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CN1074084C - 燃气蒸汽联合发电厂 - Google Patents

燃气蒸汽联合发电厂 Download PDF

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CN1074084C
CN1074084C CN94101120A CN94101120A CN1074084C CN 1074084 C CN1074084 C CN 1074084C CN 94101120 A CN94101120 A CN 94101120A CN 94101120 A CN94101120 A CN 94101120A CN 1074084 C CN1074084 C CN 1074084C
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steam
heat boiler
exhaust heat
turbine
boiler
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CN1097842A (zh
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迈克尔·斯科特·布里耶什
迈克尔·安格罗·库斯坦佐
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Babcock and Wilcox Co
Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D1/00—Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/103—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with afterburner in exhaust boiler
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/106—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with water evaporated or preheated at different pressures in exhaust boiler
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

一种燃气蒸汽轮机联合循环电厂，它包括有一台汽轮机组、一台为汽轮机供应蒸汽的锅炉装置以及一台燃气轮机；该燃气轮机具有一个排气管道结构用来将燃气轮机的排气供应给锅炉。这种联合电厂在锅炉装置下游部分的排气气流中设置有至少一台余热锅炉。这种余热锅炉与汽轮机组相连，将其产生的任何蒸汽都供应给汽轮机组。

Description

燃气蒸汽联合发电厂
此发明属于一种联合循环发电厂，具体地说是具有高效率布莱顿(Brayton)/郎肯(Rankine)循环方式的整体式燃气和蒸汽轮机发电厂。
通过燃气轮机和具有燃气、燃油或燃煤锅炉的常规的蒸汽轮机电厂结合可以改善常规蒸汽轮机发电厂的效率。常规蒸汽轮机发电厂在其烟气管道中装有燃烧空气预热器，通过把热量交换给锅炉的燃烧空气来回收锅炉烟气中尽可能多的热量。但在联合循环电厂中不再需要燃烧空气预热器，因为锅炉接收相应的燃气轮机的高温排气作为其燃烧气体。
为了在这种联合方式中回收锅炉烟气中的能量，通常是在锅炉装置的下游位置安装一个烟气冷却器，使整体蒸汽循环过程的部分或全部给水从中流过。当锅炉的负荷相对较低时，燃气轮机的排气就走锅炉的旁路而不经过锅炉，但是所有的排气却都要经过位于一个汇合处下游的烟气冷却器，该汇合处就是从锅炉旁路过来的燃气轮机的任何排气与锅炉的烟气重新汇合的地方。因而，烟气冷却器是暴露在所有的燃气轮机排气气流之中，除非它本身具有可控的旁路气流结构。
但必须指出的是，单个的大型工业燃气轮机调节其气流量比率的能力是很有限的。因而，烟气冷却器中可获取能量的变化不会超出其负荷范围太大。但是当电厂负荷减少时流经烟气冷却器中的给水却会显著地减少，因而既使电厂负荷的微小下降就可能使得烟气冷却器中的给水的温度达到饱和点，这样在锅炉的给水中从烟气冷却器流往锅炉时就有可能产生蒸汽。为了避免这种不希望发生的情况，通常的做法是使流过烟气冷却器中的给水总是维持在满负荷流量，而当电厂带部分负荷、锅炉只需部分给水时，则把其余部分给水排入冷凝器中。排入冷凝器的那部分给水中的能量没有被回收，而是损失掉了，这样就降低了电厂的工作效率。
本发明的主要目的就是提供一种在带部分负荷时其工作效率不受影响的蒸汽燃气联合发电厂，这是采用了燃气轮机过剩排气余热发电技术的结果。
一座蒸汽燃气联合发电厂包括有一台汽轮机组、一台为汽轮机组提供蒸汽的锅炉装置、一台具有与锅炉装置相连用以为锅炉供应燃气轮机的高温排气的管道结构的燃气轮机、以及一个与锅炉装置相连，以接收锅炉的烟气并将其排入到大气中的烟囱。在这种电厂中锅炉装置下游的烟气流处可设置至少一台余热锅炉(heatrecovery steam generator(HRSG))，并使之与汽轮机组相连以将它产生的任何蒸汽都供应给汽轮机组。
利用根据本发明的方式，我们可以从具有整体式燃气轮机和常规燃料锅炉的联合发电厂的排气中分离出所有的可获取能量，即使在电厂只带部分负荷时也能做到这一点，并且还可以避免与烟气冷却器中的给水汽化有关的所有问题。
文中唯一的图是根据本发明的燃气蒸汽联合电厂的原理描述图。
如图所示，一个蒸汽燃气联合发电厂包括燃气轮机-发电机组部分1，它与蒸汽产生部分2相连，蒸汽产生部分2接收燃气轮机的高温已燃烧排气并将其中的能量转化为蒸汽。同时燃烧其它燃料的锅炉可以产生更多的蒸汽，这些蒸汽供应给汽轮机-发电机组部分3。
从图中可以看出，汽轮机-发电机组部分3包括有高压透平4、中压透平5和低压透平6，它们都与发电机7相连。蒸汽经过这些不同的透平后在冷凝器8中凝结，然后其凝结水在级联的给水加热器9、10、11、12、13、14、15和16中被预热，这些给水加热器接收从各透平的各级中抽出来的蒸汽。这种汽轮机-发电机布置方式基本上与已转让到本发明的受让人的第5,140,818号美国专利中的描述一致。
蒸汽产生部分2包括有：包括许多热交换器的管道结构17和锅炉18，它的最后一部分是烟囱19，从燃气轮机部分1中来的排气最终通过此烟囱排出。
在满功率运行时，推动高压透平4的大部分高压蒸汽是由锅炉18产生的。从汽轮机部分3中来的凝结水返回到锅炉18的省煤器20中。锅炉18中产生的蒸汽被收集在锅炉汽包21中，然后经过锅炉18内的过热器22，供给高压透平4。高压透平4中非出的蒸汽返回到设置在锅炉内的再热器23中，蒸汽在再热器中被再次加热后才能进入中压透平5。第二个再热器24设置在管道17的与燃气轮机部分1相邻的入口端，并且与第一再热器23按并联气流布置，以便能通过再热器23、24共同为高压蒸汽再次加热。
与烟囱19相邻的管道结构17包括有余热锅炉(HRSG)25和26，用来冷却排气。从图中可以看出，我们采用了两台HRSG，以在不同的压力和温度下运行。高温HRSG26设置在管道结构17中低温HRSG25的上游位置，它所产生的蒸汽经过过热器27和再热器24后供给中压透平5作为驱动蒸汽。低温HRSG25中产生的蒸汽经过设置在管道结构17中HRSG26上游位置处的蒸汽加热器28a和设置在锅炉18上游的蒸汽加热器28b提供给低压透平6。从冷凝器8中来的凝结水经过末端热交换器29后提供给两个HRSG25和26，其中冷凝水或者直接流入低温HRSG25，或者经过另一个位于紧靠高温HRSG26的下游位置处的热交换器30供给高温HRS-G26。其余的凝结水可通过省煤器29循环，并流回图中所示的给水加热系统中，以进一步改善循环特性。
HRSG25和HRSG26能够在废气从烟囱19中排出之前回收其中的任何可获取的热量，它们各自在基本恒定的温度下运行，且在产生供汽轮机使用的蒸汽的同时也维持排气温度基本恒定。
如图所示，最好采用两台HRSG，第二台HRSG25设置在已燃烧气体管道中紧靠HRSG26的下游位置，并在较低的温度下运行，以便进一步冷却从第一台HRSG26中排出的已燃烧气体。
在锅炉18之前，管道结构17可以包括另一种形式的燃气轮机排气冷却器，即HRSG31，它用来将排气的温度降低到更适于常规锅炉结构的温度。IIRSG31的给水和蒸汽系统基本上与锅炉18平行设置并相连，这样它就可以从最高温的给水加热器16处接受给水，并且经过设在与燃气轮机1相邻的管道结构17中的一个过热器32将其蒸汽供给高压透平4。
根据蒸汽负荷的需要，燃气轮机1的排气温度在进入锅炉18时将通过燃烧所供给的锅炉燃料33而升高。而且，为了燃烧这些燃料，可能还需要通过新鲜空气供应装置34来向管道结构17中供应额外的新鲜空气。在一定的负荷条件下，可以通过适当调节一个挡板35的位置排气而将锅炉结构旁路。挡板35可转动地设置在管道结构17中，以把燃气轮机的排气通过风箱36引入锅炉18，或者不经过锅炉而引入锅炉的旁路。
这里提到的流入汽轮机和锅炉的蒸汽以及从其中流出的水均通过设在各部件外部的管道，这样当在常规电厂中加装HRSG时就不需要改变常规电厂的配置或者热循环结构了。
根据本发明提供的配置不仅可以改善电厂满负荷运行时的效率，而且可以在更大程度上改善带部分负运行时的效率。当电厂负荷减少时，可以维持燃气轮机在满负荷状态，而将锅炉的燃料燃烧量降低。事实上，在锅炉的燃料燃烧完全中止之前，电厂的效率可以一直得到改善。锅炉燃料燃烧完全中止这一运行点与正常的联合循环电厂相当。通过降低燃气轮机的负荷可以进一步降低电厂的负荷水平。不论何种情况下，本发明提出的方案可以在部分负荷运行的整个范围内提供最大的循环效率，因为排气中的热量总是可以被余热锅炉吸收并用于发电。此外，也不再需要为了避免烟气冷却器中产生蒸汽而向冷凝器中排放给水了。

Claims (6)

1．一种由一台汽轮机组、一台向该汽轮机组供汽的锅炉装置、一台具有向该锅炉装置供应其排气的燃气轮机组和一个用来向大气中排放废气的烟囱所组成的燃气蒸汽联合发电厂，在该排气管道内包括至少一台设置在将要通过烟囱排出的废气的气流中的余热锅炉，该余热锅炉与所述汽轮机组相连，用于将它产生的任何蒸汽都提供给所述汽轮机组，其特征在于：
所述汽轮机组包括一个高压透平，一个中压透平和一个低压透平，所述一台余热锅炉是经过设置在余热锅炉上游的已燃烧气流中的一个蒸汽过热器与所述中压透平相连的；以及
另一台余热锅炉设置在前述余热锅炉下游位置的废气气流中，并且在低于所述一台余热锅炉的温度和压力下运行，另一台余热锅炉经过设置在所述一台余热锅炉上游位置处的排气气流中的至少一台过热器与所述低压透平相连，用于将其蒸汽输送给所述低压透平。
2．根据权利要求1的发电厂，其特征在于，有两台过热器与所述另一台余热锅炉相连，一台设置在所述一台余热锅炉上游的气流中，另一台设置在所述锅炉的上游位置处。
3．一种由一台汽轮机组、一台向该汽轮机组供汽的锅炉装置、一台具有向该锅炉装置供应其排气的燃气轮机组和一个用来向大气中排放废气的烟囱所组成的燃气蒸汽联合发电厂，在该排气管道内包括至少一台设置在将要通过烟囱排出的废气的气流中的余热锅炉，该余热锅炉与所述汽轮机组相连，用于将它产生的任何蒸汽都提供给所述汽轮机组，其特征在于：
所述汽轮机组包括一个高压透平，一个中压透平和一个低压透平，所述一台余热锅炉是经过设置在余热锅炉上游的已燃烧气流中的一个蒸汽过热器与所述中压透平相连的；
另一台余热锅炉设置在前述余热锅炉下游位置的废气气流中，并且在低于所述一台余热锅炉的温度和压力下运行，另一台余热锅炉与所述低压透平相连，用于将其蒸汽输送给所述低压透平；以及
第三台余热锅炉设置在所述锅炉上游的气流中，在温度和压力均高于所述一台余热锅炉的工况下运行，所述第三台余热锅炉与所述的高压透平相连，将其蒸汽输送给所述高压透平。
4．根据权利要求3的发电厂，其特征在于，所述第三余热锅炉通过设置在它的上游位置处的气流中的一台过热器与高压透平相连，该过热器与燃气轮机的排气结构部分相邻。
5．根据权利要求4的发电厂，其特征在于，在所述排气结构中第三台余热锅炉和与之相连的过热器之间设置有一台再热器，再热器与所述高压透平相连，以接收从所述高压透平排出的蒸汽，它也与所述中压透平相连，用于在经所述再热器加热后将蒸汽供应给所述中压透平。
6．根据权利要求5的发电厂，其特征在于，与所述一台余热锅炉相连的那台过热器与所述的再热器相连，以便通过此再热器将蒸汽供给所述中压透平。
CN94101120A 1993-01-25 1994-01-25 燃气蒸汽联合发电厂 Expired - Fee Related CN1074084C (zh)

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US08/008,023 US5375410A (en) 1993-01-25 1993-01-25 Combined combustion and steam turbine power plant
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EP (1) EP0609037B1 (zh)
JP (1) JPH06317106A (zh)
KR (1) KR940018543A (zh)
CN (1) CN1074084C (zh)
AU (1) AU668781B2 (zh)
CA (1) CA2114072A1 (zh)
DE (1) DE69422313T2 (zh)
ES (1) ES2141195T3 (zh)

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AU5301694A (en) 1994-07-28
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AU668781B2 (en) 1996-05-16
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CN1097842A (zh) 1995-01-25

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