CN106375489B - Method and device for processing Media Access Control (MAC) address - Google Patents
Method and device for processing Media Access Control (MAC) address Download PDFInfo
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- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
- H04L61/50—Address allocation
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for processing a Media Access Control (MAC) address, wherein the method comprises the following steps: receiving a request message sent by User Equipment (UE), wherein the request message carries combined information consisting of access information and an MAC address of the UE; obtaining a designated MAC address having a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule; and replacing the combined information in the request message by the appointed MAC address, and sending the request message carrying the appointed MAC address to the server. The invention solves the problem that DHCP equipment can not be distinguished due to the repetition of MAC addresses in the related technology.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of communications, and in particular, to a method and an apparatus for processing a media access control MAC address.
Background
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network Configuration Protocol generated by optimizing and expanding based on the BOOTP Protocol. The DHCP message adopts a broadcasting mode and cannot cross a plurality of subnets, but in actual network deployment, a DHCP server and a DHCP user are often not in the same subnet, so when the DHCP message needs to cross a plurality of subnets, a DHCP relay exists, the DHCP relay which is deployed in the same subnet as the DHCP user transmits a user request to a real DHCP server, and transmits a reply of the server to the user, thereby achieving the purpose of distributing dynamic configuration information for the user.
At present, management users on a DHCP device mainly manage users accessed from the same or different paths through a MAC carried in a DHCP protocol message on the same DHCP device by a user hardware address, which is a Media Access Control (MAC) address commonly known in the art if ethernet. However, as the service expands, the MAC addresses of the users are repeated more and more, which results in that the DHCP device cannot distinguish the users.
Aiming at the problem that DHCP equipment cannot be distinguished due to the repetition of MAC addresses in the related art; there is currently no effective solution.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method and a device for processing a Media Access Control (MAC) address, which are used for at least solving the problem that DHCP equipment cannot be distinguished due to the repetition of the MAC address in the related art.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for processing a MAC address, including: receiving a request message sent by User Equipment (UE), wherein the request message carries combined information consisting of access information and an MAC address of the UE; obtaining an appointed MAC address having a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule; and replacing the combined information in the request message by the appointed MAC address, and sending the request message carrying the appointed MAC address to a server.
Further, obtaining the designated MAC address having a mapping relationship with the combination information according to a preset rule includes: matching the combination information with MAC address information in a mapping table according to a preset mapping table; when the matching is consistent, searching a first appointed MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to the mapping relation in the mapping table; and when the matching is inconsistent, calculating by a first preset algorithm to obtain a second appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information.
Further, after sending the request packet carrying the specified MAC address to a server, the method further includes: receiving a response message of the server responding to the request message, wherein the response message carries the specified MAC address; searching the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation; and replacing the designated MAC address by the combined information, and sending the response message to the UE according to the combined information.
Further, searching the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship includes: when the mapping relation does not exist in the mapping table, calculating combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address through a second preset algorithm according to the mapping relation; or when the mapping relation exists in the mapping table, finding out the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation in the mapping table.
Further, before receiving a request message sent by a user equipment UE, the method further includes: and presetting and configuring the mapping table locally.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a medium access control MAC address processing apparatus, including: a first receiving module, configured to receive a request packet sent by a UE, where the request packet carries combination information consisting of access information and MAC address information of the UE; the first processing module is used for obtaining an appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule; and the second processing module is used for replacing the combined information in the request message by the specified MAC address and sending the request message carrying the specified MAC address to a server.
Further, the first processing module comprises: the matching unit is used for matching the combined information with the MAC address information in the mapping table according to a preset mapping table; the first searching unit is used for searching a first appointed MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to the mapping relation in the mapping table when the matching is consistent; and the calculating unit is used for calculating a second appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information through a first preset algorithm when the matching is inconsistent.
Further, after sending the request packet carrying the specified MAC address to a server, the apparatus further includes: a second receiving module, configured to receive a response packet from the server in response to the request packet, where the response packet carries the specified MAC address; the searching module is used for searching the combined information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation; and the third processing module is used for replacing the specified MAC address by the combined information and sending the response message to the UE according to the combined information.
Further, the lookup module includes: the calculating unit is used for calculating combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address through a second preset algorithm according to the mapping relation when the mapping relation does not exist in the mapping table; or, the second searching unit is configured to search, when the mapping relationship exists in the mapping table, the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship in the mapping table.
Further, before receiving the request message sent by the user equipment UE, the apparatus further includes: and the configuration module is used for presetting and configuring the mapping table locally.
In the invention, a new MAC address, namely the appointed MAC address, is mapped through the combination of the access information and the MAC address of the user equipment, namely even if the MAC addresses of request messages sent by the user equipment are the same, the new MAC address can be mapped to different new MAC addresses as long as the access information is different, thereby solving the problem that DHCP equipment cannot be distinguished due to the repetition of the MAC addresses in the related technology, and leading a server to realize the management of the user equipment with the same MAC address accessed from different access paths.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without limiting the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method of processing a medium access control MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a block diagram of a structure of a processing apparatus of a medium access control MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a block diagram one of an alternative structure of a MAC address processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a MAC address processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a device for processing a MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a processing apparatus for a medium access control MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of a direct connection DHCP relay networking, according to an alternative embodiment of the invention;
fig. 8 is a timing diagram of relay protocol interaction in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present invention and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order.
In this embodiment, a method for processing a MAC address is provided, and fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for processing a MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention, where as shown in fig. 1, the flowchart includes the following steps:
step S102: a DHCP relay receives a request message sent by User Equipment (UE), wherein the request message carries combined information consisting of access information and an MAC address of the UE;
step S104: the DHCP relay obtains an appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule;
step S106: and the DHCP relay replaces the combined information in the request message by the appointed MAC address and sends the request message carrying the appointed MAC address to the server.
Through steps S102 to S106 in this embodiment, a new MAC address, that is, the specified MAC address, is mapped through a combination of access information and a MAC address of the user equipment, that is, even though the MAC addresses of request messages sent by the user equipment are the same, different new MAC addresses can be mapped as long as the access information is different, thereby solving the problem in the related art that DHCP equipment cannot be distinguished due to repetition of MAC addresses, and enabling the server to manage the user equipment with the same MAC address accessed from different access paths.
It should be noted that, all the operations in the above steps S102 to S106 are preferably completed through a DHCP relay, and therefore, the technical solutions in the following embodiments are described with the DHCP relay as an example, but in other application scenarios of the present invention, the operations may be completed by other devices, and the server in the embodiments may be a DHCP server.
As to the manner of obtaining the specified MAC address having a mapping relationship with the combination information according to the preset rule in step S104 in this embodiment, in an optional implementation manner of this embodiment, the following manner may be implemented:
step S11: the DHCP relay matches the combined information with the MAC address information in the mapping table according to a preset mapping table;
step S12: when the DHCP relays are matched consistently, the DHCP relays search a first appointed MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to the mapping relation in the mapping table;
step S13: and when the matching is inconsistent, the DHCP relay obtains a second appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information through calculation of a first preset algorithm.
As can be seen from steps S11 to S13, in the optional implementation manner of this embodiment, there are two ways to obtain the designated MAC address having the mapping relationship with the combination information, first, the DHCP relay matches the combination information, and determines whether the MAC address corresponding to the combination information is stored locally in advance; if the specified MAC address of the combination information is not configured in advance, the specified MAC address corresponding to the combination information needs to be calculated according to a preset algorithm. It should be noted that "specifying" in the specified MAC address referred to in this embodiment does not refer to a certain MAC address in particular, but refers to a MAC address having a mapping relationship with the combination information in general.
In another optional implementation manner of this embodiment, after sending the request packet carrying the specified MAC address to the server, the method of this embodiment may further include:
step S21: the DHCP relay receives a response message of the server responding to the request message, wherein the response message carries a specified MAC address;
step S22: the DHCP relay searches the combination information corresponding to the appointed MAC address according to the mapping relation;
step S23: the DHCP relay replaces the appointed MAC address by the combined information and sends a response message to the UE according to the combined information.
As can be seen from steps S21 to S23, the server sends a response packet to the DHCP relay, where the response packet carries a designated MAC address corresponding to the combination information, so that after receiving the response packet, the DHCP relay searches for the combination information corresponding to the designated MAC address, and further obtains the access information and the MAC address in the combination information, so as to send the response packet to the user equipment according to the access information and the MAC address.
According to the two ways of obtaining the specified MAC address having the mapping relationship with the combination information in the embodiment, for the way of searching the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship in step S22, the following ways may be implemented:
the first method is as follows: when the mapping relation does not exist in the mapping table, calculating combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address through a second preset algorithm according to the mapping relation;
the second method comprises the following steps: and when the mapping relation exists in the mapping table, finding out the combined information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation in the mapping table.
In addition, it should be noted that before receiving the request packet sent by the user equipment UE, in this embodiment, it is further required to: and presetting a configuration mapping table in the local, wherein the mapping table stores the mapping relation between the combination information of the user equipment and the MAC address set locally.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the method according to the above embodiments can be implemented by software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and certainly can also be implemented by hardware, but the former is a better implementation mode in many cases. Based on such understanding, the technical solutions of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium (e.g., ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk) and includes instructions for enabling a terminal device (e.g., a mobile phone, a computer, a server, or a network device) to execute the method according to the embodiments of the present invention.
In this embodiment, a device for processing a MAC address is further provided, where the device is used to implement the foregoing embodiments and preferred embodiments, and details are not repeated for what has been described. As used below, the term "module" may be a combination of software and/or hardware that implements a predetermined function. Although the means described in the embodiments below are preferably implemented in software, an implementation in hardware, or a combination of software and hardware is also possible and contemplated.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a structure of a MAC address processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 2, the apparatus including: a first receiving module 22, configured to receive a request packet sent by a UE, where the request packet carries combination information composed of access information of the UE and MAC address information; the first processing module 24 is coupled to the receiving module 22 and configured to obtain, according to a preset rule, an assigned MAC address having a mapping relationship with the combined information; and the second processing module 26 is coupled to the first processing module 24, and configured to replace the combined information in the request message with the specified MAC address, and send the request message carrying the specified MAC address to the server.
Fig. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a MAC address processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 3, the first processing module 24 includes: a matching unit 32, configured to match the combination information with the MAC address information in the mapping table according to a preset mapping table; the first searching unit 34 is coupled to the matching unit 32, and configured to search, when matching is consistent, a first specified MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to a mapping relationship in a mapping table; and the calculating unit 36 is coupled to the first searching unit 34, and is configured to calculate, by using a first preset algorithm, to obtain a second specified MAC address having a mapping relationship with the combined information when the matching is inconsistent.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram of an optional structure of a device for processing a MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 4, after sending a request packet carrying a specified MAC address to a server, the device of this embodiment may further include: a second receiving module 42, connected to the second processing module 26, configured to receive a response packet from the server in response to the request packet, where the response packet carries the specified MAC address; the searching module 44 is coupled to the second receiving module 42 and configured to search for the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship; and the third processing module 46 is coupled to the searching module 44, and configured to replace the specified MAC address with the combination information and send a response message to the UE according to the combination information.
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a device for processing a MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention, where, as shown in fig. 5, the lookup module 44 includes: a calculating unit 52, configured to calculate, according to the mapping relationship and by using a second preset algorithm, combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address when the mapping relationship does not exist in the mapping table; or, the second searching unit 54 is configured to search the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship in the mapping table when the mapping relationship exists in the mapping table.
Fig. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative structure of a device for processing a MAC address according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 6, before receiving a request packet sent by a user equipment UE, the device further includes: the configuration module 62 is coupled to the first receiving module 22, and configured to preset the configuration mapping table locally.
The invention is illustrated below by means of alternative embodiments of the invention;
this optional embodiment provides a method for solving the same MAC conflict, and the method can implement management and control of IPOE users in the same MAC scenario accessed from different access paths.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of direct connection DHCP relay networking according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 7, the alternative embodiment is applied to a DHCP relay device directly connected to a subscriber. The technical scheme of the optional embodiment is as follows: the new MAC is mapped through the user access information and the user MAC, the hardware address of the user in the forwarded request message is replaced by the new MAC, and the replaced message is forwarded to the DHCP server, so that even if the hardware address fields of the request message sent by the user are the same, the request message processed by the DHCP relay can be mapped to different new hardware addresses as long as the access information is different, and the MAC addresses are also different when the request message is sent to the DHCP server.
In this optional embodiment, the step of implementing access control of the IPOE relay user in the same MAC scenario includes:
step A, a DHCP relay receives a DHCP request message, extracts access side access information and a chaddr field in the DHCP message, indexes whether corresponding mapping hardware address information exists or not by using the access side access information and the chaddr field, acquires a mapping hardware address if the mapping hardware address information exists, maps a new hardware address according to a preset algorithm if the mapping hardware address information does not exist, and records the mapping relation;
step B, the new hardware address replaces the chaddr field of the request message sent by the user and forwards the request message to the DHCPserver;
step C, when the DHCP server responds, the chaddr field of the response message carries the chaddr field in the request message;
d, the DHCP relay receives the response message, acquires the hardware address information from the chaddr field, can search the access side access information corresponding to the DHCP relay and the original chaddr information of the user from the mapping relation, replaces the chaddr field in the response message with the original chaddr of the user, and sends the response message to the user;
step E, the step A, B is repeated for the subsequent processing of the request message on the DHCP relay;
and F, repeating the step D in the subsequent processing of the response message on the DHCP relay.
The following detailed description of alternative embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings and detailed description;
fig. 8 is a sequence diagram of a relay protocol interaction according to an alternative embodiment of the invention, as shown in fig. 8, the steps of the interaction including:
step S801, the DHCP client sends a DHCPDISCOVER request message to the DHCP relay;
step S802, DHCP relay receives DHCPDISCOVER request message, obtains new hardware address according to access information and user MAC information in request message, and sends DHCP discover message;
the method for obtaining the new hardware address according to the access information and the user MAC information in the request message comprises the following steps: acquiring access information and user MAC information of a user access side, searching a mapping table by using the access information and the MAC, checking whether a corresponding new hardware address exists, and if so, acquiring the new hardware address; if not, a new hardware address is obtained according to a certain algorithm, the algorithm must ensure different combinations of the access information and the MAC, the generated new hardware addresses are different, and the mapping relation between the access information, the MAC and the new hardware address is recorded. The DHCP relay replaces chaddr in the DHCPDISCOVER message of the user with a new hardware address and forwards the new hardware address to the next DHCP relay or DHCP server.
Step S803, after receiving DHCPDISCOVER, DHCP server manages users according to new hardware address, and distributes dynamic configuration information for users, and returns DHCPOFFER to DHCP relay.
Step S804, DHCP relay receives DHCPOFFER, obtains hardware address information from chaddr of DHCPOFFER, searches mapping table, obtains user access information and user original hardware address according to mapping table record, DHCP relay stores DHCP server distributed information, and replaces chaddr of DHCPOFFER with user original hardware address, and sends DHCPOFFER message to DHCP client;
step S805, the DHCP client sends a DHCPREQUEST request message to the DHCP relay;
step S806, DHCP relay receives DHCPREQUEST request message, obtains access information of user access side and MAC information of user, searches mapping table with access information + MAC, obtains new hardware address, replaces chaddr in DHCPREQUEST message with new hardware address, and forwards to next DHCP relay or DHCP server.
Step S807, DHCP server returns DHCPACK to DHCP relay after receiving DHCPREQUEST.
Step S808, the DHCP relay receives the DHCPACK, acquires the hardware address information from the chaddr of the DHCPACK, searches the mapping table, acquires the user access information and the original hardware address of the user according to the record of the mapping table, stores the information distributed by the DHCPserver, replaces the chaddr of the DHCPACK with the original hardware address of the user, sends the DHCPACK message to the DHCP client, and finishes the process.
In the optional embodiment, a new hardware address is mapped through the access side access information and the hardware address on the DHCP relay, and a user request message chaddr is replaced, so that the hardware address in the DHCP request message becomes a unique hardware address after the direct connection relay is processed, the subsequent cascade DHCP relay or DHCP server is convenient to maintain the original management of users through MAC, the problem of the repetition of the hardware address of the DHCP request message is solved in a simple mode, and greater convenience is provided for service deployment.
It should be noted that, the above modules may be implemented by software or hardware, and for the latter, the following may be implemented, but not limited to: the modules are all positioned in the same processor; alternatively, the modules are respectively located in a plurality of processors.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a storage medium. Alternatively, in the present embodiment, the storage medium may be configured to store program codes for performing the following steps:
step S1: a DHCP relay receives a request message sent by User Equipment (UE), wherein the request message carries combined information consisting of access information and an MAC address of the UE;
step S2: the DHCP relay obtains an appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule;
step S3: and the DHCP relay replaces the combined information in the request message by the appointed MAC address and sends the request message carrying the appointed MAC address to the server.
Optionally, the specific examples in this embodiment may refer to the examples described in the above embodiments and optional implementation manners, and this embodiment is not described herein again.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the modules or steps of the present invention described above may be implemented by a general purpose computing device, they may be centralized on a single computing device or distributed across a network of multiple computing devices, and alternatively, they may be implemented by program code executable by a computing device, such that they may be stored in a storage device and executed by a computing device, and in some cases, the steps shown or described may be performed in an order different than that described herein, or they may be separately fabricated into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple ones of them may be fabricated into a single integrated circuit module. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for processing a MAC address, comprising:
receiving a request message sent by User Equipment (UE), wherein the request message carries combined information consisting of access information and an MAC address of the UE;
obtaining an appointed MAC address having a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule; the designated MAC comprises a first designated MAC address and a second designated MAC address;
replacing the combined information in the request message by the specified MAC address, and sending the request message carrying the specified MAC address to a server;
obtaining an appointed MAC address having a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule, wherein the appointed MAC comprises a first appointed MAC and a second appointed MAC address, and the method comprises the following steps:
matching the combination information with MAC address information in a mapping table according to a preset mapping table;
when the matching is consistent, searching the first appointed MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to the mapping relation in the mapping table;
and when the matching is inconsistent, calculating by a first preset algorithm to obtain the second specified MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein after sending the request packet carrying the specified MAC address to a server, the method further comprises:
receiving a response message of the server responding to the request message, wherein the response message carries the specified MAC address;
searching the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation;
and replacing the designated MAC address by the combined information, and sending the response message to the UE according to the combined information.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein searching for the associated data corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relationship comprises:
when the mapping relation does not exist in the mapping table, calculating combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address through a second preset algorithm according to the mapping relation; or the like, or, alternatively,
and when the mapping relation exists in the mapping table, finding out the combined information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation in the mapping table.
4. The method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein before receiving the request message sent by the User Equipment (UE), the method further comprises:
and presetting and configuring the mapping table locally.
5. An apparatus for processing a Media Access Control (MAC) address, comprising:
a first receiving module, configured to receive a request packet sent by a UE, where the request packet carries combination information consisting of access information and MAC address information of the UE;
the first processing module is used for obtaining an appointed MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information according to a preset rule; the designated MAC comprises a first designated MAC address and a second designated MAC address;
the second processing module is used for replacing the combined information in the request message by the specified MAC address and sending the request message carrying the specified MAC address to a server;
the first processing module includes:
the matching unit is used for matching the combined information with the MAC address information in the mapping table according to a preset mapping table;
the first searching unit is used for searching the first appointed MAC address corresponding to the combined information according to the mapping relation in the mapping table when the matching is consistent;
and the calculating unit is used for calculating the second specified MAC address which has a mapping relation with the combined information through a first preset algorithm when the matching is inconsistent.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein after sending the request packet carrying the specified MAC address to a server, the apparatus further comprises:
a second receiving module, configured to receive a response packet from the server in response to the request packet, where the response packet carries the specified MAC address;
the searching module is used for searching the combined information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation;
and the third processing module is used for replacing the specified MAC address by the combined information and sending the response message to the UE according to the combined information.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the lookup module comprises:
the calculating unit is used for calculating combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address through a second preset algorithm according to the mapping relation when the mapping relation does not exist in the mapping table; or the like, or, alternatively,
and the second searching unit is used for searching the combination information corresponding to the specified MAC address according to the mapping relation in the mapping table when the mapping relation exists in the mapping table.
8. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 7, wherein before receiving the request message sent by the user equipment UE, the apparatus further comprises:
and the configuration module is used for presetting and configuring the mapping table locally.
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CN106953938A (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2017-07-14 | 武汉米风通信技术有限公司 | A kind of broadcasting and TV frequency spectrum ultra-narrow the band recognition methods of internet-of-things terminal Information Repeater and device |
CN111835875B (en) * | 2019-04-22 | 2022-12-30 | 普天信息技术有限公司 | Communication method and device for private network terminal and industry terminal |
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