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CN1076978C - 经碱处理的氧化铝在变压吸附中的应用 - Google Patents

经碱处理的氧化铝在变压吸附中的应用 Download PDF

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CN1076978C
CN1076978C CN96120134A CN96120134A CN1076978C CN 1076978 C CN1076978 C CN 1076978C CN 96120134 A CN96120134 A CN 96120134A CN 96120134 A CN96120134 A CN 96120134A CN 1076978 C CN1076978 C CN 1076978C
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carbon dioxide
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T·C·戈登
F·W·泰勒
A·W·王
M·A·卡尔巴西
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Abstract

从气流中去除CO2的变压吸附方法，该方法是使用一种改良的氧化铝来进行的，所说改良的氧化铝是通过用一种pH至少为9的碱溶液例如碱性化合物如。KHCO3的溶液浸渍原料氧化铝，并在足以避免将所述碱化合物分解成吸附CO2后在减压清洗下不能再生的化合物形式的低温下干燥而获得的。

Description

经碱处理的氧化铝在变压吸附中的应用
本发明涉及变压吸附(PSA)领域，提供使用改良的氧化铝吸附剂从一气体中去除二氧化碳的PSA的方法。
在空气导入到将氮气和氧气相互分离的低温空气分离过程中之前，需要去除空气中存在的低水平如400ppm的二氧化碳。如果不进行该步骤，则二氧化碳会在空气分离装置中固化。一般用于去除这种二氧化碳的两种方法是变温吸附(TSA)和变压吸附。
在这两种技术中，吸附床暴露于原料空气流中一段时间以从空气中吸附二氧化碳。此后，关闭原料空气流进入吸附床，并通入清洗气流将吸附剂上所吸附的二氧化带走而将吸附剂再生以备继续使用。在TSA中，通过在再生相中加热吸附剂而将二氧化碳从吸附剂解吸，在PSA中，清洗气的压力低于原料气的压力，压力上的变化被利用来从吸附剂中去除二氧化碳。
通过这些方法还可从原料空气去除其它组分，包括烃类和水。这些吸附方法也可应用于非空气的原料气体上或应用到为用于空气分离设备以外的目的而纯化的空气上。
利用PSA在低温空气分离前从空气中除去二氧化碳的文献有很多，例如US-A-4249915和US-A-4477264。最初的方法是采用二张氧化铝床去除水接着一张沸石如13X床去除二氧化碳。此后，已有建议使用全氧化铝PSA系统，如US-A-5232474中的所述。全氧化铝系统的优点包括较低的吸附剂费用、不需要筛来分离两种不同的吸附剂的容器设计和在泄料和再加压时在吸附容器中更好的热稳定性。但是需要开发改良的二氧化碳吸附量的吸附剂。从而可以达到具较低的基本投资的较小的床尺寸和在解压时较少的损失掉的空隙气体，即可获得较高的空气回收率。
氧化铝在TSA中也作为吸附剂作用，为此已建议将氧化铝进行处理以在其上面形成碱金属氧化物而提高所述氧化铝的吸附能力。作为例子，美国专利4493715提出了通过将原料气体和一基本包含在氧化铝上有1-6％(重量)选自钠、钾和锂的碱金属氧化物的可再生的煅烧吸附剂接触来从烯烃流去除CO2的方法。所述吸附剂是通过将氧化铝和在煅烧时可转变成金属氧化物的碱金属化合物接触而制备的。
美国专利4433981描述了一种从气流中去除CO2的方法，包括所述气流在高达约300℃的温度下与通过含钠或钾氧化物的多孔氧化铝的浸渍制备的吸附剂接触。相应的氧化物可通过用一种可分解的盐浸渍并在350-850℃的温度下煅烧来制备。所述盐包括碱金属碳酸氢盐。
美国专利3557025描述了通过选择性地煅烧氧化铝并和一种碱或碳酸氢铵盐接触而形成至少30％(重量)具MAl(OH)2CO3经验式的碱化氧化铝的制备能吸附SO2的碱化氧化铝的方法。
US-A-3865924描述了细粉状碳酸钾和氧化铝的混合物作为二氧化碳的吸附剂的用途，它和碳酸盐及水反应形成碳酸氢盐。所述吸附剂混合物通过适度地加热如压93℃(200°F)再生。化学计量量的水的存在是必要的，所述氧化铝看来好象基本上只是作为碳酸钾的载体。其它碳酸盐也可使用。
US-A-5232474描述了使用占70-100％床体积的氧化铝从空气除去水和二氧化碳的PSA方法。与大多数一般只含约1％硅石的氧化铝相反的含高达10％(重量)硅石的氧化铝被认为是优选的。硅石是酸性材料。因此本文所提出的使用碱性化合物提高二氧化碳吸附量的观点与该文献正好相反。
我们已发现用没有煅烧成碱金属氧化物的碱处理氧化铝可极大地提高在PSA条件下可再生的氧化铝的二氧化碳吸附量。
因此，本发明提供了从气体中吸附二氧化碳的压力回转吸附方法，包括在第一种压力下将气体暴露到吸附剂上以从气体中除去二氧化碳，并通过减压使吸附剂暴露于低于所述第一种压力的压力下而将所述吸附剂周期性再生，其中所述吸附剂通过用pH至少为9的碱溶液浸渍氧化铝并将其干燥后形成。
所述氧化铝用碱溶液处理的有益效果可能是由于二化碳和在所述氧化铝表面的碱性环境中的氢氧根离子反应形成碳酸氢根离子，但本申请人并不希望受该理论束缚。
浸渍溶液的pH优选至少10，更优选10至12，已经用pH约11的浸渍溶液获得了最佳效果。
浸渍溶液的pH与所述氧化铝的零点的零点负荷(ZPC)以下式相关联也是优选的：
PH≥ZPC-1.4
以下式相关联则更优选：
ZPC+2≤pH≥ZPC-1.4
浸渍溶液的pH最优选以下式的形式与氧化铝的零点负荷相关联：
ZPC+2≤pH≥ZPC-1
适合的所述碱溶液是碱金属或铵化合物，例如碱金属或铵的氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、磷酸盐和有机酸盐。可用的适合的碱化合物包括钠、钾或铵的碳酸盐、氢氧化物、碳酸氢盐、硝酸盐、甲酸盐、乙酸盐、苯甲酸盐或柠檬酸盐。
用于本发明的最优选的碱性化合物是碳酸钾。
本发明的PSA方法优选应用于在吸附过程前，从含低水平如含不高于1000ppm的二氧化碳的气流中去除二氧化碳。
用于本发明的改性氧化铝可这样制备：先配制具上述适当pH的所选碱性化合物溶液。然后将体积正好足够填满氧化铝的孔而不产生表面润湿的所配溶液加到氧化铝中。可选择溶液的浓度和量使氧化铝上化合物的负载为1-10％(以干重计)。
所处理的氧化铝应在一定温度下干燥，所述温度下高到引起所加入化合物的分解而产生通过降低气压不能逆转而只能象在TSA中通过高温才能逆转的和二氧化碳结合的氧化物。这样，US-A-4433981公开了用碳酸钠或其它化合物的溶液处理氧化铝、在100℃下干燥、然后在575℃下进一步热处理。这里的第二加热步骤产生了不适合于本发明的PSA方法的物质。
用于浸渍用于本发明的氧化铝的化合物最好不会引起水和这种吸附剂反应而使它在所用的压力回转条件下不被解吸。水的不可逆吸附会逐渐妨碍二氧化碳的吸附。如果首先通管一吸附剂将水除去(可逆吸附)，那么这种类型的材料的使用是可接受的。我们已发现如果浸渍氧化铝的化合物是一种磷酸盐如磷酸钾那么就可能遇到水的不可逆吸附。
因此干燥优选在200℃以下进行，更优选在150℃以下进行。
本发明将通过下列实施例进一步说明。在下列实施例中，通过将20g氧化铝置于水中并在24小时后测定pH来测量氧化铝的零点负荷。单位为毫摩尔/克/大气压(mmole/g/atm)的作为初始等温线斜率的亨利定律常数(K1)在250℃50微米压力下脱气16小时并接着在30℃重复地定量供给CO2和随后在50微米压力下抽真空16小时后测定。初始的亨利定律常数(K1)在第一次定量供给CO2时同样地测定。高的K1值表示通过压力回转不可逆而只是通过高温处理才可能可逆的较大的吸附二氧化碳的吸附能力。高的K2值指示本发明所需的高的可再生的(通过压力回转)吸附能力。
                  实施例1
将一种活性氧化铝用各种不同pH的溶液浸渍。在每种情况下，加入正好填满氧化铝的孔体积的足量溶液，所述溶液的浓度是能在120℃干燥后的氧化铝上产生5％(重量比，溶质/固体物总重量)的溶质负荷的浓度。然后测定亨利定律常数，其结果列于下面的表1中。表1
 吸附剂 浸渍溶液的pH (mmole/g/atm)K1 (mmole/g/atm)K2
 Alcan AA-300     -*     14.8     5.6
 5％Fe(NO3)3     1.2*     1.3     1.2
 5％柠檬酸     1.7*     0.92     0.88
 5％Csl     5.8*     2.0     1.6
 5％NH4HCO3     7.8*     6.3     4.9
 5％(NH4)2CO3     8.9*     6.6     5.8
 5％K2CO3     11.4     81.0     22.8
 5％Na3PO4     12.7     12.4     12.2
 5％NaOH     13.1     340     15.1
             *没有按照本发明
表1的结果清楚地表明用酸性溶液浸渍氧化铝降低了这种材料的CO2吸附量。此外，pH9以上的碱性溶液显著提高了对CO2的K2值，指明使氧化铝的表面增加碱性增大了CO2吸附量。
                      实施例2
该实施例证明所获得的吸队附能力的增加取决于pH而不只是所用溶质的本性。为表明这点，将K2CO3浸渍溶液缓冲到13.8、10.4(Alcan AA-300的ZPC)和4的pH值。这些溶液被用来通过水的早期润湿技术进行5％(重量)的浸渍。然后在30℃下如上所述的那样测定CO2等温线。再用亨利定律常数比较低压数据。结果列于表2中。
              表2
 溶液pH (mmole/g/atm)
 K2CO3调到13.8     6.3
 K2CO3调到10.41     10.8
 K2CO3调到4.0     0.6*
*没有按照本发明
明显酸浸渍的样品性能下降，但强的碱性溶液和弱碱性溶液(pH＝10.41)相比地损失了一些性能。这种出乎意料的结果表明通过使用等于或稍碱于吸附剂氧化铝的自然零点负荷的浸渍获得最高的可再生CO2吸附量。
                       实施例3
制备用各种盐的混合物制备的水溶液而在Alcan AA-300氧化铝上达到5％(重量)浸渍。然后按如上所述在所述样品上测量CO2等温线。测定结果显示于表3中。
                               表3
样品(均5重量％) pH (mmole/g/atm)K1 (mmole/g/atm)K2
碳酸氢铵/甲酸铵 7.78* 2.7 2.1
碳酸氢铵/甲酸钠 7.81* 16.2 6.0
碳酸氢铵/碳酸钾 9.0 49.2 13.2
NaOH/碳酸氢铵 11.19 223.5 27.3
碳酸钠 11.4 188 12.4
NaOH/碳酸氢钠 13.34 55.4 14.5
NaOH甲酸钠 13.58 349.3 11.1
NaOH/苯甲酸钠 13.97 232.7 19.0
*没有按照本发明
表3的结果表明当浸渍溶液的pH＞9时增强了可再生的CO2吸附。在所述氧化铝的自然ZPC附近这种增强效果达到最高，随着pH再增高这种效果开始下降，在pH＞13.4时则出现明显下降。在浸渍溶液的这些高pH下，初始亨利定律常数是相当高的。但是真空再生后测得的亨利定律常数的大的降低表明在第一次操作时吸附的大量CO2被化学吸附而在PSA应用中不可去除。
                      实施例4
用碱盐浸渍的氧化铝的效用也通过测量CO2穿透曲线来测定。用含400ppm(V)CO2的原料空气流在100磅/平方英寸(表压)(689.5kPa)的进口压力和22℃的吸附温度下在1.83米×0.0254米(6英尺×1英寸)柱中测量穿透曲线。原料流速是27lbmol/t2/hr(131kgmol/m2/hr)。通过在柱上简间的质量平衡，测定不同吸附剂的CO2的吸附量和CO2传质区长度。穿透测定的结果列于表4中。
                         表4
吸附剂 (mmole/g)CO2吸附量     英寸(cm)传统区
AA-300* 0.11     14(35.6)
含5％K2CO3的AA-300 0.25     16(40.6)
含5％Na3PO34的AA-300 0.17     14(35.6)
   *没有按照本发明
表4的结果表明用碱盐浸渍的氧化铝对空气中CO2 的吸附量大于未处理的氧化铝。此外，这种吸附能力的提高是在没有增加吸附CO2所需的传质区长度的情况下获得的。
                     实施例5
将实施例4的碱盐浸渍的氧化铝在单柱PSA单元中测定。所述单元由一个6英寸长1英寸直径的单柱构成。
所述吸附剂在PSA循环中如下测定：
(1)以每分钟28标准升的流速在22℃100磅/平方英寸(表压)
(685.5kPa)下将含400ppmCO2的空气导入，
(2)逆流减压到l0磅/平方英寸(表压)(60kPa)。
(3)以每分钟15标准升的流速在10磅/平方英寸(表压)(69kPa)
   下用N2清洗和
(4)用N2再加压到进料压力。
总循环时间为20分钟，9.8分钟用于进料，9.8分钟用于清洗。
表5列出了在上述的相同循环下三种表4所列的吸附剂的吸附
量。
                  表5
吸附剂     (kg处理的空气吸附剂)吸附量
AA-300*     3.54
含5％K2CO3的AA-300     3.87
含5％Na3PO34的AA-300     3.99
   *没有按照本发明
表5所示的结果表明用碱盐浸渍AA-300氧化铝(分别对K2CO3和Na3PO4浸渍的吸附剂来说)提高了所述材料9％和13％的原料空气处理量。
                    实施例6
一种5％K2CO3浸渍的氧化铝AA-300样品在一大规模PSA中试验。所述单元含一直径为0.21米、长2米的柱。PSA循环仍按上述的循环步骤进行。但是进料时间为14分钟，再加压时间为2分钟。该测定结果列于表6中。
                            表6
进料压力 清洗气/空气摩尔比 Kg空气/kg/hr)AA-300 (kg空气/kg/hr)K2CO3
10 0.30 3.1 3.5
6 0.45 2.8 3.3
表6的结果表明在上述试验的处理条件下用K2CO3浸渍的氧化铝可比未处理的氧化铝处理更大量的空气。这意味着和未处理的氧化铝相比，在进料空气流速一定时，可使用较小体积的含经浸渍的氧化铝的床。在实施例5和该实施例的条件下，采用经浸渍的氧化铝比未处理的氧化铝需要量减少10-15％。这种较小的吸附剂物料量和因此导致的较低的床体积然后就转换成在泄料时较少的开关损失，这提高了回收率和降低PSA的操作费用。
尽管已用优选的实施例描述了本发明的情况，但可以理解在本发明的范围内还可进行许多修改和变化。

Claims (10)

1.从气体中吸附二氧化碳的变压吸附方法，包括在第一种压力下将气体暴露到通过用至少pH9的碱溶液浸渍氧化铝而形成的吸附剂上而从所述气体中除去二氧化碳，并通过减压使吸附剂暴露于低于所述第一种压力的压力下而将所述吸附剂周期性再生。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH至少为10。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH为10至12。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH是11。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH与氧化铝的零点负荷的关系如下：
     pH≥zpc-1.4
6.权利要求5的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH与氧化铝的零点负荷的关系如下：
     zpc+2≤pH≥zpc-1.4
7.权利要求1的方法，其中所述浸渍溶液的pH与氧化铝的零点负荷的关系如下：
     zpc+1≤pH≥zpc-1
8.权利要求1的方法，其中所述碱性溶液是碱金属或铵的化合物的溶液。
9.权利要求8的方法，其中所述碱金属或铵的化合物是选自碱金属或铵的氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、磷酸盐和有机酸盐。
10.权利要求1的方法，其中在吸附处理前，所述气体含至多1000ppm的二氧化碳。
CN96120134A 1995-10-04 1996-09-27 经碱处理的氧化铝在变压吸附中的应用 Expired - Lifetime CN1076978C (zh)

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