子等。
如果第一部件32和第二部件34受到沿不同方向拉力，则紧固件48可阻止部件32、34分离。这些力将紧固件48推抵插入件36的孔62的一侧。如果力足够大，则插入件36可能变形或破裂。中间层44的纤维相对于内层或外层42、46的不同方向可允许中间层44压缩并且由此吸收能量，从而不会使插入件36破裂。
参考图7，插入件36的第一实施例可以包括相对于轴线A沿周向延伸的外层46的纤维82、相对于轴线A轴向延伸的中间层44的纤维84、和沿着相对于轴线A的周向与轴向之间的对角线的方向延伸的内层42的纤维86。换言之，外层46的纤维82在周向方向上延伸，即对于每个纤维，轴向尺寸z和径向尺寸r相对于周向尺寸θ是恒定的。中间层44的纤维84平行于轴线A延伸，即径向尺寸r和周向尺寸θ相对于轴向尺寸z是恒定的。内层42的纤维86沿着围绕轴线A的恒定半径的螺旋延伸，即径向尺寸r是恒定的，并且轴向尺寸是周向尺寸θ的线性函数，即z＝kθ，其中k是常数。内层42可以包括在周向尺寸与轴向尺寸之间成对角的第一组纤维86a和在周向尺寸与轴向尺寸之间反向地成对角的第二组纤维86b。因此，对于第一组纤维86a，r是常数并且z＝kθ，并且对于第二组纤维86b，r是常数并且z＝–jθ，其中j和k是正常数。
参考图8，插入件36的第二实施例可以包括相对于轴线A沿周向延伸的外层46的纤维82、相对于轴线A径向延伸的中间层44的纤维84、和相对于轴线A沿周向延伸的内层42的纤维86。换言之，外层46和内层42的纤维82在周向上延伸，即对于每个纤维，轴向尺寸z和径向尺寸r相对于周向尺寸θ是恒定的。中间层44的纤维84正交于轴线A延伸，即轴向尺寸z和周向尺寸θ相对于径向尺寸r是恒定的。
已经以说明性方式描述了本公开，并且应当理解的是，已经使用的术语旨在描述词语的性质，而不是对其的限制。鉴于上述教导，本公开的许多修改和变化是可能的，并且本公开可以以与具体描述不同的方式实施。

Claims (20)

1.一种接合结构，包含：
第一部件，所述第一部件由纤维增强材料形成并且具有限定轴线的孔；
第二部件，所述第二部件邻近所述第一部件并且具有与所述第一部件的所述孔对准的孔；和
插入件，所述插入件位于所述第一部件的所述孔中，所述插入件包括围绕所述轴线具有管状形状的内层、围绕所述轴线同心地与所述内层相邻的中间层、以及围绕所述轴线同心地与所述中间层相邻的外层；
所述层由纤维增强材料形成；和
所述内层与所述中间层之间的边界和所述中间层与所述外层之间的边界中的一个沿平行于所述轴线的方向具有非线性轮廓。
2.根据权利要求1所述的接合结构，其中所述内层具有孔；所述接合结构还包含衬于所述孔的衬套。
3.根据权利要求1所述的接合结构，其中所述第一部件的所述纤维增强材料具有纤维，并且所述纤维中的至少一些暴露在所述第一部件的所述孔中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的接合结构，其中所述层的所述纤维增强材料各自具有纤维，并且所述中间层的所述纤维增强材料的所述纤维在相对于所述轴线的不同于所述内层和所述外层中的一个的所述纤维增强材料的所述纤维的方向上延伸。
5.根据权利要求4所述的接合结构，其中所述外层的所述纤维相对于所述轴线周向地延伸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的接合结构，其中所述中间层的所述纤维相对于所述轴线径向地和轴向地延伸。
7.根据权利要求6所述的接合结构，其中所述内层的所述纤维沿着相对于所述轴线的周向与轴向之间的对角线的方向延伸。
8.根据权利要求1所述的接合结构，其中所述外层具有围绕所述轴线同心地邻近所述中间层的管状部分和从所述管状部分相对于所述轴线径向向外延伸的凸缘部分。
9.根据权利要求8所述的接合结构，其中所述内层具有第一端部，并且所述凸缘部分从邻近所述内层的所述第一端部的所述管状部分相对于所述轴线径向向内延伸。
10.根据权利要求9所述的接合结构，其中所述外层的所述凸缘部分与所述内层的所述第一端部之间的边界沿相对于所述轴线的径向尺寸具有非线性轮廓。
11.一种插入件，包含：
具有限定轴线的管状形状的内层；
围绕所述轴线同心地与所述内层相邻的中间层；和
围绕所述轴线同心地与所述中间层相邻的外层；
所述层由纤维增强材料形成；和
所述内层与所述中间层之间的边界和所述中间层与所述外层之间的边界中的一个沿平行于所述轴线的方向具有非线性轮廓。
12.根据权利要求11所述的插入件，其中所述内层具有孔；所述插入件还包括衬于所述孔的衬套。
13.根据权利要求11所述的插入件，其中所述层的所述纤维增强材料各自具有纤维，并且所述中间层的所述纤维增强材料的所述纤维在相对于所述轴线的不同于所述内层和所述外层中的一个的所述纤维增强材料的所述纤维的方向上延伸。
14.根据权利要求13所述的插入件，其中所述外层的所述纤维相对于所述轴线周向地延伸。
15.根据权利要求14所述的插入件，其中所述中间层的所述纤维相对于所述轴线沿径向和轴向中的一个延伸。
16.根据权利要求15所述的插入件，其中所述内层的所述纤维沿着相对于所述轴线在周向与轴向之间的对角线的方向延伸。
17.根据权利要求11所述的插入件，其中所述外层具有围绕所述轴线同心地邻近所述中间层的管状部分和从所述管状部分相对于所述轴线径向向外延伸的凸缘部分。
18.根据权利要求17所述的插入件，其中所述内层具有第一端部，并且所述凸缘部分从邻近所述内层的所述第一端部的所述管状部分相对于所述轴线径向向内延伸。
19.根据权利要求18所述的插入件，其中所述外层的所述凸缘部分与所述内层的所述第一端部之间的边界沿相对于所述轴线的径向尺寸具有非线性轮廓。
20.一种插入件，包含：
内层，所述内层具有限定轴线并且从第一端部延伸的管状形状；
中间层，所述中间层围绕所述轴线同心地与所述内层相邻并且从所述第一端部延伸；和
外层，所述外层具有围绕所述轴线同心地与所述中间层相邻的管状部分和从所述管状部分相对于所述轴线径向向内和向外延伸的凸缘部分，所述凸缘部分邻近所述内层的所述第一端部；
所述层由纤维增强材料形成。
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