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CN106169801A - 用于对机动车的能量存储器放电的开关装置 - Google Patents

用于对机动车的能量存储器放电的开关装置 Download PDF

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CN106169801A
CN106169801A CN201610333607.0A CN201610333607A CN106169801A CN 106169801 A CN106169801 A CN 106169801A CN 201610333607 A CN201610333607 A CN 201610333607A CN 106169801 A CN106169801 A CN 106169801A
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vehicle
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CN106169801B (zh
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A.米勒
D.约翰
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MAN Truck and Bus SE
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • B60R16/033—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for characterised by the use of electrical cells or batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于对机动车的能量存储器放电的开关装置。开关装置包括用于电能量的能量存储器(2)，其设置用于供应机动车的电气机械，以及放电电路(1)，其通过能量存储器供应以电压以及具有放电电阻(3)，电压比较元件(4)和激活开关设备(5)。激活开关设备(5)设立成，自停止机动车起在经过等待期后开始能量存储器(2)的放电过程通过放电电阻(3)，和/或激活装置在经过等待期之后触发使得开始通过放电电阻(3)的能量存储器(2)的放电过程。电压比较元件设立成，进行当前能量存储器电压和电压阈值之间的电压比较并且当在电压比较时当前能量存储器电压小于等于电压阈值时结束能量存储器的放电过程。

Description

用于对机动车的能量存储器放电的开关装置
技术领域
本发明涉及用于对机动车的能量存储器放电，尤其是用于对用于电能量的能量存储器（其设置用于供应机动车的电气机械）放电的开关装置。
背景技术
在适度混合，混合和电动车辆中除了常规12V-或24V-铅酸电池以外或取代常规12V-或24V-铅酸电池地附加地使用电能量存储器，其设置用于供应在传动系中的电气机械。这种附加的能量存储器经常构造为锂离子蓄电池或高电容能量存储器。基于双层电容器的高电容能量存储器在每质量电容方面特别有利的。在此使用优选所谓的超级电容器(还简称为超级电容或超级电容-存储器)。
在使用具有较高功率能力和较低能量含量的在传动系中的能量存储器的情况下（如例如超级电容器），它通常在停止车辆之前在最后的刹车过程中充电直至接近最大有效电压。尤其是超级电容器在较高电压的状态下最快地老化，使得具有高充电电压的这种能量存储器安置尤其是在完全充电状态中，对于能量存储器的寿命耐久度是有害的。
另一方面超级电容器的自动完全放电在停止机动车的情况下或在开始停止运行的停止阶段中从能量角度来看是没有意义的。
发明内容
因此本发明的任务在于提供用于对能量存储器（设置用于供应在传动系中的电气机械）放电的可能性，以此能量存储器的充电状态可以如此配置以避免在较长的停止过程中大大损害能量存储器的寿命持久性以及同时可以减小能量存储器的能量含量的能量浪费。本发明基于尤其是这种放电可能性的简单并且节约成本的设计的任务。
该任务通过具有独立权利要求的特征的开关装置解决。本发明的有利实施方式和应用是从属权利要求的主题并且在下列描述中部分参照附图更详细地解释。
本发明一方面基于该技术认知，即，在机动车的较长停止阶段中能量存储器的放电到平均电压水平从能量角度和从寿命观点提出了良好地妥协。此时可设想，当停止车辆通过打开点火开关–夹钳15–识别时，能量存储器则总是放电到平均电压水平。但是在本发明的范围中确定，根据夹钳15的信号点火开关的打开非必要地表示机动车，尤其是商用车的较长停止阶段。相反确定，夹钳15的“点火开关关”-信号在车辆（尤其是商用车）的情况下，经常明天出现10到15次，使得放电过程的开始紧接在识别表示停止车辆的夹钳15-信号之后从能量角度是不利的。相反地有利的是，在识别机动车的停止过程之后在发起到平均电压水平的能量存储器的放电过程之前等待等待期。
因此根据本发明的一般观点提供用于对机动车的能量存储器放电的开关装置。开关装置包括用于电能量的能量存储器，其设置用于供应机动车的电气机械，其优选地构造为牵引机或曲轴起动发电机，以及放电电路。放电电路通过能量存储器供应以电压并且具有放电电阻，电压比较元件和激活开关设备（优选地以由放电电阻，电压比较元件和激活开关设备组成的串联电路的形式）。
对此借助于激活开关设备自停止机动车起在经过等待期(延迟期)之后开始通过放电电阻的能量存储器的放电过程。对此激活开关设备可设立成，自停止机动车起在经过等待期之后(延迟期)开始通过放电电阻的能量存储器的放电过程。激活开关设备可以例如自停止机动车起在经过等待期之后(延迟期)例如由车辆控制设备来外部触发，开始通过放电电阻的能量存储器的放电过程。等待期可以例如固定在值上，该值在5分钟到1小时的范围中，进一步优选地在10分钟到30分钟的范围中或进一步优选地在10分钟到20分钟的范围中。
此外电压比较元件设立成，进行在当前能量存储器电压和电压阈值之间的电压比较并且当在电压比较时当前能量存储器电压小于等于电压阈值时结束能量存储器的放电过程。
因此根据本发明的开关装置实现能量存储器到预定电压阈值的放电，其优选对应于能量存储器的平均电压水平，使得能量存储器不完全放电。由此一方面可避免能量效率低的充分放电另一方面避免在较长停止过程的情况下的大大损害能量存储器寿命持久性。本发明的特别优点还在于，部分放电过程不立即在停止车辆时，而是延迟地，也就是仅在经过等待期之后进行，使得避免在停止过程机动车的情况下能量效率低的放电过程，其中行驶运行在短的停止时间之后重新开始。
为了实现放电电路的成本特别低的实现，根据本发明的另外实施方式优点在于，电压比较元件实施为无源的电压比较开关。在此电压比较开关当当前能量存储器电压大于电压阈值时关闭，并且当当前能量存储器电压小于等于电压阈值时打开。
此外有利的是，电压比较元件具有开关滞后以便避免由于能量存储器的回复效应的开关运行关于电压阈值的未限定的“摇摆”。
根据本发明的实施例激活开关设备可以包括定时开关，其在停止车辆后，优选地在关掉点火开关后在预定等待时间后关闭。仅在定时开关的关闭状态中可实现通过放电电阻能量存储器的放电。仅示例性地等待时间可以在10到30分钟的范围中。这种定时开关可成本有利地实现并且提供该优点，触发放电过程的等待时间可简单地调节并且还需要时可根据车辆类型和/或车辆使用类型预调节到不同的值。
在该实施例的有利变型中激活开关设备包括与定时开关串联布置的开关，其与车辆的夹钳15耦合使得开关当在夹钳15存在“点火开关关”-信号时关闭。开关当在不存在“点火开关关”-信号时，即在接通点火开关的情况下打开。通过夹钳15对机动车的点火装置和燃料供应供应电流。在停止内燃机的情况下利用打开点火开关在夹钳15上电压到0V，这对应于信号“点火开关关”。如果该信号出现，则连接到夹钳15的用电器分离。因此根据该变型放电过程仅当不但与车辆的夹钳15耦合的开关关闭而且定时开关关闭时可能。
根据本发明的备选实施例激活开关设备可以包括温度开关，其当温度信号低于预定温度阈值时关闭，其中温度信号说明部件的温度变化，其在停止车辆之后冷却。仅在温度开关的关闭状态中实现通过放电电阻能量存储器的放电。优选地如此选择预定温度阈值，使得在停止车辆后从运行温度到温度阈值部件的冷却持续时间在到放电过程的开始的期望的等待时间的范围中。检测其温度用于确定放电过程的触发条件的部件可以是内燃机。备选地还可以使用每个其他部件（其在行驶运行中加热到运行温度并且在停止状态中再次冷却），用于获取温度阈值，该温度阈值说明，车辆长于预定延迟期没有重新进入运行中。
在该实施例的有利变型中激活开关设备类似于具有定时开关的实施例包括与温度开关串联布置的开关，其与车辆的夹钳15耦合使得开关当在夹钳15存在“点火开关关”信号时关闭。
特别优选实施方式规定，能量存储器是电容能量存储器，优选地超级电容-存储器。
本发明的另一方面涉及车辆，尤其是商用车，其具有如在该文档中公开的开关装置。
附图说明
本发明的上述优选实施方式和特征可任意彼此组合。本发明的其他细节和优点在下面参照所附附图1描述，其示出根据本发明的实施方式的开关装置的示意性框图。
具体实施方式
开关装置包括超级电容器(超级电容-存储器)2，其通过接头8与电气机械（例如机动车的曲轴起动发电机(KSG)(未示出)的形式）或者车辆的汽车电器网络，部分汽车电器网络或高压网络相连接，以便于对在电气机械的电驱动运行中的电气机械供应以电能量并且存储在电气机械的发电运行中产生的电能量。
开关装置还包括用于超级电容器2的自主的放电电路1，其自己从超级电容器2供应。放电电路1由串联电路（其由放电电阻3，电压比较元件4和激活开关设备5组成）构造。激活开关设备5设立成，自停止机动车起在经过等待期后开始通过放电电阻3的能量存储器的放电过程2。
对此激活开关设备5实施为串联电路，所述串联电路包括定时开关6和开关7，其与车辆的夹钳15耦合(未示出)。开关7当在夹钳15存在“点火开关关”信号，即，开关7在关掉点火（这说明停止过程）时关闭。定时开关6在这时还打开并且在停止车辆后（优选地在关掉点火开关后并且因此在关闭开关7之后）仅在预定等待时间后关闭。等待时间可以例如具有值，该值位于在10到30分钟的范围中。
先前已经提及，还可以使用温度开关取代定时开关6，温度开关根据温度信号（其例如衡量内燃机(未示出)的温度）开关。根据该变体温度开关在内燃机在关闭之后冷却到预定温度水平时关闭。
电压比较元件4实施为无源的电压比较开关4，其当当前能量存储器电压大于预定电压阈值时关闭，并且当当前能量存储器电压小于等于预定电压阈值时打开。预定电压阈值确定到超级电容器2的平均电压水平。
因此在未停止的车辆，也就是在正常行驶运行的情况下，开关6和7打开。如果车辆的驾驶员停止，也就是点火开关打开，使得在夹钳15的电压下降到零，也就是在夹钳存在“点火开关关”信号，则开关7关闭。开关6目前还打开。在经过等待时间之后才关闭开关6。如果在此时超级电容器2的充电电压位于预定电压阈值之上，则超级电容器2通过放电电阻3放电。如果超级电容器2的当前充电电压下降到预定电压阈值（这是因为电压比较开关4打开），则放电过程结束。
尽管本发明参照某些实施例描述，但本领域技术人员显而易见的是，可以实施不同的改变并且可以使用等同体作为替代，而不脱离本发明的范围。附加地可以实施许多修改，而不脱离所属的范围。因此本发明不应限制在公开的实施例上，而是应包括落入所附的权利要求的范围中所有实施例。尤其是本发明还要求对独立于被引用的权利要求的从属权利要求的对象和特征的保护。
附图标记列表
1 放电电路
2 超级电容-存储器
3 电阻
4 电压比较开关
5 激活开关设备
6 定时开关
7 开关，其耦合到夹钳15
8 到汽车电器网络的连接

Claims (9)

1. 用于对机动车的能量存储器进行放电的开关装置，具有
用于电能量的能量存储器，其设置用于供应机动车的电气机械；以及
放电电路(1)，其通过所述能量存储器供应以电压以及具有放电电阻(3)，电压比较元件(4)和激活开关设备(5)，
其中所述激活开关设备(5)设立成用于自停止机动车起在经过等待期之后开始通过放电电阻(3)的能量存储器(2)的放电过程，和/或其中所述激活装置在经过等待期之后触发以开始通过放电电阻(3)的能量存储器(2)的放电过程，以及
其中所述电压比较元件设立成，进行在当前能量存储器电压和电压阈值之间的电压比较以及在在所述电压比较中所述当前能量存储器电压小于等于所述电压阈值时结束能量存储器的放电过程。
2.如权利要求1所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述电压比较元件实施为无源的电压比较开关(4)，其在当前能量存储器电压大于所述电压阈值时关闭，并且在当前能量存储器电压小于等于所述电压阈值时打开。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述电压比较元件具有开关滞后。
4.如上述权利要求之一所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述激活开关设备(5)包括定时开关(6)，所述定时开关在停止车辆之后的预定等待时间，优选地在关掉点火开关之后的预定等待时间之后关闭。
5.如权利要求4所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述激活开关设备(5)包括与定时开关(6)串联布置的开关(7)，其如此与车辆的夹钳15耦合，使得如果在所述夹钳15上存在“点火开关关”信号，则所述开关(7)关闭。
6.如权利要求1到3中任一项所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述激活开关设备包括温度开关，其在温度信号低于预定温度阈值时关闭，其中所述温度信号说明部件的温度变化，优选地内燃机的温度变化，所述部件在停止车辆之后冷却。
7.如权利要求6所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述激活开关设备(5)包括与温度开关串联布置的开关(7)，其与车辆的夹钳15如此耦合使得所述开关(7)当在所述夹钳15存在“点火开关关”信号时关闭。
8.如上述权利要求之一所述的开关装置，其特征在于，所述能量存储器是电容能量存储器，优选地超级电容-存储器(2)。
9.车辆，尤其是商用车，具有权利要求1到8中任一项所述的开关装置。
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