CN107857587A - 一种高介电常数低损耗CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高介电常数低损耗CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种降低CaCu3Ti4O12电压敏陶瓷介损耗的方法,该方法在利用溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12粉体过程中选择碱性试剂——氨水为pH调节剂,解决了通常使用碱性调节剂会产生紫色络合物沉淀的问题,同时也通过调节pH值降低了CaCu3Ti4O12介电损耗到0.017(在1 kHz时),此方法具有简单、有效且不降低介电常数的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电介质材料领域,尤其涉及一种基于溶胶凝胶法用碱性试剂调节溶液pH值从而降低CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料介电损耗的制备方法。
背景技术
近年来发现的具有类钙钛矿结构的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料是一种具有优异介电性能的电子材料,它具有巨介电常数(ε≈104~105),良好的频率稳定性和热稳定性(在100~400 K内介电常数值几乎不变),可调的压敏特性等,有可能成为替代目前传统的高介电材料和过电压防护材料。
但是,由于CaCu3Ti4O12损耗较大(>0.05,1 kHz时),限制了它的推广应用。为此,除了掺杂、取代等方法,研究人员还期望通过改良制备工艺来降低CaCu3Ti4O12的介电损耗。一般来说,CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷的制备主要分两个步骤:第一,粉体制备;第二,陶瓷烧结。而且,粉体的物理化学性质会对最终烧结而成的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料性能有着很大的影响。常用的粉体合成方法有高温固相煅烧法,溶胶凝胶法,水热法,熔盐法等。溶胶凝胶法制备的纳米粉体颗粒均一、活性大、成分均匀不偏析,成品率高,受到了大家的喜爱。
通常情况下,溶胶过程中,溶液的pH值对成胶和粉体的性能影响很大。 在文献[1]Yanyan Li, Pengfei Liang, Xiaolian Chao, Zupei Yang. Preparation ofCaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics with low dielectric loss and giant dielectric constant bythe sol–gel technique[J]. Ceramics International 39 (2013) 7879–7889中,作者采用溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12粉体,在制备前驱体溶胶时也调节了pH值,但作者使用的pH值调节剂是稀硝酸。由于稀硝酸本身的pH值较小,并未把溶液pH值调到更大,调节范围在1.06~1.77之间。[2]王茂华,王秋丽,李刚,姚超,一种高介电常数类钙钛矿型压敏陶瓷CaCu3Ti4O12材料的制备方法[P],CN102432062A,2012.05.02,也进行了pH值调节,但发明人使用的是水热法,工艺与溶胶凝胶截然不同。还有的文献,一般只提到调节pH值,但未指出具体的调节手段,如[3]刘展晴,制备技术及A位调控对LCTO基巨介电陶瓷电学行为影响的研究[D],陕西师范大学,2014.11;[4]溶胶凝胶法制备Y2/3Cu3Ti4O12巨介电陶瓷及其介电性能调控[D],陕西师范大学,2015.5等。上述文献一般使用酸性调节试剂,如硝酸。但若想提高溶液的pH值,应该选择碱性调节剂。但是,当选择碱性调节剂时,前驱体溶液中会产生紫色的络合物,但该紫色络合物的成分还未深入探究。由于这个原因,直接使用碱性调节剂不可行。因此,本发明人目前还未有见到用溶胶凝胶法制备通过碱性试剂——氨水调节前驱体溶液的pH值提升CaCu3Ti4O12陶瓷性能的相关报道,而本发明中找到了一种使用碱性试剂调节pH值且不出现沉淀试剂的方法。
发明内容
发明目的:针对现有技术中存在的上述一个或多个技术问题,本发明的目的是提供一种降低CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷损耗的方法,此方法具备简单、有效且不降低陶瓷介电常数的优点。本发明所采用的方法涉及到许多因素,如反应物的配比、反应温度、反应时间、pH值等,它包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将按照CaCu3Ti4O12的化学计量比称好的原料硝酸钙Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、硝酸铜Cu(NO3)2·2H2O溶于适量的无水乙醇中得到A液;将按照CaCu3Ti4O12的化学计量比称量好的钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC4H9)4溶于适量无水乙醇中搅拌得到B液;称取配料中阳离子摩尔数1.5倍的柠檬酸,将柠檬酸溶于适量无水乙醇中;然后将B液缓慢的滴入柠檬酸无水乙醇溶液中,充分搅拌得到均质C溶液;最后将A液缓慢加入C液混合溶液中,充分搅拌得到蓝色透明的溶液;
步骤2:将配置好的蓝色透明溶液置于80 ℃水浴锅中,缓慢搅拌烘干2 h后,得到粘稠没有完全干透的蓝色溶胶;此粘稠的溶胶中,各种离子已经交联,形成了相对稳定的结构;此时,向溶胶中加入适量的氨水,调节pH值到2~7,然后继续置入80℃水浴锅中直到得到完全干燥的凝胶为止;
步骤3:将干燥的凝胶放入坩埚中在炉子上烧除多余的有机物,得到较粗的黑色颗粒;把黑色颗粒置于玛瑙研钵中研磨,然后把研磨后的粉体放入烧结炉中,750 ℃保温2 h烧除有机物得到暗黄色的粉体;
步骤4:取聚乙烯醇加入上述暗黄色粉体中,在研钵中充分混合均匀;过120目筛造粒,在24 MPa压强下压片成素胚;将素胚置于烧结炉中按照10 ℃/min的升温速率升至1050 ℃烧结保温12 h,随炉自然冷却,得到CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷;
步骤5: 将步骤4制得的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷表面打磨,抛光,被银,制作电极。
本发明提供的材料配方和制备方法所制得的CaCu3Ti4O12粉体为暗黄色;烧结后得到的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷片为黑灰色固体,晶体晶粒粒径为2~5 μm;在1 kHz条件下介电常数为7×103 ~7×104,介电损耗 tanδ为0.017~0.02,非线性系数α为4~6;直流击穿场强Eb=1000~7000 V/cm(J=5 mA/cm2时)。可以发现,该方法制备的CaCu3Ti4O12陶瓷介电常数较大,且损耗较小,在储能电容器领域也具有很大的潜力;非线性系数较大,具有优良的压敏特性;直流击穿场强相对较高,可以用于制造高压、超高压电力系统的过电压保护产品等。
本发明采用上述技术方案的优点是:
1.溶胶凝胶法操作简单,制备周期短,得到的样品粉体性状均一,稳定,能耗较低;原料硝酸钙Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、硝酸铜Cu(NO3)2·2H2O、钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC4H9)4相对价廉易得;
2.CaCu3Ti4O12粉体制备工艺较为简单,不需要高温灼烧处理,可直接得到结晶完好、粒度分布窄的粉体,且产物产率高、物相均匀、纯度高,分散性良好,无需球磨,避免了由研磨而造成的结构缺陷和引入的杂质;
3. 反应设备相对简单,可控制溶液组分、温度、压力、络合剂、pH值等,实现物相的生成和晶化,这大大降低了实验过程的能量消耗以及操作过程的复杂性;
4.克服了溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12的过程中,溶胶pH值在用氨水调节时会由于氨水中水的存在导致出现TiO2沉淀以及Cu/NH3/Ti络合物,为用凝胶溶胶法制备其他物质提供了参考。
附图说明
图1是实施例1中,用溶液pH=4的粉体制得的CaCu3Ti4O12陶瓷样品的扫描电镜图。由图1可看出,晶体晶粒大小均匀且粒径细小,大小约为2~5 μm。
图2是本发明实施例1中,所制得CaCu3Ti4O12粉体的XRD图。图2所示出XRD图的特征峰与CaCu3Ti4O12的JCPDS标准谱图(75-2188)基本相同,证明制备出CaCu3Ti4O12粉体。
图3是本发明实例1中,不同pH值CaCu3Ti4O12样品的介电频谱。从图中可以看到,当pH越大,样品的介电常数越大,呈现正比趋势。
图4是本发明实例1中,不同pH值CaCu3Ti4O12样品的介电损耗谱。图中看出当pH=4时,样品损耗最低达到了0.017(1 kHz),综合介电常数,确定pH为4为本发明中CaCu3Ti4O12陶瓷的最优制备条件。
图5是本发明实例1中,不同pH值CaCu3Ti4O12样品的J-E曲线,升压速率为5 V/s,温度为室温。图中可以看出,不同pH值样品的直流耐压强度变化趋势。还可以看出pH=5的样品耐压强度最低,为667 V/cm,pH=1的样品耐压强度最高为3333 V/cm,pH=4的样品耐压强度为1333 V/cm。
各个样品的具体性能见下表:
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明做进一步地描述,但绝不限制本发明的范围:
实施例1
(1) 称取9.5413 g硝酸钙(Ca(NO3)2·4H2O),29.2855 g硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·2H2O),一起溶于300 ml无水乙醇中,在水浴锅中加热搅拌直至溶解得到A液;称取50.5630 g钛酸四丁酯,溶于60 ml无水乙醇中,搅拌均匀得到B液;根据阳离子的总摩尔数称取92.6830 g柠檬酸,溶于200 ml无水乙醇中;将B液缓慢滴入柠檬酸无水乙醇溶液中,一边滴加一边搅拌,得到透明的混合溶液C;将A液缓慢滴加到混合液C中,得到了蓝色透明的均质溶液,在混合液中加入聚乙二醇做分散剂,搅拌,在80 ℃水浴锅中加热2 h后取出,放凉,得到稍微粘稠的蓝色溶胶;
(2)用精密pH试纸测试上述稍微粘稠的蓝色溶胶的pH值为1;然后加入氨水,搅拌均匀,调节pH分别为2,3,4,5,6和7,所有溶胶中都未出现紫色的络合物沉淀;
(3) 然后将上述调好的溶胶置于水浴锅中,直到形成干胶;将干胶放入坩埚中,在电炉上烧除有机物,得到黑色颗粒;把黑色颗粒置于玛瑙研钵中研磨,然后把研磨后的粉体放入烧结炉中,750 ℃保温2 h烧除有机物得到暗黄色的粉体;
(4)在CaCu3Ti4O12暗黄色粉体中加入质量分数为5%的聚乙烯醇,在研钵中研磨至半干,用120 目的筛子过筛造粒,在24 MPa下压制成片;将制得的片状素坯在 1050 ℃下烧结,于空气气氛下保温2 h,升降温速率10 ℃/min,得到CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷;
(5)将步骤 (4) 制得的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷表面打磨,抛光,被银,进行测试。
用扫描电子显微镜(TESCAN VEGA SBU)观察陶瓷样品的微观形貌(图1);用X射线衍射仪检测压敏陶瓷的微观结构(图2);用宽频介电谱仪(NOVOCONTROL Concept 80)测量陶瓷样品的介电特性(图3)和损耗特性(图4);用精密高阻计(KEITHLEY 6517B)测量样品的I-V特性(图5)。
可以发现本实施例得到的样品,随着pH值变化,晶粒尺寸随着pH值变大而变大,pH=4时,晶粒大小约为2 μm (图1);介电常数呈现增大的趋势,在10-105Hz范围内,pH=4时,相对介电常数为8000左右(图2);介电损耗随着pH值先减小后增大,在pH=4时达到最小为0.017(1 kHz)(图3);耐压强度呈现先减小后增大,pH=4的样品,直流耐压强度1333V/cm;pH=5的样品,直流耐压强度最小(图4)。
实施例2
本实施例中,溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12粉体时,各组分重量与实施例1一样,用氨水调节溶液 pH 值在4,上述材料采用与实施例1相同的工艺步骤,制备成巨介电性能的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷,其不同之处在于烧结温度不同为1000℃;该实施例得到的样品,介电常数为6000,损耗为0.08(1 kHz)。相比于实施例1中pH=4得到的样品,介电常数低,损耗大。
实施例3
本实施例中,溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12粉体时,各组分重量与实施例1一样,用氨水调节溶液 pH 值在4,该溶胶中也未出现紫色的络合物沉淀,上述材料采用与实施例1相同的工艺步骤,制备成巨介电性能的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷,其不同之处在于烧结温度不同为1025℃;该实施例得到的样品,介电常数为7000,损耗为0.04,相比于实施例1中pH=4得到的样品,介电常数低,损耗大。
实施例4
本实施例中,溶胶凝胶法制备CaCu3Ti4O12粉体时,各组分重量与实施例1一样,用氨水调节溶液 pH 值在4,该溶胶中也未出现紫色的络合物沉淀,上述材料采用与实施例1相同的工艺步骤,制备成巨介电性能的CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷,其不同之处在于烧结温度不同为1075℃;该实施例得到的样品,介电常数为70000,损耗为0.05,相比于实施例1中pH=4得到的样品,介电常数大,但损耗也大。
Claims (1)
1.一种高介电常数低损耗CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将按照CaCu3Ti4O12的化学计量比称好的原料硝酸钙Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、硝酸铜Cu(NO3)2·2H2O溶于适量的无水乙醇中得到A液;将按照CaCu3Ti4O12的化学计量比称量好的钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC4H9)4溶于适量无水乙醇中搅拌得到B液;称取配料中阳离子摩尔数1.5倍的柠檬酸,将柠檬酸溶于适量无水乙醇中;然后将B液缓慢的倒入柠檬酸无水乙醇溶液中,充分搅拌得到均质C溶液;最后将A液缓慢加入C液混合溶液中,充分搅拌得到蓝色透明的溶液;
步骤2:将配置好的蓝色透明溶液置于80 ℃水浴锅中,缓慢搅拌烘干2 h后,得到粘稠没有完全干透的蓝色溶胶;此粘稠的溶胶中,各种离子已经交联,形成了相对稳定的结构;此时,向此粘稠的溶胶中加入适量的氨水,调节pH值到2~7,然后继续置入80 ℃水浴锅中直到得到完全干燥的凝胶为止;
步骤3:将干燥的凝胶放入坩埚中,在炉子上烧除多余的有机物,得到较粗的黑色颗粒;把黑色颗粒置于玛瑙研钵中研磨;然后把研磨后的粉体放入烧结炉中,750 ℃保温2 h烧除有机物得到暗黄色的粉体;
步骤4:取聚乙烯醇加入上述暗黄色粉体中,在研钵中充分混合均匀;过120目筛造粒,在24 MPa压强下压片成素胚;将素胚置于烧结炉中按照10 ℃/min的升温速率升至1050 ℃烧结保温12 h,随炉自然冷却,得到CaCu3Ti4O12压敏陶瓷。
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