CN108240869B - Method and device for direct measurement of wave function based on weak measurement - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法及装置，该方法包括如下步骤：在某一时刻对待测单光子施加相位调制，调制深度控制到微扰程度；在同一时刻对待测单光子施加振幅调制，调制深度同样控制到微扰程度；将没有经过弱调制的单光子、经过相位弱调制的单光子以及经过振幅弱调制的单光子进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子进行符合计数；采集特定频率的没有经过弱调制的光子数、经过相位弱调制的光子数以及经过振幅弱调制的光子数，进行比较计算可以还原出弱值及待测波函数。本发明将实现对波函数的直接非破坏性测量，同时由于预选态与后选态趋于正交，弱值理论上可以接近无限大，大幅提升测量精度和有效性。
The invention discloses a wave function direct measurement method and device based on weak measurement. The method comprises the following steps: applying phase modulation to the single photon to be measured at a certain moment, and controlling the modulation depth to the degree of perturbation; The amplitude modulation is applied to the photons, and the modulation depth is also controlled to the degree of perturbation; the single photon without weak modulation, the single photon with weak phase modulation and the single photon with weak amplitude modulation are subjected to strong selection in the frequency domain, and photons of specific frequencies are selected for Coincidence counting: collect the number of photons without weak modulation, the number of photons with weak phase modulation, and the number of photons with weak amplitude modulation at a specific frequency, and compare and calculate to restore the weak value and the wave function to be measured. The invention will realize the direct non-destructive measurement of the wave function, and at the same time, because the pre-selection state and the post-selection state tend to be orthogonal, the weak value can be close to infinity in theory, which greatly improves the measurement accuracy and effectiveness.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及量子信息技术领域，具体涉及一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法及装置，可以应用于广泛的量子信息领域(包括量子通信、量子计算及量子精密测量等技术方向)。The invention relates to the field of quantum information technology, in particular to a method and device for direct measurement of wave function based on weak measurement, which can be applied to a wide range of quantum information fields (including technical directions such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement).
背景技术Background technique
弱测量理论及弱值概念最初由Aharonov，Albert和Vaidman于1988年提出，并于1991年首次得到实验验证。此后，弱测量有关的理论不断发展完善，其应用领域也得以拓宽，相比于传统测量手段，体现出了独有的物理特性、巨大的发展潜力以及广阔的应用前景。The concept of weak measurement theory and weak value was first proposed by Aharonov, Albert and Vaidman in 1988, and was first verified experimentally in 1991. Since then, the theory related to weak measurement has been continuously developed and improved, and its application fields have also been broadened. Compared with traditional measurement methods, it has shown unique physical characteristics, huge development potential and broad application prospects.
波函数作为基本物理量，涉及到量子通信信息编码、量子态传输、探测等诸多领域。关于时域波函数的测量，在传统的测量技术中，测量设备与待测量的耦合势必导致波函数塌缩，量子退相干效应也限制了对波函数信息的提取和还原。长期以来只能通过直接的光子计数来获得波函数的振幅信息，或者通过搭设单独的干涉仪来获得波函数相位信息。As a basic physical quantity, the wave function is involved in many fields such as quantum communication information encoding, quantum state transmission, and detection. With regard to the measurement of the time-domain wave function, in traditional measurement techniques, the coupling between the measuring device and the object to be measured will inevitably lead to the collapse of the wave function, and the quantum decoherence effect also limits the extraction and restoration of wave function information. For a long time, the amplitude information of the wave function can only be obtained by direct photon counting, or the phase information of the wave function can be obtained by setting up a separate interferometer.
发明内容Contents of the invention
有鉴于此，为了解决现有技术中的上述问题，本发明提出一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法及装置，结构简单、测量精确、可行性强，且能够同时得到波函数的幅度和相位信息，还原出完整波函数。In view of this, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art, the present invention proposes a method and device for direct measurement of wave function based on weak measurement, which has simple structure, accurate measurement, strong feasibility, and can simultaneously obtain the amplitude and The phase information restores the complete wave function.
本发明通过以下技术手段解决上述问题：The present invention solves the above problems by the following technical means:
一方面，本发明提供一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法，包括如下步骤：On the one hand, the present invention provides a method for direct measurement of wave function based on weak measurement, comprising the following steps:
在某一时刻对待测单光子施加相位调制，调制深度控制到微扰程度；Phase modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured at a certain moment, and the modulation depth is controlled to the degree of perturbation;
在同一时刻对待测单光子施加振幅调制，调制深度同样控制到微扰程度；At the same time, the amplitude modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured, and the modulation depth is also controlled to the degree of perturbation;
将没有经过弱调制的单光子、经过相位弱调制的单光子以及经过振幅弱调制的单光子进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子进行符合计数；Perform frequency domain strong selection of single photons without weak modulation, single photons with weak phase modulation and single photons with weak amplitude modulation, and select specific frequency photons for coincidence counting;
采集特定频率的没有经过弱调制的光子数、经过相位弱调制的光子数以及经过振幅弱调制的光子数，进行比较计算可以还原出弱值及待测波函数。The number of photons without weak modulation, the number of photons with weak phase modulation and the number of photons with weak amplitude modulation at a specific frequency are collected, and the weak value and the wave function to be measured can be restored by comparison and calculation.
进一步地，所述微扰程度为3°～5°。Further, the degree of perturbation is 3°-5°.
进一步地，通过相位电光调制器对待测单光子施加相位调制，通过对相位电光调制器电压的控制，实现人为可控的相位微扰。Furthermore, phase modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured by the phase electro-optic modulator, and artificially controllable phase perturbation is realized by controlling the voltage of the phase electro-optic modulator.
进一步地，通过幅度电光调制器对待测单光子施加振幅调制，通过对幅度电光调制器电压的控制，实现人为可控的幅度微扰。Furthermore, amplitude modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured by the amplitude electro-optic modulator, and artificially controllable amplitude perturbation is realized by controlling the voltage of the amplitude electro-optic modulator.
进一步地，通过法布里-珀罗干涉仪进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子透射。Further, through the Fabry-Perot interferometer for strong selection in the frequency domain, specific frequency photons are selected for transmission.
进一步地，通过单光子计数器对特定频率的单光子采集计数。Further, a single photon counter is used to collect and count single photons of a specific frequency.
进一步地，所述基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法用于时域波函数直接测量方法具体如下：Further, the direct measurement method of the wave function based on the weak measurement is used in the direct measurement method of the time domain wave function as follows:
将待测时域波函数表示为ψ(t)，时域弱调制可以表示为频域强选择表示为|v＞，则可以构建所需要的弱值该弱值与待测波函数成一阶线性关系，通过测得该弱值，进而得到待测波函数；Denote the time-domain wave function to be measured as ψ(t), and the time-domain weak modulation can be expressed as The strong selection in the frequency domain is expressed as |v>, then the required weak value can be constructed The weak value has a first-order linear relationship with the wave function to be measured, and the wave function to be measured is obtained by measuring the weak value;
不施加时域弱调制，仅对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为|＜v|ψ＞|2；No weak modulation in the time domain is applied, only the photons are strongly selected in the frequency domain, and the result of photon counting is |<v|ψ>| 2 ;
施加时域相位弱调制待测波函数演化为之后对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为 Apply time-domain phase-weak modulation The wave function to be measured evolves into Afterwards, the photons are strongly selected in the frequency domain, and the result of photon counting is
施加时域振幅弱调制待测波函数演化为之后对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为 Apply time-domain amplitude weak modulation The wave function to be measured evolves into Afterwards, the photons are strongly selected in the frequency domain, and the result of photon counting is
由以上光子计数结果，可以计算所涉及到弱值的实部和虚部，得到弱值进而根据其与待测时域波函数ψ(t)的线性关系，即可计算得到待测波函数的幅度及相位，从而还原出完整的待测时域波函数。From the above photon counting results, the weak values involved can be calculated The real and imaginary parts of , get the weak value Furthermore, according to its linear relationship with the time-domain wave function ψ(t) to be measured, the amplitude and phase of the wave function to be measured can be calculated, thereby restoring the complete time-domain wave function to be measured.
另一方面，本发明还提供一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量装置，包括：On the other hand, the present invention also provides a wave function direct measurement device based on weak measurement, comprising:
相位电光调制器，用于在某一时刻对待测单光子施加相位调制，调制深度控制到微扰程度；The phase electro-optic modulator is used to apply phase modulation to the single photon to be measured at a certain moment, and the modulation depth is controlled to the degree of perturbation;
幅度电光调制器，用于在同一时刻对待测单光子施加振幅调制，调制深度同样控制到微扰程度；The amplitude electro-optic modulator is used to apply amplitude modulation to the single photon to be measured at the same time, and the modulation depth is also controlled to the degree of perturbation;
法布里-珀罗干涉仪，用于将没有经过弱调制的单光子、经过相位弱调制的单光子以及经过振幅弱调制的单光子进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子进行符合计数；The Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to strongly select the single photon without weak modulation, the single photon with weak phase modulation and the single photon with weak amplitude modulation in the frequency domain, and select the photon of a specific frequency for coincidence counting;
单光子计数器，用于采集特定频率的没有经过弱调制的光子数、经过相位弱调制的光子数以及经过振幅弱调制的光子数，进行比较计算可以还原出弱值及待测波函数。The single photon counter is used to collect the number of photons without weak modulation, the number of photons with weak phase modulation and the number of photons with weak amplitude modulation at a specific frequency, and the weak value and the wave function to be measured can be restored by comparison and calculation.
进一步地，所述微扰程度为3°～5°。Further, the degree of perturbation is 3°-5°.
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果如下：Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
1、本发明是对波函数的直接测量，测量结果包含了实部和虚部两部分，可以还原出待测波函数的幅度和相位，也即完整的波函数信息。1. The present invention is a direct measurement of the wave function. The measurement result includes two parts, the real part and the imaginary part, and can restore the amplitude and phase of the wave function to be measured, that is, the complete wave function information.
2、本发明所采用的电光调制器EOM可以精确控制调制电压，实现对微扰程度的良好操控。2. The electro-optic modulator EOM used in the present invention can precisely control the modulation voltage and realize good control over the degree of perturbation.
3、本发明所采用的法布里-珀罗干涉仪在现有技术下可以将自身线宽压窄到Hz级，在本发明提出的测量方案下，可以将时域波函数测量精度大幅提升。3. The Fabry-Perot interferometer used in the present invention can narrow its linewidth to the Hz level under the existing technology, and under the measurement scheme proposed by the present invention, the measurement accuracy of the time-domain wave function can be greatly improved .
4、本发明所提出的弱测量技术将实现对波函数的直接非破坏性测量，从根本上实现对波函数幅度和相位信息的同时完整探测及还原。4. The weak measurement technology proposed by the present invention will realize the direct non-destructive measurement of the wave function, fundamentally realize the simultaneous and complete detection and restoration of the amplitude and phase information of the wave function.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
图1为本发明基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法的流程图；Fig. 1 is the flowchart of the direct measurement method of wave function based on weak measurement in the present invention;
图2为本发明基于弱测量的波函数直接测量装置的结构示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a wave function direct measurement device based on weak measurement according to the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂，下面将结合附图和具体的实施例对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明。需要指出的是，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例，基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the above objects, features and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be pointed out that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all those skilled in the art can obtain all without creative work. Other embodiments all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例1Example 1
如图1所示，本发明提供一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法，包括如下步骤：As shown in Fig. 1, the present invention provides a kind of wave function direct measurement method based on weak measurement, comprises the following steps:
在某一时刻t0对待测单光子施加相位调制，调制深度控制到微扰程度(约3°～5°)；At a certain time t 0 , phase modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured, and the modulation depth is controlled to the degree of perturbation (about 3°-5°);
在同一时刻t0对待测单光子施加振幅调制，调制深度同样控制到微扰程度；At the same time t 0 , amplitude modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured, and the modulation depth is also controlled to the degree of perturbation;
将没有经过弱调制的单光子、经过相位弱调制的单光子以及经过振幅弱调制的单光子进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子进行符合计数；Perform frequency domain strong selection of single photons without weak modulation, single photons with weak phase modulation and single photons with weak amplitude modulation, and select specific frequency photons for coincidence counting;
采集特定频率的没有经过弱调制的光子数、经过相位弱调制的光子数以及经过振幅弱调制的光子数，进行比较计算可以还原出弱值及待测波函数。The number of photons without weak modulation, the number of photons with weak phase modulation and the number of photons with weak amplitude modulation at a specific frequency are collected, and the weak value and the wave function to be measured can be restored by comparison and calculation.
通过相位电光调制器对待测单光子施加相位调制，通过对相位电光调制器电压的控制，实现人为可控的相位微扰；通过幅度电光调制器对待测单光子施加振幅调制，通过对幅度电光调制器电压的控制，实现人为可控的幅度微扰。利用电光调制器实现了对波函数时域波形的相位、振幅微扰，且微扰程度人为可控。The phase modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured by the phase electro-optic modulator, and the artificially controllable phase perturbation is realized by controlling the voltage of the phase electro-optic modulator; the amplitude modulation is applied to the single photon to be measured by the amplitude electro-optic modulator. The control of the device voltage realizes artificially controllable amplitude perturbation. The phase and amplitude perturbation of the time-domain waveform of the wave function is realized by using the electro-optic modulator, and the degree of perturbation is artificially controllable.
通过法布里-珀罗干涉仪进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子透射。利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪实现了频率强选择，该干涉仪自身线宽将直接影响后选择的效果，进而影响弱值大小。Strong selection in the frequency domain by Fabry-Perot interferometers selects specific frequency photons for transmission. The strong frequency selection is realized by using the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The line width of the interferometer itself will directly affect the effect of the post-selection, and then affect the size of the weak value.
通过单光子计数器对特定频率的单光子采集计数。利用单光子计数器完成对实验载体单光子的符合计数，进而计算弱值、还原波函数。Single-photon acquisitions at specific frequencies are counted by a single-photon counter. The single photon counter is used to complete the coincidence counting of the single photon of the experimental carrier, and then calculate the weak value and restore the wave function.
下面以时域波函数为例具体说明本发明基于弱测量的波函数直接测量方法。The wave function direct measurement method based on the weak measurement of the present invention will be specifically described below by taking the wave function in the time domain as an example.
本实施例的基于弱测量的时域波函数直接测量方法如下：The direct measurement method of the time-domain wave function based on weak measurement in this embodiment is as follows:
1)将待测时域波函数表示为ψ(t)，时域弱调制可以表示为频域强选择表示为|v＞，则可以构建本实例所需要的弱值该弱值与待测波函数成一阶线性关系，本实例即是通过测得该弱值，进而得到待测波函数；1) Express the time-domain wave function to be measured as ψ(t), and the time-domain weak modulation can be expressed as The strong selection in the frequency domain is expressed as |v>, then the weak value required by this example can be constructed The weak value has a first-order linear relationship with the wave function to be measured. In this example, the wave function to be measured is obtained by measuring the weak value;
2)不施加时域弱调制，仅对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为|＜v|ψ＞|2；2) No weak modulation in time domain is applied, only strong selection in frequency domain is performed on photons, and the result of photon counting is |<v|ψ>| 2 ;
3)施加时域相位弱调制待测波函数演化为(因为调制强度很弱，可以取一阶近似)；之后对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为 3) Apply time domain phase weak modulation The wave function to be measured evolves into (Because the modulation intensity is very weak, a first-order approximation can be taken); afterward, the photons are strongly selected in the frequency domain, and the result of photon counting is
4)施加时域振幅弱调制待测波函数演化为(因为调制强度很弱，可以取一阶近似)；之后对光子进行频域强选择，光子计数的结果为 4) Apply time-domain amplitude weak modulation The wave function to be measured evolves into (Because the modulation intensity is very weak, a first-order approximation can be taken); afterward, the photons are strongly selected in the frequency domain, and the result of photon counting is
5)由以上光子计数结果，可以计算本实例所涉及到弱值的实部和虚部，得到弱值进而根据其与待测时域波函数ψ(t)的线性关系，即可计算得到待测波函数的幅度及相位，从而还原出完整的待测时域波函数。5) From the above photon counting results, the weak values involved in this example can be calculated The real and imaginary parts of , get the weak value Furthermore, according to its linear relationship with the time-domain wave function ψ(t) to be measured, the amplitude and phase of the wave function to be measured can be calculated, thereby restoring the complete time-domain wave function to be measured.
本发明利用弱测量理论完成对时域波函数的直接测量，所测得的波函数包含了实部和虚部信息，也即是完整的波函数。The invention utilizes the weak measurement theory to complete the direct measurement of the wave function in the time domain, and the measured wave function includes real and imaginary part information, that is, a complete wave function.
实施例2Example 2
如图2所示，本发明还提供一种基于弱测量的波函数直接测量装置，包括：As shown in Figure 2, the present invention also provides a wave function direct measurement device based on weak measurement, including:
相位电光调制器(EOPM)1，用于在某一时刻t0对待测单光子施加相位调制，调制深度控制到微扰程度(约3°～5°)；Phase electro-optic modulator (EOPM) 1 is used to apply phase modulation to the single photon to be measured at a certain time t0 , and the modulation depth is controlled to the degree of perturbation (about 3°-5°);
幅度电光调制器(EOAM)2，用于在同一时刻t0对待测单光子施加振幅调制，调制深度同样控制到微扰程度；Amplitude electro-optic modulator (EOAM) 2, used to apply amplitude modulation to the single photon to be measured at the same time t0 , and the modulation depth is also controlled to the degree of perturbation;
法布里-珀罗干涉仪3，用于将没有经过弱调制的单光子、经过相位弱调制的单光子以及经过振幅弱调制的单光子进行频域强选择，选出特定频率光子进行符合计数；Fabry-Perot interferometer 3, used for strong selection in the frequency domain of single photons without weak modulation, single photons with weak phase modulation and single photons with weak amplitude modulation, and select specific frequency photons for coincidence counting ;
单光子计数器4，用于采集特定频率的没有经过弱调制的光子数、经过相位弱调制的光子数以及经过振幅弱调制的光子数，进行比较计算可以还原出弱值及待测波函数。The single photon counter 4 is used to collect the number of photons without weak modulation, the number of photons with weak phase modulation and the number of photons with weak amplitude modulation at a specific frequency, and compare and calculate to restore the weak value and the wave function to be measured.
本发明是对波函数的直接测量，测量结果包含了实部和虚部两部分，可以还原出待测波函数的幅度和相位，也即完整的波函数信息。The invention directly measures the wave function, and the measurement result includes two parts, the real part and the imaginary part, and can restore the amplitude and phase of the wave function to be measured, that is, the complete wave function information.
本发明所采用的电光调制器EOM可以精确控制调制电压，实现对微扰程度的良好操控。The electro-optical modulator EOM adopted in the present invention can precisely control the modulation voltage, and realize good control of the perturbation degree.
本发明所采用的法布里-珀罗干涉仪在现有技术下可以将自身线宽压窄到Hz级，在本发明提出的测量方案下，可以将时域波函数测量精度大幅提升。The Fabry-Perot interferometer used in the present invention can narrow its linewidth to Hz level under the existing technology, and under the measurement scheme proposed by the present invention, the measurement accuracy of the time-domain wave function can be greatly improved.
本发明所提出的弱测量技术将实现对波函数的直接非破坏性测量，从根本上实现对波函数幅度和相位信息的同时完整探测及还原。The weak measurement technology proposed by the invention will realize the direct non-destructive measurement of the wave function, and fundamentally realize simultaneous and complete detection and restoration of the amplitude and phase information of the wave function.
以上所述，仅为本发明专利较佳的实施例，但本发明专利的保护范围并不局限于此，如根据待测物理量的不同，选择不同的指针态、弱调制及强选择物理量，都可以依据本发明方案进行理论推导及实验操作。可以完成对空间波函数、偏振态、密度矩阵等诸多物理量的直接测量。任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明专利所公开的范围内，根据本发明专利的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变，都属于本发明专利的保护范围。The above is only a preferred embodiment of the patent of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the patent of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, according to the different physical quantities to be measured, different pointer states, weak modulation and strong selection of physical quantities are selected. Theoretical derivation and experimental operation can be carried out according to the scheme of the present invention. It can directly measure many physical quantities such as spatial wave function, polarization state, and density matrix. Anyone familiar with the technical field within the scope disclosed by the patent of the present invention, according to the technical solution of the patent of the present invention and its inventive concept to make equivalent replacements or changes, all belong to the scope of protection of the patent of the present invention.
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