CN108003160A - 一种合成[a]-环化吲哚类衍生物的方法 - Google Patents
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种合成[a]‑环化吲哚类化合物的方法。在钯催化剂的作用下,以降冰片烯作为瞬态导向介质,以二卤代烷烃作为烷基化试剂,在碱的作用下,一锅煮先后实现取代吲哚C2位烷基化及N‑H关环的多米诺反应,有效地合成[a]‑环化取代吲哚类化合物。此方法条件温和,直接以商业可得的取代吲哚为底物,省去了预官能团化过程,减少了反应步骤,具有较高的原子经济性,对简单的吲哚小分子结构进行修饰,[a]‑环化吲哚类衍生物可进一步用于医药或全合成等研究,在药物化学等领域具有较高的潜在价值和广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于有机合成化学技术领域,具体涉及一种合成[a]-环化吲哚类衍生物的方法。
背景技术
许多具有生物活性的天然和非天然化合物中都含有吲哚骨架。例如在众多的生物碱类化合物中,吲哚类生物碱就占了四分之一。吲哚类化合物作为一类重要的有机化合物,广泛应用于医药、农药、食品、饲料添加剂和染料工业等领域。[a]-环化吲哚的核心结构存在于很多具有生物活性的吲哚衍生物如丝裂霉素和长春胺等,在材料化学、医药化学、染料等领域应用广泛。目前合成[a]-环化吲哚的方法只有少量报道,例如利用吲哚有机硼试剂的分子内烷基迁移反应的一锅煮方法,如下路线中的A所示(Ishikura M,TerashimaM.Tetrahedron letters,1992,33(45):6849-6852.Ishikura M,Ida W,YanadaK.Tetrahedron,2006,62(5):1015-1024.);Wittig方法如路线中的B所示(Schweizer E E,Light K K.The Journal of Organic Chemistry,1966,31(3):870-872.);自由基环化及取代方法,如路线中的C 1所示(Ziegler F E,Jeroncic L O.The Journal of OrganicChemistry,1991,56(11):3479-3486.Caddick S,Aboutayab K,West R.Synlett,1993,1993(03):231-232.Caddick S,Aboutayab K,West R I.Journal of the ChemicalSociety,Chemical Communications,1995(13):1353-1354.)以及过渡金属催化的碳氢活化方法,如路线中的C 2和D所示(Artis D R,Cho I S,Jaime-Figueroa S,et al.TheJournal of Organic Chemistry,1994,59(9):2456-2466.Venning A R O,Bohan P T,Alexanian E J.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2015,137(11):3731-3734.Kaldas S J,Cannillo A,McCallum T,et al.Organic letters,2015,17(11):2864-2866.Siebeneicher H,Bytschkov I,Doye S.Angewandte Chemie InternationalEdition,2003,42(26):3042-3044.)等。然而,这些传统合成[a]-环化吲哚化合物的方法通常需要对吲哚底物预活化,经过多步的合成路线,往往也只能得到较低的产率。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种条件温和、较高产率、绿色环保的合成[a]-环化吲哚衍生物的方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:一种合成通式(I)[a]-环化吲哚衍生物的方法,
是通过通式(II)的取代吲哚和通式(III)的二卤代烷烃
在钯催化剂,降冰片烯,碱和水的参与下,实现取代吲哚C2位烷基化及N-H关环的多米诺反应,其反应通式为:
其中,R基选自氢、烷氧基、硝基、氰基、卤代基、甲基、氨基、酰基等,R基取代于吲哚环的C3、C4、C5、C6或C7位;
其中,X1选自溴,X2选自氯、溴;
其中,n选自1,2,3…
具体步骤如下:
将取代吲哚、二卤代烷烃、钯催化剂、降冰片烯、碱溶于混合溶剂中,混合均匀后反应12-36小时,反应温度设定为80±20℃,反应结束后短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物经柱层析分离后即得目标化合物。
在本发明的一个实施例中,二卤代烷烃选用1,3-二溴丙烷,摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的2.5倍。
在本发明的一个实施例中,钯催化剂采用双乙腈二氯化钯,其摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的0.1倍。
在本发明的一个实施例中,降冰片烯摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的5倍。
在本发明的一个实施例中,碱选用碳酸铯或碳酸钾,其摩尔量为吲哚类化合物摩尔量的2-4倍。
在本发明的一个实施例中,溶剂选用DMA或DMF与水的混合溶剂,水在混合溶剂中的浓度为0.5M。
与现有技术相比,本发明的显著效果如下:
(1)采用广泛易得、便宜的吲哚作为起始原料,一步串联反应合成[a]-环化吲哚类化合物,比传统的多步合成方法更加高效。
(2)运用碳氢活化的反应方法,避免了常规的合成方法反应的预活化,原子经济性高,方法绿色简便。
具体实施方式
以下通过列举实例对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实验例1
2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,23.4mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸铯(0.8mmol,260.7mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应12h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率60%。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.55(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.25(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),7.09(dtd,J=14.6,7.0,1.1Hz,2H),6.17(d,J=0.8Hz,1H),4.13–4.01(m,2H),3.03(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.61(dd,J=14.2,7.2Hz,2H).谱图与文献报道的数据一致。(Ishikura M,IdaW,Yanada K.Tetrahedron,2006,62(5):1015-1024.)
实验例2
2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,23.4mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1-溴-3-氯丙烷(0.5mmol,),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,4.48mg),降冰片烯(0.2mmol,55mg),碳酸铯(0.8mmol,10.8mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应12h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率34%。1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.55(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.25(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),7.09(dtd,J=14.6,7.0,1.1Hz,2H),6.17(d,J=0.8Hz,1H),4.13–4.01(m,2H),3.03(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.61(dd,J=14.2,7.2Hz,2H).谱图与文献报道的数据一致。(Ishikura M,Ida W,YanadaK.Tetrahedron,2006,62(5):1015-1024.)
实验例3
2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,23.4mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸铯(0.8mmol,260.7mg),滴加1mLDMF和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应12h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率49%。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.55(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.25(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),7.09(dtd,J=14.6,7.0,1.1Hz,2H),6.17(d,J=0.8Hz,1H),4.13–4.01(m,2H),3.03(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.61(dd,J=14.2,7.2Hz,2H).谱图与文献报道的数据一致。(Ishikura M,IdaW,Yanada K.Tetrahedron,2006,62(5):1015-1024.)
实验例4
5-甲氧基-2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量5-甲氧基-1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,29.4mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸铯(0.8mmol,260.7mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应12h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率57%。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.13(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),7.04(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),6.78(dd,J=8.7,2.3Hz,1H),6.09(s,1H),4.03(t,J=6.9Hz,2H),3.85(s,3H),3.01(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),2.67–2.54(m,2H).谱图与文献报道的数据一致。(Ishikura M,Ida W,Yanada K.Tetrahedron,2006,62(5):1015-1024.)
实验例5
6-氯-2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量6-氯-1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,30.3mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸铯(0.4mmol,130.3mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应24h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3 次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率47%。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.43(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.22(s,1H),7.02(dd,J=8.4,1.8Hz,1H),6.13(s,1H),4.01(d,J=6.9Hz,2H),3.00(d,J=7.7Hz,2H),2.64–2.58(m,2H).13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ145.37,132.94,131.74,125.85,120.95,119.57,109.33,92.53,43.54,27.68,24.15.
实验例6
5-碘-2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量5-碘-1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,48.6mg),转移至反应容器,向、应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸铯(0.4mmol,130.3mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应12h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率52%。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ7.66(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),7.19(dd,J=8.5,1.8Hz,1H),7.09(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),6.11(d,J=0.6Hz,1H),4.03(t,J=7.0Hz,2H),3.02(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),2.66–2.57(m,2H).13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3)δ145.89,134.81,131.26,122.74,122.60,112.29,110.61,92.05,43.70,27.69,24.29.
实验例7
2-硝基-6,7,8,9-四氢吡啶并[1,2-α]吲哚的合成
准确称量5硝基-1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,32.4mg),转移至反应容器,向反应容器加入1,4-二溴丁烷(0.5mmol,60μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸钾(0.8mmol,110.6mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应36h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率30%。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ8.46(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),8.04(dd,J=8.9,2.2Hz,1H),7.24(s,1H),6.36(s,1H),4.10(t, J=6.2Hz,2H),3.01(t,J=6.3Hz,2H),2.14–2.09(m,2H),1.94–1.90(m,2H).
实验例8
5-氰基-2,3-二氢-1H-吡咯[1,2-a]吲哚的合成
准确称量5-氰基-1H-吲哚反应物(0.2mmol,36.4mg),转移至反应容器,向、应容器加入1,3-二溴丙烷(0.5mmol,50μL),PdCl2(MeCN)2(10%mmol,5.2mg),降冰片烯(1.0mmol,94.2mg),碳酸钾(0.8mmol,110.6mg),滴加1mLDMA和9μL水于厚壁耐压管中,旋紧反应管塞使反应体系密封,加热至80℃,油浴搅拌条件下反应24h。反应结束后,将反应液冷却至室温,短硅胶过滤除去难溶杂质,用乙酸乙酯和水萃取3次,用卤水萃取1次,有机相去除溶剂得粗产物,粗产物进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1:50),得到纯净干燥的产物,产率47%。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.84(s,1H),7.32(ddd,J=8.4,2.3,1.3Hz,1H),7.23(dd,J=8.4,2.1Hz,1H),6.22(s,1H),4.09(td,J=7.0,2.2Hz,2H),3.04(dd,J=7.8,7.1Hz,2H),2.68–2.61(m,2H).13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ147.25,134.23,132.94,125.59,123.28,121.29,110.14,101.83,93.63,77.44,77.19,76.94,43.89,27.84,24.31.。
Claims (10)
1.通式(I)[a]-环化吲哚衍生物的合成方法,
是通过通式(II)取代吲哚和通式(III)二卤代烷烃
在钯催化剂,降冰片烯,碱和水的参与下,实现取代吲哚C2位烷基化及N-H关环的多米诺反应,
其中,R基选自氢、烷氧基、硝基、氰基、卤代基、甲基、氨基或酰基,R基取代于吲哚环的C3、C4、C5、C6或C7位;
X1选自溴,X2选自氯、溴;
n选自1,2,3…。
2.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,R基选自氢、烷氧基、硝基、氰基、卤代基。
3.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,n选自1或2。
4.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,二卤代烷烃选用1,3-二溴丙烷,摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的2.5倍。
5.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,钯催化剂采用双乙腈二氯化钯,其摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的0.1倍。
6.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,碱选用碳酸铯或碳酸钾,其摩尔量为吲哚类化合物摩尔量的2-4倍。
7.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,降冰片烯摩尔量为取代吲哚摩尔量的5倍。
8.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,溶剂选用DMA或DMF与水的混合溶剂,水在混合溶剂中的浓度为0.5M。
9.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,反应温度为60-100℃。
10.如权利要求1所述的合成方法,其特征在于,反应时间为12-36小时。
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| CN116462683A (zh) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-07-21 | 常州大学 | 一种n-稠环吲哚类化合物及其制备方法 |
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| CN110437068A (zh) * | 2019-07-30 | 2019-11-12 | 武汉大学 | 一种芳烃甲基化的制备方法 |
| CN110437068B (zh) * | 2019-07-30 | 2020-11-03 | 武汉大学 | 一种芳烃甲基化的制备方法 |
| CN116462683A (zh) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-07-21 | 常州大学 | 一种n-稠环吲哚类化合物及其制备方法 |
| CN116462683B (zh) * | 2023-04-03 | 2025-08-05 | 常州大学 | 一种n-稠环吲哚类化合物及其制备方法 |
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