CN106916894A - 一种多重pcr检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法 - Google Patents
一种多重pcr检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法。所述方法主要采用多重PCR技术,它是在同一反应体系里加入多种特异性引物,同时扩增出多个核酸片段的PCR反应。本发明设计了沙门氏菌,大肠埃希氏菌,短小芽孢杆菌,枯草芽孢杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,铜绿假单胞菌,黑曲霉菌七种常见食源性致病菌的特异性引物,在同一体系中同时扩增出来七种目的条带,且相互之间的特异性良好,本方法的检测限达200fg/μl(模板浓度),其对应的菌液浓度为120CFU/mL,能达到食品安全的标准,一般致病菌达到1000CFU/mL才能引起致病作用。所以是一种灵敏度高,快速,简便的方法,并且成本很低。
Description
1 技术领域
本发明涉及食品安全性检测领域,具体地说,涉及一种多重PCR技术检测微生态活菌制剂中是否食源性致病菌超标的方法。
2 背景技术
食源性疾病是指通过摄食而进入人体的有毒有害物质(包括生物性病原体)等致病因子所造成的疾病。一般可分为感染性和中毒性,包括常见的食物中毒、肠道传染病、人畜共患传染病、寄生虫病以及化学性有毒有害物质所引起的疾病。食源性致病菌能引起食源性疾病或者食物中毒,甚至会影响人类的人身安全,造成重大经济财产损失,降低人们的生活质量。
据世界卫生组织(WorldHealth Organization,WHO)报道,全球每年发生腹泻病的病例数高达1.5亿,其中70%病例与各种致病性微生物污染的食品有关。我国的研究资料也显示,微生物是食源性疾病的主要病原,占46.4%。食品中的生物性污染无论在发达国家还是发展中国家都是影响食品安全的最主要原因。食品安全是全球性的重大公共卫生问题。致病微生物污染带来的食品安全事故也不断的被报道,如英国的疯牛病、法国的李斯特氏菌病、日本的肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7和雪印牛奶的葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒事件、我国安徽阜阳劣质婴幼儿配方粉事件等。
国家依据“食源性疾病监控技术的研究”建立了全国食源性疾病监测网络,对食品中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希菌O157:H7等目前国际公认的食源性致病菌进行了监测和预警,以期为有针对性地预防和控制食源性疾病的发生提供参考。
目前食源性致病菌的检测方法过主要是通过化学、微生物学、生物物理学、免疫学以及血分子生物学技术对食源性致病菌进行检测。最早的传统生化鉴定试验,主要包括食源性致病菌检测步骤为:增菌培养、分离纯化、革兰氏染色、生化试验及血清学试验等一系列步骤,过程周期长,操纵复杂。随着生物技术的发展与分子生物学的进展,发明了多聚酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR),PCR技术检测周期较短,灵敏度高,特异性强等特点。根据PCR技术发展,可直接用菌液进行食源性致病菌的检测,包括多重PCR,荧光定量PCR等技术。实时荧光定量PCR是指在PCR反应体系中加入荧光基团,利用荧光信号积累实时监测整个PCR进程,最后通过标准曲线对未知模板进行定量分析的方法。所采用的荧光物质分为荧光染料和荧光探针,SYBR Green I荧光染料和TaqMan探针法较为常见。该方法广泛应用于食品中单核增生李斯特、大肠杆菌O157:H7和沙门氏菌等病原致病菌的检测。多重PCR原理跟常规PCR相同,只是在同一反应体系中加入多对引物同时扩增多条目的DNA片段,采用该方法可同时检测多种病原微生物,多重PCR技术有成本低,灵敏度高,周期短等特点。免疫学的方法主要有乳胶凝集反应、酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA)、免疫胶体金技术等。乳胶凝集反应是利用抗原与抗体特异性结合的特性,加上具有良好吸附性的大分子的乳胶颗粒作为载体吸附可溶性抗原于其表面,当特异性抗体与之结合后,产生凝集反应。酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)技术是1971年,Engvall建立了ELISA方法是一种固相免疫分析方法它将受检标本吸附于固相载体表面的抗原或抗体,在载体上进行免疫酶染色,底物显色后,通过定性或定量分析有色产物量来确定样品中待测物质含量。目前该方法已被广泛应用于多种细菌检测,如食品中大肠杆菌O157、单增李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、志贺氏菌等。
微生态制剂,是在微生态学理论指导下,调整微生态失调,保持微生态平衡,提高宿主健康水平的正常菌群及其代谢产物和选择性促进宿主正常菌群生长的物质制剂总称。微生态活菌制剂中含有大量的微生物活体,多则能达到1010CFU/mL。目前多以乳酸菌为主,涉及到革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌,有时还会添加进酵母菌等。
市场上生肉样品、生奶样品、水产品类、生禽肉类、熟肉制品、蔬菜沙拉、速冻熟制米面、剩饭、婴幼儿食品、乳制品等常会出现不同程度的食品污染。目前食源性致病菌的检测方法过主要是通过化学、微生物学、生物物理学、免疫学以及血分子生物学技术对食源性致病菌进行检测。由于这些传统的检测方法工序烦琐,耗时长。而微生态活菌制剂中本身含有大量不同种属的微生物,就使传统的检测方法更加复杂,准确度也明显降低。本发明主要以多重PCR为基础,可以快速准确地检测乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、黑曲霉,以期对各种食品尤其是微生态制剂中食源性致病菌的控制、监督和检测提供借鉴。
3 发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的问题,本发明的目的是提供一种快速高效检测食源性致病菌的方法。
为了实现本发明目的,本发明提供了一种多重PCR技术检测食源性致病菌的方法,所述方法为:设计了七种食源性致病菌的特异性引物,能够同时检测七种食源性致病菌。
前述方法具体技术方案包括以下步骤:
(1)菌种培养:接种环接种于无菌培养基,28℃,180r/min摇床培养过夜10h(黑曲霉菌培养的时间为3d(张晓利等.4种黑曲霉基因组DNA提取方法的比较)),分别用基因组提取试剂盒提取基因组:北京全式金公司的EasyPure Genomic DNAKit试剂盒和OMEGA公司的E.Z.N.A.TMHP Fungal DNAKit试剂盒(用于提取黑曲霉菌基因组)。
①乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的增菌培养基是:液体LB培养基:酵母提取物5g/L、胰蛋白胨10g/L、氯化钠10g/L(pH=6.9,115℃灭菌25min)。
②黑曲霉菌的增菌培养基是:液体改良马丁培养基:葡萄糖20g/L,蛋白胨5.0g/L,酵母提取物2.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾1.0g/L,硫酸镁0.5g/L(pH=6.4±0.2,115℃灭菌25min)。
(2)引物设计:先查找这七种食源性致病菌的特异性基因,然后在NCBI上搜索该基因的序列,再用软件Primer Premier 5设计引物,选用评分较高的引物。
(3)引物的特异性检测:检测软件设计的引物的特异性,用到两种方法:
1、引物的序列比对,在NCBI网站上进行BLAST序列比对;
2、多重PCR引物与引物两两之间的特异性扩增检验。
(4)七重PCR检测:在反应体系中同时添加七种菌的模板和引物进行扩增。
(5)检测限的确定:设计模板的不同浓度梯度:10ng/μl,1ng/μl,100pg/μl,10pg/μl,1pg/μl,100fg/μl,再根据一个碱基对的平均质量为650道尔顿,然后换算检测限的菌数。
较优地,所述步骤(1)中,基因组提取的结果:
较优地,所述步骤(2)中,七种菌的特异性基因分别是乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌为mgtC(沙门氏菌毒力岛mgtC基因)、大肠埃希氏菌为uidA(β-葡糖苷酶基因)、金黄色葡萄球菌nuc(耐热核酸酶基因)、短小芽孢杆菌gyrB(促旋酶的A亚单位基因)、枯草芽孢杆菌rpoA(DNA指导的RNA聚合酶α亚基)、铜绿假单胞菌OprL(外膜脂蛋白基因)、黑曲霉fum8(α-oxoaminesynthase)。
如下表(1)进行的双重PCR检测本实验设计的引物两两之间特异性的反应条件是:
表1进行的双重PCR检测本实验设计的引物两两之间特异性的反应条件
如下表(2)进行的双重PCR检测本实验设计的引物两两之间特异性的反应体系是:
表2进行的双重PCR检测本实验设计的引物两两之间特异性的反应体系
较优地,所属步骤(3)中,设计出特异性强的引物并在吉林省库美生物科技有限公司进行引物合成,如下表(3)本实验设计的引物及其所在的基因信息:
表3 本实验设计的引物及其所在的基因信息
较优地,所述步骤4中,
如下表(4)进行七重PCR的反应条件为:
表4进行七重PCR的反应条件
表(5)进行七重PCR的反应体系为:TaqPreMix购于中美泰和生物技术(北京)有限公司。
表5进行七重PCR的反应体系
较优地,所述步骤(5)中,检测限达到200fg/μl,能达到食品检验的标准。
本发明以食源性致病菌的特异性基因设计出特异性的引物,先进行了引物的特异性检验,结果表明引物之间的特异性良好,然后进行了七重PCR的检测,检测了引物的检测限,结果表明本实验设计的引物能达到较低的检测限度为200fg/μl,其对应的菌数为120CFU/ML,能达到食品安全的标准,一般致病菌达到1000CFU/ML才能引起致病作用。
4 附图说明
图1是常见食源性致病菌种类别和特点。本实验七种食源性致病菌的菌种编号与特点
图2是引物之间的特异性检测。M(Marker:8000bp、5000bp、3000bp、2000bp、1500bp、1000bp、750bp、500bp、250bp、100bp)。Line1、2、3、4、5、6;从上到下依次为黑曲霉、沙门氏菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌的目的条带,引物浓度从左到右梯度减小。
图3是一款微生态制剂用七重PCR致病菌检测。M(Marker:8000bp、5000bp、3000bp、2000bp、1500bp、1000bp、750bp、500bp、250bp、100bp)。Line1:从上到下依次为黑曲霉、沙门氏菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌的引物和微生态活菌制剂进行七重PCR扩增,Line2:从上到下依次为黑曲霉、沙门氏菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌的引物和阴性对照(无菌水)进行七重PCR扩增,引物浓度都为10ng/μl。结果微生态活菌制剂和无菌水都无扩增条带。
5 具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
1)一款固体微生态制剂的再水化:准确称取固体微生态制剂(包括固体颗粒、菌粉等形式)0.05g,于EP管中,加入0.95mL灭菌PBS缓冲液,37℃摇床100rpm缓慢摇晃30min。
2)基因组提取:将步骤(1)制备得到的发酵溶液取出1ml,12000转/min离心1分钟,弃上清。先用500μL 70%乙醇将菌体重悬,冰浴20min,加入溶菌酶重悬,37℃孵育60min,加入蛋白酶,55℃孵育15min,加入RnaseA静置2min,加入Binding Buffer 400μL混匀,加入到离心柱中,弃掉流出液,先后用Wash Buffer和Clean Buffer洗涤两次,用Elution Buffer洗脱DNA。提取的基因组用1%琼脂糖凝胶测电泳检。
3)引物合成:所设计的各种常见致病菌的引物对如表3所述,根据表3提供的引物对的碱基信息由引物合成公司合成。
4)用多重PCR致病菌检测:将处理后的微生态制剂为模板,同时加入乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的特异性引物为引物进行多重PCR扩增。七重PCR的反应条件、反应体系如上述表4,表5所示。
5)核酸电泳检测:上述PCR产物加于2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,观察是否存在致病菌条带。
虽然,上文中己经用一般性说明及具体实施方案对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之作一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法,其特征在于,所述方法为:根据设计的特异性引物能用多重PCR快速高效的检测乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌七种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
1)微生态活菌制剂的再水化:准确称取微生态活菌制剂0.05g,于EP管中,加入0.95mL灭菌PBS缓冲液,37℃摇床100rpm缓慢摇晃30min;
2)基因组提取:使用基因组提取试剂盒进行提取;
3)引物合成:根据本发明所设计的各种常见致病菌的引物,进行引物合成;
4)用多重PCR致病菌检测:将处理后的微生态制剂为模板,同时加入乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的特异性引物为引物进行多重PCR扩增,七重PCR的反应条件、反应体系如上述表4,表5所示;
5)核酸电泳检测:上述PCR产物加于2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,观察是否存在致病菌条带。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法,其特征在于:
微生态活菌制剂的各种形式,包括固体颗粒、菌粉、液态等形式,其中液体形式为按比例进行稀释,同时适用于其他多种食品形式的应用。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法,其特征在于:本发明所设计的各种引物的核苷酸序列等具体信息。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种多重PCR检测微生态活菌制剂中食源性致病菌的方法,其特征在于:本发明中乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的七重PCR的反应条件、反应体系,包括变性、退火、延伸的温度及时间,反应体系中添加的各种成分及其比例。
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