CN106348609A - Production method of linear crystal glass - Google Patents
Production method of linear crystal glass Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106348609A CN106348609A CN201510426488.9A CN201510426488A CN106348609A CN 106348609 A CN106348609 A CN 106348609A CN 201510426488 A CN201510426488 A CN 201510426488A CN 106348609 A CN106348609 A CN 106348609A
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- Prior art keywords
- glass
- linear crystal
- crystal glass
- glass fiber
- manufacture method
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- 239000005355 lead glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 26
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 13
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000000080 chela (arthropods) Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000011034 rock crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009310 astigmatism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002975 chemoattractant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000007578 phototoxic dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005315 stained glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
A production method of linear crystal glass comprises the steps of manually or mechanically drawing glass silk from a glass raw material in a high-temperature molten state, collecting the obtained glass silk to form a glass silk bundle, heating the glass silk bundle in a heating chamber to a molten state to allow the glass silk to be fused mutually, cooling the glass silk to obtain an original material, and cutting the original material along a cross section perpendicular to an axial direction of the glass silk to form the linear crystal glass. The cross section has linear light transmittance similar to a natural crystal and a narrow visual scope, and the linear crystal glass can serve as a substitute applied to decorations, or is applied as a light control screen to an occasion where the attention is paid to protecting privacy.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of manufacture method of special glass, it is particularly the crystal glass with single shaft light transmission
Manufacture method.
This method can also be the product that making material obtains identical optical performance with synthetic rock crystal or melting crystal
Background technology
Existing glass, the light transmission of its each side reaches unanimity, and briefly, making one is upright
Cube, then the light transmission of 3 axial directions there is concordance.
And mineral crystal, also known as quartz, its composition is approximate with artificial glass, but special due to its build environment
Property, certain one side light transmission weak irregular light transmission characteristics of other face light transmissions by force can be presented, be particularly suitable for conduct
The art work is processed.Commercial production also has required, for example, be used for the occasions such as high-grade instrument face plate.But due to
In the complexity naturally occurring environment and unstability, the shape of mineral crystal and light transmission are not advise to mineral crystal
Rule is although as during individual artistic creation, this personalization can increase the artistic feeling of product, but is difficult to apply to
In large-scale industrial production.
And synthetic crystal, although finished product has more rule than mineral crystal on Dimensions and printing opacity sex expression
Property, but be still and be difficult to control to and replicate on a large scale, and synthetic rock crystal has cost as mineral crystal
Height, the few inferior position of yield, which also limits application in industrialized production for such material.
And " crystal glass " that is generally called, refer to the special composition glass that its composition and mineral crystal are close, have
The high light transmittance of crystal, but the printing opacity diversity of not crystal, therefore, make only as high quality glass
With the function of mineral crystal or synthetic rock crystal can not be replaced.
In addition, the plastics sinteticses of a kind of entitled " light control film ", due to equally having one side light transmission, as
The low cost alternative of crystal, is widely used in the electron trade focusing on protection privacy, this product is in the film
Folder to simulate one side light transmission with vertical light-proof material.But this product has following defect: one is light transmission
Difference, is only under condition of equivalent thickness about the half of crystal product, therefore also has influence on the general performance of final products, only
Can apply to low side cheap products；Two be thickness typically below 1 millimeter it is impossible to be applied to require thicker material
Occasion；Three is to be soft material in itself it is necessary to depend on other materials sizing, and cannot play protection to rear product
Effect.
Content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is: provides a kind of manufacture method of New Glasses Materials so as to have class
Like the one side high light transmittance of crystal, on the electronical display product that can apply to pay attention to protect privacy of user, also may be used
Replacement material as artistic crystal product.
The linear crystal glass of the present invention, its making is: sio2 is passed through height for the glass raw material of main component
Warm heating source is heated to molten condition, pulls out glass fiber with artificial or machine；
In this process, under the surface tension effects of external broach and material molecule, the arrangement meeting of material molecule
Tend to regular, the glass fiber after cooling, its material molecule can assume relatively regular crystal arrangement.
Horizontal for the glass fiber of pull-out proper alignment is positioned over the strip heatproof container slightly larger than trimmed size section
In, pile up for glass filament bundle；Until heatproof container is filled；
Wait other forming shapes for circular, can with high temperature resistant rubber band or tinsel as bundling belt by glass fiber
It is tied to glass filament bundle.
There is gap due between glass fiber, during later stage heat fusion, its bulk volume can reduce, therefore glass
Glass tow section should be slightly bigger than final products specification.
The heatproof container filling glass fiber is put in heating interior, is heated up to molten condition, make between glass fiber mutually
Merge, then cool down and obtain the original shape material of the linear crystal glass of strip.
In this process, the outer layer of glass fiber mutually merges, and destroys the ordered crystal arrangement of material molecule, and produces
The state of raw confusing array, and the crystal arrangement state of the material molecule at glass fiber center still keeps constant.Cause
This, from the cross-section of original shape material, original shape material is rendered as no several glass ceramicses silks by peripheral confusing array state
The state of glass-film parcel.
Under this state, the optical signature of original shape material similar to the fibre bundle of identical trend, in the axle moving towards along glass fiber
Face obtains the optical signature of high printing opacity linear imaging, then has low light transmission and astigmatism in other faces.
The glass temperature of described molten condition is 500-1300 degree Celsius.
In order that the glass fiber of pull-out has crystallinity, there is certain demand to the glass temperature of molten condition.Through test
Prove, improve 100 degree about again in glass initial melt softening temperature, obtained glass fiber crystallinity is optimal,
And size is well-balanced, it is easily controlled length of string.And the rising with temperature, glass fiber crystallinity declines on the contrary, and
Easily disconnect because glass fiber excessively softens in drawing process or lead to head and the tail size uneven.
Because its initial softening temperature of glass of heterogeneity is all different, such as simple glass is that 500-600 is Celsius
Degree, and quartz glass is more than 1000 degrees Celsius, highest can be to 1200 degrees Celsius.Therefore, should in actual production
In conjunction with institute, specific works temperature is determined using glass raw material.
Thermal source for heating glass raw material can be spray gun or crucible or other thermals source, with Glass rod as glass
Raw material is preferred.
A diameter of 0.01mm to 0.05mm of described glass fiber.
The length of string of described glass fiber is 50-120 centimetre.The glass fiber of pull-out is very thin enough, just can embody
Rule crystallization, but excessively tiny, difficulty of processing can be increased, and it is difficult to keep when merging in the later stage
The rule crystallization at glass fiber center.Under this specification, the optical property of gained original shape material is preferred.
The original shape material of linear crystal glass is cut into required thickness along glass fiber axial cross section, obtains linear crystal
Glass slice.
Linear crystal glass is cut into slices and cuts and be polished into required shape, obtain the finished product of linear crystal glass, and
It is installed on final products.
For the finished product requiring cambered surface, the section of linear crystal glass is heated to molten condition, and bends to required
Radian, is cut after cooling again and is polished.
Because this product has linear optics imaging features, such as directly apply to arcuate objects surface it may appear that edge
The phenomenon that cannot be imaged, therefore, before cutting polishing, is heated bending in advance.
High-temperature heating source used by the original shape material of linear crystal glass, and heating local extremely melts, required for can bending to
Shape, or many parts of original shape material are fused, then carry out art processing and obtain finished product.
As the raw material of this manufacture method, can be simple glass, stained glass, special glass etc. it is also possible to
It is composition identical mineral crystal or synthetic crystal, or the secondary utilization of above material recovery product, to reach
Purpose to environmental protection and saving.
The invention provides a kind of manufacture method of linear crystal glass, can replacing as mineral crystal and synthetic rock crystal
Dai Pin, for ornament, also as the panel of high-grade electronic product, can have the function of protection privacy of user.
Brief description
With reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description, the inventive method and product are described further.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is the drawing step schematic diagram in manufacture method of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is collected as the schematic diagram of glass filament bundle for glass fiber.
Fig. 4 is collected as the second method schematic diagram of glass filament bundle for glass fiber.
Fig. 5 is the original shape material schematic cross-section after glass filament bundle fusion.
Fig. 6 is the stereoptics feature schematic diagram of Fig. 5 original shape material.
Fig. 7 is the longitudinal section optical signature schematic diagram of Fig. 5 original shape material.
Fig. 8 is the longitudinal section optical signature schematic diagram of gained linear crystal glass section after the section of Fig. 5 original shape material.
In figure Glass rod 1；Glass melting end 2；Heating source 3；Point pincers 4；Glass fiber 5；Glass filament bundle 6；Resistance to thermal capacitance
Device 7；Bundling belt 8；Linear crystal glass original shape material 9；
Glass ceramicses silk 501；Glass-film 502；Linear crystal glass section 901.
Specific embodiment
Glass is to carry out in uniform temperature region (i.e. softening range) by solid transition for liquid, it and knot
Eutectic substance is different, does not have the fusing point of fixation.The softening temperature of glass is also referred to as at the beginning of melt temperature, the glass of heterogeneity
Beginning melt temperature is different, about 500-1200 degree Celsius, and the vitreousness at a temperature of being somebody's turn to do is commonly referred to as molten
State, the making of various glass art product, all machine in this condition.And the liquidus temperature of glass namely complete
Full melt temperature, melt temperature to be far above, typically between 1500 to 1700 degrees Celsius.
As shown in Figure 1-2, by one end of Glass rod 1 near heating source 3, treat that molten condition in this end, formed
Glass melting end 2, using the melten glass pull-out glass fiber 5 from glass melting end 2 for the point pincers 4.
Because the initial melt temperature difference of glass material is quite big, between 500-1200 degree Celsius, and heat
The temperature in source 3 should be higher than the initial melt temperature of Glass rod 1 used, generally greater than 200-500 degree Celsius.
In drawing process, the starting stage can test the temperature at glass melting end 2 by remote sensing temperature measurement tool, makes
It, by observing the change of color and can melt slightly higher 100 degrees Celsius than initial melt temperature after workman is skilled
Melt degree to assist in suitable temperature.
The glass fiber 5 being pulled out, a diameter of 0.01mm to 0.05mm.The diameter of glass fiber 5 and Glass rod 1
Material composition, melt temperature, the tip size of point pincers 4 and length of string all have relation, in material composition, molten
Melt temperature, point pincers 4 tip size all fixing in the case of, single pulls that length is longer, and its glass fiber diameter is got over
Little.
Above drawing step can also be completed using machine, as long as gained glass fiber is up to specification requiring.
As shown in figure 3, the glass fiber 5 obtaining Fig. 1-2 drawing step, arranged in parallel it is deposited in the resistance to of strip
Heat container 7, forms glass filament bundle 6.
The glass fiber being pulled out in actual production, because head end, tail end size can change, therefore, the glass of in figure
Glass silk 5, is the interlude removing head and the tail.
As shown in figure 4, the glass filament bundle for uncertain shape, it would however also be possible to employ bundling belt 8 bundlees glass filament bundle
6 each several part, in this case, glass filament bundle 6 can bend,
Glass filament bundle 6 is positioned over heating heating indoor, is heated up to molten condition, make mutually to melt between glass fiber
Close, then cool down and obtain the original shape material of the linear crystal glass of strip.This process will control melt temperature and sight
Examine the melting degree of glass filament bundle 6, when glass fiber merges completely, you can take out cooling, heat and can destroy too long
The crystallinity at glass fiber 5 center.
In actual production, heatproof container 7 can be bending, now as shown in Figure 5 after binding glass filament bundle 6,
Bending is placed in special-shaped heatproof container 7, can get the original shape material of special shape after heating.
Fig. 5 shows the cross section characteristic of the original shape material 9 of the linear crystal glass that abovementioned steps are fabricated to, rule row
The glass ceramicses silk 501 of row is the core of original glass fiber 5, and the edge of original glass fiber 5 mutually melts
Close, form glass-film 502 and be wrapped in glass ceramicses silk 501, the glass molecule of glass-film 502 is because mutual merge
And destroy original crystalline state.
The amplification cross section characteristic schematic diagram of the structure shown in Fig. 5, only original shape material 9, glass ceramicses silk shown in it
501 with separation structure, the separation being not physically present, glass ceramicses silk 501 and the glass-film of glass-film 502
502 composition is glass molecule, there is not composition difference, is only molecules align feature and the optical differences that lead to
Different, do not exist yet and significantly separate and shape, but gradually change.In addition glass-film 502 is in confusing array
Glass molecular thickness actual be only tens of bulks of molecule, much smaller than diagram ratio.
The original shape material 9 being obtained due to making step of the present invention, its major part constitutes structure and has crystallization chemoattractant molecule spy
Levy, therefore, intensity, hardness and temperature difference resistance are better than original glass material, closer to the finger of mineral crystal
Mark.
The optical signature of the original shape material 9 of linear crystal glass as shown in Figure 6, with bare glass tow identical a-
A moves towards, and due to the presence of glass ceramicses silk 501 and the crystallinity of glass molecule, light can directly pass through, and
Light Penetration ration is higher than original glass material.
And the b-b and c-c direction in other bidimensional, because light needs to penetrate the poor glass-film of multilamellar light transmission
502, and assume the distortion interference effect to light for the glass ceramicses silk 501 of column in this direction, light is difficult to lead to
Cross and be attenuated, and virtualization phenomenon occurs.
Therefore, the optical characteristics of the original shape material 9 of linear crystal glass, similar to mineral crystal, assume one-dimensional positive photosensitiveness
Or claim linear light transmission.
Fig. 7 illustrates the optical signature of the original shape material 9 of linear crystal glass, as seen in Fig., a-a from another angle
The light in direction can be directed through original shape material 9, and after being decayed by compound glass film 502 in b-b direction, light is then
Decay and virtualization phenomenon occur.Especially specifically, the light in b-b direction can be refracted into glass ceramicses silk 501
Inside, and tailing edge glass ceramicses silk 501 moves towards to project, and is formed as the refracted light of b-b1 trend.Therefore, exist
Under perfect light source environment, the light along glass ceramicses silk 501 trend can be strengthened, and brightness bright more than environment
The optically focused phenomenon of degree.
This feature is also approximate with mineral crystal, and therefore, this product can replace mineral crystal former as art processing
Material.
As shown in figure 8, the linear crystal glass section 901 obtaining after slicing process, parallel with axis a-a
Inject light and can obtain good percent of pass.But inject angle with light to increase, in narrow angles
Afterwards, can occur because of the presence of glass-film 502 structure decaying and blur phenomenon, therefore, linear crystal glass section
901 products have narrow and small observable angle ∠ a-a-a1.This observable angle and linear crystal glass section 901
Thickness and glass fiber 5 diameter relevant, increase with thickness or the diameter of glass fiber 5 diminish and reduces.
With actual finished product test, when the slice thickness of the glass fiber using 0.02mm and 2mm, it clearly may be used
Viewing angle is about 15 °.After exceeding this angle, in ∠ a1-a-a2 scope, light image occurs distortion, presents and see
Light loses the virtualization feature of picture.After 30 °, light is almost attenuated completely.This optical signature is better than existing
Light control film product.So light-operated screen can be fabricated to, existing light control film is replaced to be applied to focus on the electronics of secret protection
On instrument product and more wear-resisting than the existing light control film product being made of plastics, acid and alkali-resistance, the resistance to temperature difference, have more preferably
Protective effect and excellent appearance.
The cutting polishing operation of this product, is as good as with general glass, no longer describes in detail.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of manufacture method of linear crystal glass, is characterized in that: sio2 is led to for the glass raw material of main component
Cross high temperature heating source and be heated to molten condition, glass fiber is pulled out with artificial or machine；
Horizontal for the glass fiber of pull-out proper alignment is positioned over the strip heatproof container slightly larger than trimmed size section
In, until heatproof container is filled；
The heatproof container filling glass fiber is put in heating interior, is heated up to molten condition, make between glass fiber mutually
Merge, then cool down and obtain the original shape material of the linear crystal glass of strip.
2., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The glass temperature of described molten condition is 500-1100 degree Celsius.
3., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
A diameter of 0.01mm to 0.05mm of described glass fiber.
4., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The length of string of described glass fiber is 50-120 centimetre.
5., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The original shape material of linear crystal glass is cut into required thickness along the axially vertical section of glass fiber, obtains linear
Crystal glass is cut into slices.
Linear crystal glass is cut into slices and cuts and be polished into required shape, obtain the finished product of linear crystal glass, and
It is installed on final products.
6., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 5, it is characterized in that:
For the finished product requiring cambered surface, the section of linear crystal glass is heated to molten condition, and bends to required
Radian, is cut after cooling again and is polished.
7., according to the manufacture method of a kind of linear crystal glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
High-temperature heating source used by the original shape material of linear crystal glass, and heating local extremely melts, required for can bending to
Shape, or many parts of original shape material are fused, then carry out art processing and obtain finished product.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510426488.9A CN106348609A (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2015-07-14 | Production method of linear crystal glass |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510426488.9A CN106348609A (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2015-07-14 | Production method of linear crystal glass |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106348609A true CN106348609A (en) | 2017-01-25 |
Family
ID=57842670
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510426488.9A Pending CN106348609A (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2015-07-14 | Production method of linear crystal glass |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN106348609A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107386877A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-11-24 | 重庆瑞明节能门窗有限公司 | Energy saving door and window Surface of profile transfer technique |
| CN110177766A (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2019-08-27 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | Manufacturing method of glass film |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6475938B1 (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 2002-11-05 | Norsk Hydro Asa | Method of forming a glass ceramic material |
| CN1446767A (en) * | 2002-03-14 | 2003-10-08 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | Glass preforming blank and its prodn. method |
| CN1758405A (en) * | 2005-09-20 | 2006-04-12 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | Method for manufacturing micro-channel plate with solid edge |
| CN103482855A (en) * | 2013-08-25 | 2014-01-01 | 河北明尚德玻璃制品有限公司 | Manufacturing method of 3.3 high borosilicate glass product with colored patterns |
-
2015
- 2015-07-14 CN CN201510426488.9A patent/CN106348609A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6475938B1 (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 2002-11-05 | Norsk Hydro Asa | Method of forming a glass ceramic material |
| CN1446767A (en) * | 2002-03-14 | 2003-10-08 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | Glass preforming blank and its prodn. method |
| CN1758405A (en) * | 2005-09-20 | 2006-04-12 | 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 | Method for manufacturing micro-channel plate with solid edge |
| CN103482855A (en) * | 2013-08-25 | 2014-01-01 | 河北明尚德玻璃制品有限公司 | Manufacturing method of 3.3 high borosilicate glass product with colored patterns |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110177766A (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2019-08-27 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | Manufacturing method of glass film |
| CN110177766B (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2021-12-10 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | Method for producing glass film |
| CN107386877A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-11-24 | 重庆瑞明节能门窗有限公司 | Energy saving door and window Surface of profile transfer technique |
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Application publication date: 20170125 |