CN107810950B - 一种八角炭疽病的防治方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:种子杀菌、土壤处理、病虫害防治、除草、修剪和树干处理,本发明采用综合防治方法,能从根本上降低八角田块炭疽病菌数量、减轻危害程度、控制发生、传播途径,最终达到综合防治八角炭疽病的目的。本发明方法对八角炭疽病防治,防效可达90%以上,远远高于常规药剂防治效果,具有广阔的市场推广前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农药防治领域,具体涉及一种八角炭疽病的防治方法。
背景技术
八角(学名:Illicium verum Hook.f.),是八角茴香科、八角属的一种植物。八角是我国南亚热带特有的经济树种,主要分布在我国广西,其经济价值高,是重要的香料和调味料,并可入药,是中药的重要资源,八角性辛、温;归肝、肾、脾、胃经。在八角生长过程中,易受病虫害的危害,其中,八角炭疽病是危害八角的一种重要病害。经研究,八角炭疽病是由球形炭疽菌Colletotrichum coccodes (Wall)Hughes侵染所致,病菌主要危害叶、嫩枝、花梗、果梗、果实。最近几年,广西很多种植八角的地方由于炭疽病的危害,一棵树被感染之后,便传染到周围其它树,造成大片大片的死亡,以广西金秀县为例,2016年因为炭疽病的危害造成某乡的500多亩已经种植10年以上的曾经丰产的八角林全部死灭亡,农民们欲哭无泪。目前为止,关于八角炭疽病防治的报道多是单纯药剂防治方法,如:
1.中国专利号:ZL 201510104987.6,发明名称为一种防治八角炭疽病的复配物的发明,公开了一种防治八角炭疽病的复配物,由以下重量份原料制成:大蒜油 5~10 份、姜油酮 4~9 份、黄氏多糖 2~5 份、黄岑素 2~5 份、肉桂醛 2~5份、艾草 2~4份、茵陈 2~4份、苦参 4~6份、细辛 4~6 份、积雪草 4~7 份、银杏种皮 4~7 份、代森锰锌 3~8 份、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂 1~3 份。本发明的复配物可以快速杀死炭疽病菌,并在一定时间内预防炭疽病的发生。
2.中国专利号:ZL 201410827851.3,发明名称为一种防治八角炭疽病菌的农药组合物的发明,公开了一种防治八角炭疽病菌的农药组合物,由下列重量份的原料制成:苘麻300~500份、黄金线500~800份和蓬莱草200~500份。本发明所述的防治八角炭疽病菌的农药组合物具有较好的防治效果,适宜在田间大规模推广。
3. 中国专利号:ZL 201610044054.7,发明名称为一种防治八角炭疽病的植物源杀菌剂及其制备方法的发明,公开了一种防治八角炭疽病的植物源 杀菌剂,其原料由苦参提取物、银杏叶提取物、狼毒提取物、雷公藤提取物、茼蒿提取物组成,各原料加入量的重量份配比为 :苦参提取物 10~15 份、 银杏叶提取物 8~10 份、狼毒提取物 8~10 份、雷公藤提取物 8~12 份、茼蒿提取物 15~20 份。
由此可见,目前对于八角炭疽病的防治大多为药剂防治,随着人们食品安全意识的提高,植物源农药的研究同样成为热门的课题。但是,八角炭疽病病菌或孢子的发生、传播、越冬、越夏受到自然条件的影响极大,单纯通过药剂防治很难达到防治效果。而通过对八角炭疽病菌和孢子生物特性研究,并结合其生长的规律,制定综合防治方法才能从根本上降低八角田块炭疽病菌数量、减轻危害程度、控制发生、传播途径,最终达到综合防治八角炭疽病的目的。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的上述不足,提供一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,旨在通过有效降低炭疽病菌孢子基数、控制或切断传播途径、有效预防和防治炭疽病发生发展的方法,达到防治八角炭疽病的目的。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
本发明八角炭疽病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)种子杀菌:对于新植八角苗木,育苗前先进行种子杀菌处理:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂按2:1混配,兑水稀释500~800倍稀释均匀后拌种,自然晾干后,待播种。八角炭疽病发生的主要原因是因为种子带菌,在后期环境如水分、温度、湿度合适的条件下,炭疽病菌萌发、侵染、传播,造成危害。因此,首先,控制源头,将八角种子进行杀菌处理,而使用吡唑醚菌酯具有渗透、内吸和保健营养功能,代森锰锌具有保护功能,可以防治种子受到二次病菌侵染。
(2)在确保种子无菌条件下,种植环境的主要因素~土壤,是容易受到八角炭疽病菌危害的地方,因此,在种植区域内进行土壤处理至关重要:对新植八角苗木:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌20~50kg细土或土颗粒,全田撒入种植区内,深翻30cm以上;或在种植前按亩用量1~2kg25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油全田漫灌,等地稍干后深翻30cm以上;对2年以上八角树,在10~11月份,在每棵八角树下撒入用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌匀的20~50kg细土或土颗粒,深翻30cm以上,全面土壤杀菌处理。所述土壤处理每两年进行一次即可将病菌或孢子数量控制在较低水平。
(3)在第二年2~3月份多雨季节来临前,对八角幼苗喷施25%咪鲜胺水乳剂,做到喷匀打透;对二年以上的八角林木采用无人机超低容量施药,喷施25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂;间隔7~10天喷施一次,连续喷施3次。咪鲜胺为高效、广谱、低毒型杀菌剂,具有预防保护治疗等多重作用,内含咪鲜胺为咪唑类广谱杀菌剂。通过抑制甾醇的生物合成而起作用,无内吸作用,对于子囊菌和半知菌引起的多种病害防效极佳。在第二年2~3月份多雨季节,八角炭疽病的病原菌球形炭疽菌开始发生,在该时期使用咪鲜胺对八角进行全面防治起到预防作用,对于刚发生的病菌起到治疗作用。在多年生的八角林中由于树势较高,用常规喷雾效果较差,使用无人机超低容量施药,省工、省水、省药,且效率高,能在较短时间内实现化学预防和治疗的目的。
(4)在八角炭疽病爆发期及时中耕除草,消灭炭疽病传播源;对炭疽病侵染的病叶病枝及时修剪,连同杂草集中烧毁处理。杂草和树皮是炭疽病原菌越冬的寄生场所,因此,在八角炭疽病爆发期及时除草销毁,并将病枝病叶在修剪时一同除去,消灭侵染源头。
(5)在第二年9月份后将25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%氟环唑悬浮剂按1:1混配后,兑水稀释200倍,用毛刷将稀释液涂刷在八角树皮上。每年进行一次该操作处理。八角树皮是炭疽病原菌孢子寄生的主要场所,在八角收获后,及时用药剂涂抹在八角树皮上,破坏其越冬场所,进一步降低八角林中八角炭疽病病原菌的基数。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明通过对八角炭疽病菌球形炭疽菌Colletotrichum coccodes (Wall)Hughes在八角林中的发生发展规律,控制八角种子带菌、土壤药剂处理降低病菌数量、在病原菌爆发前期使用预防和治疗药剂、及时销毁侵染源和进一步药剂处理其越冬场所,有效降低了八角炭疽病菌的基数,控制侵染源头和破坏了侵染途径,最终达到了防治八角炭疽病的目的。而传统防治方法仅在八角炭疽病爆发时大量用药,造成了病原菌抗药性的急剧上升,药效越来越低;而大量化学农药的使用也导致八角收获时有很高的安全隐患,八角作为重要的中药和调料资源,食品安全问题不能忽视。
(2)本发明八角炭疽病的防治方法结合八角的种植规律,不需要增加额外劳动就可达到防治效果,如:对于新植八角,种子本身就需要进行消毒或营养处理,将药剂加入其中一起处理即可达到消灭病原菌的目的;在八角收获完毕后,结合八角的施肥规律,在施肥时同时完成土壤消毒处理,可以大大降低田间的炭疽病菌数量;而将八角炭疽病菌的爆发期用药改为根据雨季来临前提前预防用药,相对于在爆发期用药事半功倍,且能达到理想的防治效果;而每年用药剂处理八角树皮不仅能起到破坏炭疽病菌越冬场所的目的,还可以在其中加入防虫、营养等成分,保护八角安全越冬。总之,通过上述对八角的综合管理,结合系统防治方法,可以有效防治八角炭疽病的发生,将损失降低到最大限度。在整个防治过程中充分结合八角的日程管理流程,不增加额外劳动就可达到理想效果。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)种子杀菌:对于新植八角苗木,育苗前先进行种子杀菌处理:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂按2:1混配,兑水稀释500倍稀释均匀后拌种,自然晾干后,待播种。
(2)土壤处理:对新植八角苗木:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌20kg细土,全田撒入种植区内,深翻30cm以上;或在种植前按亩用量1kg25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油全田漫灌,等地稍干后深翻30cm以上;对2年以上八角树,在10~11月份,在每棵八角树下撒入用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌匀的20kg土颗粒,深翻30cm以上,全面土壤杀菌处理。
(3)病虫害防治:在第二年2~3月份多雨季节来临前,对八角幼苗喷施25%咪鲜胺水乳剂,做到喷匀打透;对二年以上的八角林木采用无人机超低容量施药,喷施25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂;间隔7天喷施一次,连续喷施3次。
(4)除草及修剪:在八角炭疽病爆发期及时中耕除草,消灭炭疽病传播源;对炭疽病侵染的病叶病枝及时修剪,连同杂草集中烧毁处理。
(5)树干处理:在第二年9月份后将25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%氟环唑悬浮剂按1:1混配后,兑水稀释200倍,用毛刷将稀释液涂刷在八角树皮上。
上述步骤中所用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油购自巴斯夫有限责任公司,商品名为“凯润”,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂购自美国杜邦化工集团(中国)有限公司,商品名“大生”,25%咪鲜胺水乳剂购自山东中农联合生物科技有限公司,商品名为“酷轮”,25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂购自广西田园生化股份有限公司,25%氟环唑悬浮剂购自山东中农联合生物科技有限公司,商品名为“米高力”。按照以上步骤,最终统计分析,八角炭疽病发病率为1.3%,而对照地块仅在4~6月份爆发期使用咪鲜胺进行防治,3天防治一次,共防治7次,仍未能有效控制八角炭疽病的发生,对照田块八角炭疽病发病率高达29%,造成了严重减产。
实施例2
一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)种子杀菌:对于新植八角苗木,育苗前先进行种子杀菌处理:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂按2:1混配,兑水稀释600倍稀释均匀后拌种,自然晾干后,待播种。
(2)土壤处理:对新植八角苗木:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌50kg土颗粒,全田撒入种植区内,深翻30cm以上;或在种植前按亩用量2kg25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油全田漫灌,等地稍干后深翻30cm以上;对2年以上八角树,在10~11月份,在每棵八角树下撒入用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌匀的50kg细土,深翻30cm以上,全面土壤杀菌处理。
(3)病虫害防治:在第二年2~3月份多雨季节来临前,对八角幼苗喷施25%咪鲜胺水乳剂,做到喷匀打透;对二年以上的八角林木采用无人机超低容量施药,喷施25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂;间隔10天喷施一次,连续喷施3次。
(4)除草及修剪:在八角炭疽病爆发期及时中耕除草,消灭炭疽病传播源;对炭疽病侵染的病叶病枝及时修剪,连同杂草集中烧毁处理。
(5)树干处理:在第二年9月份后将25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%氟环唑悬浮剂按1:1混配后,兑水稀释200倍,用毛刷将稀释液涂刷在八角树皮上。
方法中所用药剂来源同实施例1,对照田块使用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%咪鲜胺水乳剂轮换防治,在5~8月份共计施药5次,八角炭疽病发病率仍达到18.6%,使用本发明防治方法防治的发病率为2.1%。
实施例3
一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)种子杀菌:对于新植八角苗木,育苗前先进行种子杀菌处理:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂按2:1混配,兑水稀释600倍稀释均匀后拌种,自然晾干后,待播种。
(2)土壤处理:对新植八角苗木:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌40kg细土或土颗粒,全田撒入种植区内,深翻30cm以上;或在种植前按亩用量1.5kg25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油全田漫灌,等地稍干后深翻30cm以上;对2年以上八角树,在10~11月份,在每棵八角树下撒入用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌匀的25kg细土或土颗粒,深翻30cm以上,全面土壤杀菌处理。
(3)病虫害防治:在第二年2~3月份多雨季节来临前,对八角幼苗喷施25%咪鲜胺水乳剂,做到喷匀打透;对二年以上的八角林木采用无人机超低容量施药,喷施25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂;间隔8天喷施一次,连续喷施3次。
(4)除草及修剪:在八角炭疽病爆发期及时中耕除草,消灭炭疽病传播源;对炭疽病侵染的病叶病枝及时修剪,连同杂草集中烧毁处理。
(5)树干处理:在第二年9月份后将25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%氟环唑悬浮剂按1:1混配后,兑水稀释200倍,用毛刷将稀释液涂刷在八角树皮上。
方法中所用药剂来源同实施例1,对照田块使用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%咪鲜胺水乳剂轮换防治,在4~8月份共计施药8次,八角炭疽病发病率仍达到10.1%,使用本发明防治方法防治的发病率为1.9%。
可见,在八角炭疽病爆发时使用常规药剂防治并未起到理想效果,原因是因为病原菌的发生具有传播速度快、易受环境条件影响等特点,以治疗为主的防治策略效果不佳,而通过综合防控可以达到良好的效果。
Claims (2)
1.一种八角炭疽病的防治方法,其特征在于:由如下步骤组成:
(1)种子杀菌:对于新植八角苗木,育苗前先进行种子杀菌处理:用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂按2:1混配,兑水稀释500~800倍稀释均匀后拌种,自然晾干后,待播种;
(2)土壤处理:对新植八角苗木,用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌20~50kg细土或土颗粒,全田撒入种植区内,深翻30cm以上;或在种植前按亩用量1~2kg25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油全田漫灌,等地稍干后深翻30cm以上;对2年以上八角树,在10~11月份,在每棵八角树下撒入用25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油拌匀的20~50kg细土或土颗粒,深翻30cm以上,全面土壤杀菌处理;所述土壤处理每两年实施一次;
(3)病虫害防治:在第二年2~3月份多雨季节来临前,对八角幼苗喷施25%咪鲜胺水乳剂,做到喷匀打透;对二年以上的八角林木采用无人机超低容量施药,喷施25%咪鲜胺超低容量液剂;间隔7~10天喷施一次,连续喷施3次;
(4)除草及修剪:在八角炭疽病爆发期及时中耕除草,消灭炭疽病传播源;对炭疽病侵染的病叶病枝及时修剪,连同杂草集中烧毁处理;
(5)树干处理:在第二年9月份后将25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和25%氟环唑悬浮剂按1:1混配后,兑水稀释200倍,用毛刷将稀释液涂刷在八角树皮上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的八角炭疽病的防治方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)所述树干处理每一年实施一次。
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