CN107258809A - 桔小实蝇食物引诱剂与化学药剂的协同防治方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种桔小实蝇食物引诱剂与化学药剂的协同防治方法,步骤如下:从柑橘果实开始成熟变色起,防治分三次进行,第一次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍+2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾,第二、第三次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾,每隔10天喷1次,共3次,每次5%高效氯氰菊酯每亩用量100ml,用药量50L,采摘前10天不再喷药。防治后可实现柑橘园中没有具产卵能力的桔小实蝇成虫,从而实现保护柑橘果实的目的,该方法简单易行,效果稳定、彻底,多年大田防治柑橘果实受桔小实蝇危害率始终在1%以下。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于柑橘病虫害防控技术领域,涉及桔小实蝇化学防治技术。
背景技术
1、桔小实蝇
桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel),是一种热带、亚热带区的重要害虫,属双翅目、实蝇科、寡毛实蝇亚科,俗称果蛆,又名金苍蝇、东方果实蝇。
桔小实蝇最早在亚洲热带和亚热带地区发现,我国属外来入侵物种,据记载,1911年在中国台湾地区首次发现,1937年大陆对该虫有记载。目前,该虫已成为我国危害性极强的果蔬害虫之一,陆续在广东、广西、福建、海南、云南、贵州、湖南、四川等地发生,危害猖獗,种群不断向北扩散。该虫食性杂,寄主范围广,能危害柑橘、石榴、芒果、桃、黄瓜、番茄、南瓜、茄子、丝瓜、辣椒等46科250多种蔬菜瓜果,具转主危害特点,各地发生代数不一,世代分化、重叠,虫龄分化明显,给防治带来了较大难度。
桔小实蝇以幼虫取食为害为主,桔小实蝇雌成虫产卵于寄主果实的果皮与果肉之间,幼虫孵化后,钻入果肉中吸取果肉养分,使寄主瓜果腐烂、脱落,失去食用价值,造成严重经济损失。幼虫老熟后钻出果实,在表土化蛹,羽化后钻出地面。桔小实蝇幼虫潜居在果实中,易随寄主果实进行远距离传播。桔小实蝇雌虫产卵会引发其他病害,造成损失。
2、防治方法
该虫一年发生多代,不同地区世代不一,世代重叠,虫龄分化严重,寄主多,具转主危害特点,给防治带来了难度。目前生产中采用的防治技术主要有农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治等。农业防治主要包括合理安排果蔬品种结构、种植布局。物理防治主要包括:用药熏蒸、热处理、冷处理、引诱剂诱杀成虫、辐射不育、清洁果园、捡拾虫果、翻耕暴晒土壤、果实套袋等。生物防治主要包括天敌、寄生性真菌和病原线虫等。上述防治方法都难取得彻底稳定的效果,有些方法在实际生产中无法运用。
桔小实蝇化学防治包括针对桔小实蝇幼虫、成虫和蛹的防治。
(1)针对幼虫的防治(现有技术):第一,对果实内幼虫防治。试验表明,用内吸(内渗)性农药喷药后,受害果中幼虫活体有所减少,但仍有相当数量幼虫成活。原因是在正常用药条件下,果实受药后,因生物稀释作用,农药浓度不能达到杀灭全部幼虫的标准,且果内一旦有幼虫,就失去了经济价值,杀灭果实内幼虫不宜作为防治桔小实蝇的有效方法。第二,对落地幼虫防治。桔小实蝇寄生到柑橘果实后,自然情况下,一部分幼虫在果实落地前老熟坠地入土化蛹,另一部分幼虫在果实落地后才老熟,从果中钻出入土化蛹。果园内、果园外的桔小实蝇,在长达半年以上的时间多在入土化蛹,一次施药只能杀灭部分桔小实蝇幼虫,要杀灭大部分桔小实蝇幼虫,必须进行多次反复施药,生产上不可行,且该法对已被产卵的柑橘果实无保护作用,同样不宜作为桔小实蝇的有效防治方法。
(2)针对蛹的防治(现有技术):桔小实蝇的蛹是围蛹,耐药力性很强,正常用药量根本无法杀灭土壤中的蛹,土壤中的蛹仍可正常羽化出飞,且一年中在长达半年以上时间内,果园内、果园外一直有桔小实蝇入土化蛹,所以既找不到合适的施药量,也难找到适宜的用药时间,不可能通过土壤施药灭蛹来达到理想的防治效果。
(3)针对成虫的防治(现有技术):目前对桔小实蝇成虫的化学防治方法主要采用有机磷类和菊酯类农药。有机磷农药具有内吸作用,到达作物表面后易被作物吸收或传导,对喷药时受药的桔小实蝇具有杀灭作用,但对后续产生和迁入的桔小实蝇持效期较短,不应用为防治桔小实蝇的首选农药。具有光稳定性的菊酯类农药在桔小实蝇防治中虽有使用,因未从桔小实蝇生活史出发,找到薄弱环节和防治关键时期,实际生产中效果不够稳定。
经研究表明,在防治效果上,农业防治、物理防治和生物防治在一定程度上能降低危害,但防治效果不稳定不彻底不显著,只能作为化学防治方法的辅助防治方法,化学防治方法优于农业防治、物理防治和生物防治。因此寻求一种能掌握最佳施药时段、施药用量以及施药频次的化学防治方法显得十分迫切和必要。
发明内容
发明目的:提供一种桔小实蝇简单有效、稳定可靠的化学防治方法,解决现有防治方法效果不稳定、不彻底的问题。
本发明的技术方案:
一种桔小实蝇食物引诱剂与化学药剂的协同防治方法,步骤如下:从柑橘果实开始成熟变色起,防治分三次进行,第一次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍+2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾,第二、第三次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾,每隔10天喷1次,共3次,每次5%高效氯氰菊酯每亩用量100ml,用药量50L,喷药时做到周到、均匀,采摘前10天不再喷药。
由于采用了以上技术方案,本发明有如下效果。
第一,本发明专注于利用化学药物和食物引诱剂的协同作用,防治后可实现柑橘园中没有产卵能力的桔小实蝇成虫,从而实现保护柑橘果实的目的,该方法简单易行,效果稳定、彻底,柑橘果实受桔小实蝇危害率始终在1%以下。
第二,本发明防治桔小实蝇的方法,在防治桔小实蝇的同时,可兼治同期柑橘上的其它害虫,可作为防治桔大实蝇的参考方法。
第三,采用本发明的防治方法后,柑橘在不套袋的情况下不会受到桔小实蝇危害,可不再套袋,可节约亩均约1500-2000元套袋费用,同时因不套袋每亩可增加光合产量10%左右,进而提高产量。
第四,采用本发明的防治方法后,经残留测定,喷药后10天,果实中氯氰菊酯残留低于国家绿色食品限定的标准。
本发明适用于全国各地桔小实蝇的防治,第一次喷药时间根据不同地区、不同品种的物候期决定,必须在柑橘刚出现变色时,以后隔10天喷1次,共3次。该方法可作为防治柑橘大食蝇的参考方法。该方法在喷药后的2-3天内,不仅杀灭原果园内的桔小实蝇成虫,而且杀灭园外迁入的桔小实蝇成虫,使后续原果园内产生和从园外迁入的桔小实蝇不具产卵能力,在具有产卵能力前因后续喷药而杀灭,从而保护好柑橘果实。
本发明经长达七年(2006-2012年)大田防治试验,效果良好,柑橘果实受害率始终在 1%以下。
试验设置。设试验样地和对照样地,试验地和对照样地柑橘树龄10年左右,亩栽100株左右,正常年份亩产2000-2500千克。对照样地为500米外不喷药的同品种柑橘园。
试验方法。试验样地及对照样地各选5株标准株,每株柑橘挂果100-120个,试验地用本发明的方法进行喷药,对照样地不作处理,以柑橘果实受害百分率(虫果率)作为防治效果。虫果率(%)=[(落地果数量+采摘时树上受害果数量+采摘1周后采摘果的受害数量)/ 总果实数]*100。
表1虫果率防治统计表
得出大田防治试验结果:经七年(2006-2012年)大田防治试验,采用本发明方法,在对照样地虫果率6.55—17.92%的情况下,试验样地虫果率始终在1%以下。
本发明简单易行、成本低、效果稳定彻底,农药残留控制在绿色食品限定准以下,优势明显,可在桔小实蝇防治中进行推广。
具体实施方式
从柑橘果实开始成熟变色起,防治分三次进行。第一次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍 +2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾,第二、第三次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾,每隔10天喷1次,共3次,5%高效氯氰菊酯用量每亩每次100ml,每亩用药量约50L,注意喷洒均匀、周到,采摘前10天不再喷药。
主要原理:
(1)通常桔小实蝇羽化后需13天左右时间进行补充营养(蛋白质和糖),才能产卵,产卵前成虫对柑橘果实不会造成危害。桔小实蝇必须获得补充营养后,才能产卵,卵孵化后危害果实,造成果实腐烂、脱落,失去食用价值,形成经济损失;同时,雌虫产卵可诱发其它病害,造成更大损失。只要果园内没有具产卵能力的桔小实蝇成虫,就不会有桔小实蝇对果实产生危害。
(2)桔小实蝇口器为刮吸式口器,足上有刚毛和吸盘。树冠喷药时,果园中的桔小实蝇直接受药,喷药后2-3天内,果园内的及不断迁入果园的桔小实蝇在休憩、取食补充营养时会重复受药。上述桔小实蝇不管是否具有产卵能力,将被杀灭。随后果园内再新羽化的桔小实蝇和再迁入果园的桔小实蝇在下次喷药前不具产卵能力,后续喷药后被杀灭。2‰白糖+2‰食用醋在果实刚开始变色成熟时,对桔小实蝇具引诱作用,第一次喷药用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍+2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾。果实变色后挥发性物质对桔小实蝇具引诱作用,第二、第三次喷药用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾。
(3)高效氯氰菊酯是一种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,对光稳定,是氯氰菊酯的高效异构体,具触杀和胃毒作用,对桔小实蝇具有很强的触杀和胃毒作用。同时,氯氰菊酯具有油脂性,有利于桔小实蝇取食和停憩时反复受药。高效氯氰菊酯没有内吸作用,到达植被表面后,在最初2-3天内,仍能杀灭果园内不断产生和迁入果园的桔小实蝇成虫,使喷药后10天内,果园内产生和迁入果园的桔小实蝇或死亡或未达产卵虫龄。
(4)在引诱剂和化学药剂的协同作用下,从柑橘果实开始成熟变色起,第一次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍+2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾,第二、第三次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾,每隔10天喷1次,共3次,5%高效氯氰菊酯用量每亩每次100ml,每亩用药量50L,喷洒均匀、周到,采摘前10天不再喷药,可有效保护柑橘果实不受桔小实蝇危害,并减少因桔小实蝇产卵产生的次生病害。
本发明从桔小实蝇发生规律、生活习性出发,找到了防治桔小实蝇的关键点,找准了关键时期,切实解决了桔小实蝇防治问题,方法简单易行易推广,省工省本安全可靠,并可作为防治桔大实蝇的参考方法。
防治关键点:
(1)严密监测柑橘果实发育程度,柑橘园中一旦有开始变色的果实,立即进行第一次喷药。
(2)桔小实蝇从羽化到产卵的时间是13天左右,高效氯氰菊酯喷药后2-3天对桔小实蝇成虫具有效的杀灭作用,所以一次喷药有效期为15天左右,为应对天气变化并取得好的防治效果,喷药间隔期定为10天,喷药间隔期太长,柑橘园中会有具产卵能力的桔小实蝇,导致柑橘果实受害。本发明使用食物引诱剂和化学药剂的协同作用,果实刚开始变色时,因果实的引诱作用尚小,喷药时需加入2‰白糖和2‰食用醋,以引诱桔小实蝇成虫加以杀灭,果实变色后,桔小实蝇受果实挥发物引诱受药后被杀灭。
(3)喷药后10天之内,果实不宜采摘,避免农药残留过量。
Claims (1)
1.一种桔小实蝇食物引诱剂与化学药剂的协同防治方法,步骤如下:从柑橘果实开始成熟变色起,防治分三次进行,第一次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍+2‰白糖+2‰食用醋树冠喷雾,第二、第三次用5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍树冠喷雾,每隔10天喷1次,共3 次,每次每亩树冠均匀喷药50L,采摘前10 天不再喷药。
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