CN106903390A - A kind of method of combined heat source heating soldering - Google Patents
A kind of method of combined heat source heating soldering Download PDFInfo
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- CN106903390A CN106903390A CN201710303233.2A CN201710303233A CN106903390A CN 106903390 A CN106903390 A CN 106903390A CN 201710303233 A CN201710303233 A CN 201710303233A CN 106903390 A CN106903390 A CN 106903390A
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 block Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012761 high-performance material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/002—Soldering by means of induction heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/005—Soldering by means of radiant energy
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K3/00—Tools, devices, or special appurtenances for soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering, not specially adapted for particular methods
- B23K3/04—Heating appliances
- B23K3/047—Heating appliances electric
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
本发明属于焊接技术领域，涉及一种组合热源加热钎焊的方法。分别采用基础热源和钎焊热源对待焊工件进行整体或局部预热和局部加热钎焊。本发明的整体基础加热温度远超过传统预热温度，整体预热温度可以达到1100℃，基础热源加热贯穿于钎焊前、钎焊中和钎焊后的始终。本发明是在具备组合热源，并具有完善保护气氛的专用设备中完成的。根据待焊工件材料和结构的不同设定不同的预热温度(500～1100℃)及相应的局部加热钎焊工艺参数，避免常规局部加热钎焊冷却过程钎焊缝易出现的开裂问题，同时避免构件整体升温到更高的钎焊温度造成整体构件带来的性能损失、结构完整性破坏等影响。The invention belongs to the field of welding technology, and relates to a method for heating and brazing with a combined heat source. The basic heat source and the brazing heat source are respectively used for overall or local preheating and local heating brazing of the workpiece to be welded. The overall basic heating temperature of the present invention far exceeds the traditional preheating temperature, and the overall preheating temperature can reach 1100°C, and the basic heat source heating runs through before, during and after brazing. The present invention is accomplished in special equipment with a combined heat source and a perfect protective atmosphere. According to the different materials and structures of the workpieces to be welded, different preheating temperatures (500-1100°C) and corresponding local heating and brazing process parameters are set to avoid the cracking problem of the brazing seam that is easy to occur during the conventional local heating and brazing cooling process, and at the same time Avoid the performance loss and structural integrity damage of the overall component caused by the overall heating of the component to a higher brazing temperature.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于焊接技术领域，涉及一种组合热源加热钎焊方法。本发明是在具备组合热源，并具有完善保护气氛的专用设备中完成的。根据待焊工件材料和结构的的不同设定不同的预热温度(500～1100℃)及相应的局部加热钎焊工艺参数，避免常规局部加热钎焊冷却过程钎焊缝易出现的开裂问题，同时避免构件整体升温到更高的钎焊温度造成整体构件带来的性能损失、结构完整性破坏等影响。因此，该方法特别适合于成品零件或组合件的局部修复钎焊，也可应用于特种难焊材料和特殊结构的局部加热钎焊。The invention belongs to the technical field of welding, and relates to a brazing method for heating with a combined heat source. The present invention is accomplished in special equipment with a combined heat source and a perfect protective atmosphere. According to the different materials and structures of workpieces to be welded, different preheating temperatures (500-1100°C) and corresponding local heating and brazing process parameters are set to avoid the cracking problem that is easy to occur in the brazing seam during the conventional local heating and brazing cooling process. At the same time, avoid the effects of performance loss and structural integrity damage caused by the overall component heating to a higher brazing temperature. Therefore, this method is especially suitable for local repair brazing of finished parts or assemblies, and can also be applied to local heating brazing of special difficult-to-weld materials and special structures.
背景技术Background technique
随着对航空发动机性能要求的不断提高，大量的单晶、定向凝固高温合金等高性能材料已用于涡轮叶片的制造，其使用环境也更为苛刻。在其服役一个寿命周期后，会产生裂纹、烧蚀和磨损等缺陷而导致叶片失效，其中失效模式以裂纹为主，但相应的修复技术并未随着发动机的装备而同步开展。目前，新型高性能发动机涡轮叶片生产工序越来越复杂，通常需要经过钎焊组装、打孔、热处理、涂层等复杂加工。其中钎焊组装工序一般在较低温度下钎焊，不允许后续采用较高温度整体加热钎焊修复的技术，而降低钎焊温度接头性能不能满足要求。With the continuous improvement of the performance requirements of aero-engines, a large number of high-performance materials such as single crystals and directionally solidified superalloys have been used in the manufacture of turbine blades, and their use environments are also more demanding. After a service life cycle, defects such as cracks, ablation and wear will occur, leading to blade failure. Among them, cracks are the main failure mode, but the corresponding repair technology has not been carried out simultaneously with the engine equipment. At present, the production process of new high-performance engine turbine blades is becoming more and more complicated, and usually requires complex processing such as brazing assembly, drilling, heat treatment, and coating. Among them, the brazing assembly process is generally brazed at a lower temperature, which does not allow the subsequent use of a higher temperature overall heating brazing repair technology, and lowering the brazing temperature cannot meet the performance requirements of the joint.
钎焊是航空发动机涡轮导向叶片裂纹修复的有效手段，但采用整体加热的真空钎焊方法，焊前须将叶片涂层和低温组件清除，钎焊修复工序复杂，并且整体加热钎焊热循环容易对单晶、定向凝固高温合金叶片母材性能造成不利影响，无法满足修复后装机使用要求。Brazing is an effective means of repairing cracks in turbine guide blades of aero-engines. However, the vacuum brazing method of overall heating must be used to remove the blade coating and low-temperature components before welding. The brazing repair process is complicated, and the overall heating and brazing heat cycle is easy. It has adverse effects on the properties of the single crystal and directionally solidified superalloy blade base metal, and cannot meet the requirements for installation after repair.
采用局部加热钎焊的修复方法可以减少焊前拆除原钎焊组件、整体去除涂层等工序，只要焊后进行局部涂层重建及恢复性能热处理即可，能够显著提高修复效率，降低修复成本。并且局部加热钎焊修复能够保持原叶片单晶或定向凝固组织稳定性及整体性能，避免了叶片整体加热导致的组织及性能恶化，从而保证修复后叶片的稳定性及可靠性。另一方面，我国现役某些三代战机发动机涡轮导向叶片服役后只局部产生裂纹，如能实现局部裂纹的修复，则能极大提高修复效率，缩短焊修周期，显著节约军费开支。The repair method of local heating and brazing can reduce the removal of the original brazing components before welding, the overall removal of the coating and other processes, as long as the local coating rebuilding and heat treatment for recovery performance are performed after welding, it can significantly improve the repair efficiency and reduce the repair cost. In addition, local heating and brazing repair can maintain the stability and overall performance of the original single crystal or directional solidification structure of the blade, avoiding the deterioration of the structure and performance caused by the overall heating of the blade, thereby ensuring the stability and reliability of the repaired blade. On the other hand, some third-generation fighter engine turbine guide vanes in my country's active service only produce cracks locally. If the repair of local cracks can be realized, the repair efficiency can be greatly improved, the welding and repair cycle can be shortened, and military expenditure can be significantly saved.
但目前的常规局部加热钎焊技术对于可焊性较差的高温合金叶片裂纹修复仍然存在难以解决的难题，局部较高的热输入导致钎缝与周边母材存在较大的温度梯度，从而产生非常大的热应力，对于塑性较差的铸造高温合金容易发生焊后开裂，无法实现失效叶片的裂纹修复；传统的预热工艺虽能一定程度上缓解热应力的产生，但较低的预热温度(一般在500℃一下)及仅能在焊前进行预热，仍然不可避免焊后裂纹的发生。However, the current conventional local heating brazing technology still has difficult problems in repairing the cracks of superalloy blades with poor weldability. The high local heat input leads to a large temperature gradient between the brazing seam and the surrounding base metal, resulting in Very large thermal stress is prone to post-weld cracking for cast superalloys with poor plasticity, and it is impossible to repair the cracks of failed blades; although the traditional preheating process can alleviate the generation of thermal stress to a certain extent, but the low preheating process The temperature (generally below 500°C) and only preheating before welding is still inevitable for cracks after welding.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是：本发明针对航空发动机结构件裂纹修复及特种难焊材料和结构的钎焊难题，提出一种组合热源加热钎焊方法。目的是解决发动机结构件尤其是定向凝固、单晶高温合金叶片裂纹修复技术难题，避免整体钎焊加热对叶片母材整体结构和性能的影响；解决常规局部加热钎焊焊后开裂问题。本发明还可用于其它特种难焊材料和特殊结构的局部加热钎焊。The object of the present invention is: the present invention proposes a combined heat source heating brazing method for crack repair of aero-engine structural parts and brazing problems of special refractory materials and structures. The purpose is to solve the technical problems of engine structural parts, especially directional solidification and single crystal superalloy blade crack repair, to avoid the influence of overall brazing heating on the overall structure and performance of the blade base metal; to solve the problem of cracking after conventional local heating brazing. The invention can also be used for local heating and brazing of other special difficult-to-weld materials and special structures.
本发明的技术方案是：一种组合热源加热钎焊的方法，包括基础热源和钎焊热源的组合热源；基础加热热源采用电阻辐射加热或感应加热，钎焊热源采用电弧加热、等离子弧加热、真空空心阴极电弧加热、电子束加热或激光束加热；The technical solution of the present invention is: a method for heating brazing with a combined heat source, including a combined heat source of a basic heat source and a brazing heat source; the basic heating heat source adopts resistance radiation heating or induction heating, and the brazing heat source adopts arc heating, plasma arc heating, Vacuum hollow cathode arc heating, electron beam heating or laser beam heating;
由基础热源对待焊工件进行整体或局部的预热；由钎焊热源对待焊工件进行钎焊加热或局部加热；(根据待焊工件材料和结构的的不同设定不同的预热温度，例如500～1100℃)具体步骤如下：Whole or local preheating of the workpiece to be welded by the basic heat source; brazing heating or local heating of the workpiece to be welded by the brazing heat source; (set different preheating temperatures according to the material and structure of the workpiece to be welded, for example, 500 ~1100℃) The specific steps are as follows:
1)将钎料装配在待焊工件的待焊部位，在真空、惰性气氛或还原气氛保护环境下，由基础热源对待焊工件进行整体或局部的预热，预热温度控制在钎料熔化温度以下，且预热温度与钎料熔化温度的差值在20℃～100℃，并保持预热温度，当钎料为低温钎料时，优选为20℃，当钎料为高温钎料时，优选为50℃；1) Assemble the solder on the part of the workpiece to be welded, and preheat the workpiece to be welded overall or locally by the basic heat source in a vacuum, inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere protection environment, and the preheating temperature is controlled at the melting temperature of the solder Below, and the difference between the preheating temperature and the melting temperature of the solder is between 20°C and 100°C, and the preheating temperature is maintained. When the solder is a low-temperature solder, it is preferably 20°C. When the solder is a high-temperature solder, Preferably 50°C;
2)保持基础热源的加热不变，并同时由钎焊热源对待焊工件的待焊部位加热，使得钎料熔化并填充待焊部位，待焊部位完成填充后停止钎焊热源加热，使得填充料降温到基础热源加热的预热温度，并凝固；2) Keep the heating of the basic heat source unchanged, and at the same time heat the part to be welded by the brazing heat source to melt the solder and fill the part to be welded. After the part to be welded is filled, stop the heating of the brazing heat source, so that the filling material Cool down to the preheating temperature heated by the basic heat source, and solidify;
3)基础热源停止加热，待焊工件冷却到环境温度。3) The basic heat source stops heating, and the workpiece to be welded is cooled to the ambient temperature.
优选地，基础加热热源采用电阻辐射加热或感应加热，钎焊热源采用真空空心阴极电弧加热或电子束加热。Preferably, the basic heating heat source adopts resistance radiation heating or induction heating, and the brazing heat source adopts vacuum hollow cathode arc heating or electron beam heating.
优选地，钎料为粉状、块状、膏状、带状。进一步的，钎料为箔带。进一步的，钎料为粘带。Preferably, the solder is in the form of powder, block, paste or strip. Further, the solder is a foil strip. Further, the solder is an adhesive tape.
所述的基础热源和钎焊热源处于真空环境中，且真空压强低于2×10-2Pa。The basic heat source and the brazing heat source are in a vacuum environment, and the vacuum pressure is lower than 2×10 -2 Pa.
所述的基础热源和钎焊热源处于保护气氛中，且保护气为惰性气体或还原气体。The basic heat source and the brazing heat source are in a protective atmosphere, and the protective gas is an inert gas or a reducing gas.
优选地，待焊工件为发动机涡轮叶片。Preferably, the workpiece to be welded is an engine turbine blade.
本发明的优点是：The advantages of the present invention are:
本发明的基础热源加热温度远超过传统预热温度，整体加热温度可以达到1100℃(传统预热温度一般在500℃以下)，较高的预热温度降低了局部加热钎焊部位与整体工件的温度梯度，减小了热应力，有效防止钎焊过程中钎缝开裂的发生；在具备完善保护气氛的专用设备中完成钎焊过程，解决了传统预热钎焊存在氧化、无法实现操作等问题；传统预热钎焊的预热加热一般在主热源加热前完成，而本发明基础热源加热贯穿于钎焊前、钎焊中和钎焊后的始终，维持钎焊部位较小的温度梯度，降低应力开裂倾向，减小焊后残余应力；根据不同材料和结构，局部加热热源可选择电弧、等离子弧、真空空心阴极电弧、电子束、激光束等不同加热热源，可选择性高；采用组合热源局部加热钎焊方法，相比整体加热炉中钎焊能够显著提高生产效率、降低成本，并能降低整体加热钎焊热循环对工件结构完整性和材料性能的影响。The heating temperature of the basic heat source of the present invention far exceeds the traditional preheating temperature, and the overall heating temperature can reach 1100°C (the traditional preheating temperature is generally below 500°C), and the higher preheating temperature reduces the difference between the local heating brazing part and the overall workpiece The temperature gradient reduces the thermal stress and effectively prevents the cracking of the brazing seam during the brazing process; the brazing process is completed in the special equipment with a perfect protective atmosphere, which solves the problems of oxidation and inoperability in traditional preheating brazing The preheating of traditional preheating brazing is generally completed before the heating of the main heat source, while the heating of the basic heat source of the present invention runs through before brazing, during brazing and after brazing, and maintains a small temperature gradient at the brazing position. Reduce the tendency of stress cracking and reduce the residual stress after welding; according to different materials and structures, the local heating heat source can choose different heating heat sources such as electric arc, plasma arc, vacuum hollow cathode arc, electron beam, laser beam, etc., with high selectivity; Compared with brazing in the overall heating furnace, the local heating brazing method of the heat source can significantly improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and reduce the influence of the overall heating brazing thermal cycle on the structural integrity and material properties of the workpiece.
具体实施方式detailed description
实施例一Embodiment one
待焊工件为GH3044高温合金片，在高温合金片上放置适量块状钎料，并采用储能点焊固定，随后高温合金片固定在带有感应加热基础热源的工作台上。The workpiece to be welded is a GH3044 superalloy sheet. Place an appropriate amount of bulk solder on the superalloy sheet and fix it by energy storage spot welding. Then the superalloy sheet is fixed on a workbench with an induction heating basic heat source.
高温合金片所处环境为真空状态，真空压强在5×10-3Pa以下。The environment where the superalloy sheet is located is in a vacuum state, and the vacuum pressure is below 5×10 -3 Pa.
对高温合金片进行感应加热预热至1000℃并保温，使得工作台处于摆动状态，摆动速度为20～50mm/s。Preheat the superalloy sheet to 1000°C by induction heating and keep it warm, so that the workbench is in a swing state with a swing speed of 20-50mm/s.
在高温合金片所处环境充入电弧介质气体，真空压强在2×10-1Pa以下，环境中，气体流量在5～20ml/min。The environment where the superalloy sheet is located is filled with arc medium gas, the vacuum pressure is below 2×10 -1 Pa, and the gas flow rate in the environment is 5-20ml/min.
开启真空空心阴极电弧加热的钎焊热源，对块状钎料加热，摆动使得真空空心阴极电弧对待焊部位整体扫射式均匀加热，钎料熔化并铺展后，先停止钎焊热源加热，然后再停止基础热源加热。Turn on the brazing heat source heated by the vacuum hollow cathode arc, heat the block solder, and swing it so that the vacuum hollow cathode arc heats the entire part to be welded evenly in a sweeping manner. After the solder melts and spreads, stop the brazing heat source first, and then stop Basic heat source heating.
本实施方法，冷却后察看，试片被钎料润湿，钎料部位无裂纹，试片无明显氧化色。In this implementation method, after cooling, it is observed that the test piece is wetted by the brazing filler metal, there is no crack at the brazing filler metal part, and the test piece has no obvious oxidation color.
实施例二Embodiment two
待焊试件为服役后产生裂纹的某航空发动机镍基高温合金涡轮导向叶片，对叶片裂纹部位进行机械清理以去除裂纹表面氧化膜。本实施例中基础热源采用电阻辐射加热，钎焊热源采用电子束加热。The specimen to be welded is a nickel-based superalloy turbine guide blade of an aero-engine that has cracks after service, and the cracked part of the blade is mechanically cleaned to remove the oxide film on the surface of the crack. In this embodiment, the basic heat source adopts resistance radiation heating, and the brazing heat source adopts electron beam heating.
钎料采用膏状镍基合金粉，将钎料置于裂纹的一端。将装配完钎料的叶片置于真空环境中，真空压强不高于5×10-3Pa。The solder is made of paste nickel-based alloy powder, and the solder is placed at one end of the crack. Put the blade assembled with brazing filler metal in a vacuum environment, and the vacuum pressure is not higher than 5×10 -3 Pa.
对叶片进行电阻辐射加热至1050℃预热并保温，之后由钎焊热源对叶片待焊部位和钎料进行电子束散焦扫描加热，电子束加速电压55kV，束流3mA，聚焦电流2A。待钎料完成熔化填缝后停止电子束加热，停止电阻加热，自然冷却。The blade is heated by resistance radiation to 1050°C for preheating and heat preservation, and then the brazing heat source performs electron beam defocus scanning heating on the part of the blade to be welded and the solder. The electron beam acceleration voltage is 55kV, the beam current is 3mA, and the focusing current is 2A. Stop the electron beam heating, stop the resistance heating, and cool naturally after the solder is melted and filled.
冷却后察看，叶片裂纹部位被钎料填充良好，钎焊部位表面光亮、无裂纹。After cooling, it can be seen that the cracked part of the blade is well filled with solder, and the surface of the brazed part is bright without cracks.
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