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CN106079687A - 金属构件或陶瓷构件及其制造方法和用途 - Google Patents

金属构件或陶瓷构件及其制造方法和用途 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106079687A
CN106079687A CN201610282118.7A CN201610282118A CN106079687A CN 106079687 A CN106079687 A CN 106079687A CN 201610282118 A CN201610282118 A CN 201610282118A CN 106079687 A CN106079687 A CN 106079687A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
connecting portion
hardware
ceramic component
anchoring piece
micron scale
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201610282118.7A
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English (en)
Inventor
米夏埃尔·于尔根
托拜厄斯·默滕斯
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Defence and Space GmbH filed Critical Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
Publication of CN106079687A publication Critical patent/CN106079687A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/12—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by using adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
    • B23K26/355—Texturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
    • B23K26/3568—Modifying rugosity
    • B23K26/3584—Increasing rugosity, e.g. roughening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/303—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3034—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of additional elements, e.g. meshes
    • B29C66/30341—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of additional elements, e.g. meshes non-integral with the parts to be joined, e.g. making use of extra elements
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
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    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
    • B29C66/826—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/8266—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined using fluid pressure directly acting on the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/82661—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined using fluid pressure directly acting on the parts to be joined by means of vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B23K2103/15—Magnesium or alloys thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)
  • Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及包括至少一个多维结构化的连接部的金属构件或陶瓷构件，其中连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，并且其中金属构件或陶瓷构件具有毫米级结构(特别是由锚固件形成的毫米级结构)和在连接部和锚固件上的微米级结构，在该微米级结构上方形成另外的纳米级结构。本发明还涉及用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的方法。这样，避免了现有技术的缺点，并且改善了纤维复合结构与金属构件或陶瓷构件的粘着接头，增大了分层阻力或粘结强度。这也特别适于通过金属或陶瓷中间层将纤维复合结构粘结至纤维复合结构。此外，通过根据本发明的方法，阻止了对粘结强度有不利影响的金属构件或陶瓷构件的可能污染。

Description

金属构件或陶瓷构件及其制造方法和用途
技术领域
本发明涉及包括至少一个多维结构化的连接部的金属构件或陶瓷构件以及用于制造所述连接部的方法，其中所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件(laminate)的粘着接头。
背景技术
目前，纤维复合结构特别是在航空和航天工业中是必不可少的，而且在水运工具和地面车辆的构建以及风力发电厂的转子和轻型结构的构建中也是必不可少的。在该情况下使用的纤维增强的聚合物层压件可以包含碳纤维、玻璃纤维、Kevlar、硼纤维或混合纤维或由上述纤维制成的织造织物。在这种情况下，聚合物基体由“湿的”环氧树脂、聚酯树脂等形成，或者由含有树脂的“预浸料”形成，并且使用织造织物纤维。这尤其是因为几乎无限的设计可能性和与金属或陶瓷材料相比在重量上的巨大节省。通过对纤维粗纱或纤维垫进行适当对齐或材料选择，即，例如，对碳纤维与玻璃纤维的混合物或碳纤维与Kevlar的混合物进行适当对齐或材料选择，其中，在一个方向上使用一种类型的纤维，而在另一个方向上使用另一种类型的纤维，或者，在内部使用一种类型的纤维，而在外部使用另一种类型的纤维，由纤维复合材料构建的构件能够以预定的方式最佳地吸收力，即，它们以最佳的方式适应于预期的载荷并且能够单独促使大量减轻重量。然而，纤维复合结构的一个弱点是它们的分层阻力低或确切地来自这种材料组的接头的粘结强度低。突然高初始载荷有可能触发层间裂缝的形成，结果是裂缝的推进需要相对较少的能量。
使用CFRP纵梁、CFRP框架、金属框架以及类似的结构构件增强碳纤维增强的塑料材料或CFRP蒙皮外壳以在主壳区域以重量优化的方式承受高载荷特别是在航空器和船舶构建中是已知的，而且在车辆制造中也是已知的。这样的构件例如可以通过用于将基体(例如环氧树脂)引入增强纤维并随后在熔炉或高压釜中进行固化的预浸处理技术、热固化工艺或真空灌注工艺来制造。纤维复合材料构件例如是由增强纤维构成的，而不论该增强纤维是粗纱还是织造织物垫。意图具有特定的损伤容限的结构接头能够薄金属片设在邻接表面之间，即借助于金属片的材料厚度加入到纤维复合材料构件中的横向加强件。为了提高横向上的性能，已经开发出了各种复合技术，例如Z-钉扎(Z-pinning)、缝合或簇绒(tufting)。
此外，已知共粘结方法，在该方法中，第一步：使纤维复合材料结合配合件(joining partner)在真空下固化；第二步：以整合的方式将该经固化的第一结合配合件连接至“新鲜的”结合配合件并进行固化。例如，在航空器构建领域中，这可以是连接至航空器结构的机身下部区域的“湿”蒙皮外壳的经固化的纵向加强件(纵梁)。
此外，也存在混合构件，其由金属构件或陶瓷构件与聚合物层压件的组合构建而成，并且可以设置在航空器或航天器区域的或地面车辆或水运工具区域的不同点处。
WO2011/069899A2涉及一种用于将纤维复合材料构件与航空器或航天器的结构构件连接起来的方法。在这个案件中，提供金属膜作为纤维复合材料构件与结构构件之间的横向加强件。该金属膜被设计成具有至少一个锚固件，该锚固件以90℃角从朝向纤维复合材料构件的表面突出并且被插在纤维复合材料构件和结构构件之间并被整合到其中。此外，根据该方法制造了对应的设置件。这样，当使用钛膜作为横向加强件时已经能够实现大约为1.5kJ/m2的提高的分层阻力。
发明内容
因此，本发明解决的技术问题在于：避免了现有技术的缺点，并且改善了纤维复合结构与金属构件或陶瓷构件的粘着接头，从而增加了分层阻力或粘结强度。这也特别适用于通过金属或陶瓷中间层将纤维复合结构粘结至纤维复合结构。此外，阻止了对粘结强度有不利影响的金属构件或陶瓷构件的可能污染。
该目标通过具有以下特征的方法以及通过具有以下特征的装置(device)来实现：所述方法为一种用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的方法，其中，所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，并且其中所述方法包括如下步骤：1)通过在所述连接部上形成锚固件来制造毫米级结构；2)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上制造微米级结构；3)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构上方制造纳米级结构；所述装置为包括至少一个多维结构化的连接部的金属构件或陶瓷构件，其中所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，并且其中所述金属构件或陶瓷构件具有：毫米级结构，特别是通过锚固件形成的毫米级结构；和在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的微米级结构，在所述微米级结构上方形成另外的纳米级结构。在本中还描述了本发明的有利的实施方式及改进。
这样，避免了现有技术的缺点，并且改善了纤维复合结构与金属构件或陶瓷构件的粘着接头，从而增加了分层阻力或粘结强度。通过本发明，可以将分层阻力相对于仅仅为毫米级的结构增加超过30％。这也特别适用于借助于金属或陶瓷中间层将纤维复合结构粘结至纤维复合结构。此外，通过根据本发明所述的方法，阻止了对粘结强度有不利影响的金属构件或陶瓷构件的可能污染。
根据本发明所述的用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的方法，其中，所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，所述方法包括如下步骤：
1)通过在所述连接部上形成锚固件来制造毫米级结构，即尺寸大于1000μm的宏观结构；
2)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上制造微米级结构，即尺寸为1μm～1000μm的微观结构；
3)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构上方制造纳米级结构，即尺寸小于1μm的纳米结构。
在这种情况下，所述方法步骤可以优选以上述顺序进行。这样，在其上方形成纳米结构的所述微观结构是在具有锚固件的毫米级连接部上制造的。在这种情况下，所述至少一个锚固件从连接部以基本垂直的方式或以预定的角度突出。所述锚固件也可以设计成针状物(pins)、倒刺(barbs)、齿状物、尖状物(spikes)或螺旋结构等。有利的是，锚固件与连接部形成一个整体。
通过根据本发明所述的方法，在金属构件或陶瓷构件上制造新的表面形貌。这些结构使得能够显著提高在周围聚合物上的机械锚固和/或形成更多共价键。因此，以这种方式增强的纤维复合层压件或复合件(compound)最终具有的分层阻力明显高于已知的纤维复合材料层压件，因此导致讨论中的纤维复合材料构件的使用寿命增加。
该方法的另一个有益的改进提供了，在金属构件的情况下，通过在所述连接部上形成锚固件来制造所述毫米级结构是通过冲压弯曲处理、高速金属加工、电子束加工、加层制造方法、堆焊、焊接锚固件(welding on of anchoring element)或其他合适的方法来进行的。对于陶瓷构件，所述毫米级结构例如可以通过模制后烧结来制造。
该方法的另一个有益的改进提供了，在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构是通过喷砂处理或电磁辐射，特别是通过激光辐射制造的。该结构中的杂质也可以这样除去。因此可以实现接触和粘着表面的改良。
该方法的另一个有益的改进提供了，所述纳米级结构是通过激光辐射或阳极化在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构上方制造的。特别地，在微米级结构上方形成纳米级结构促使复合结构具有最佳的结合表面。
该方法的另一个有益的改进提供了，所述激光辐射是通过短脉冲激光器进行的，特别是通过相对于所述连接部以规定的进料速率移动的、具有高脉冲重复频率的飞秒、皮秒或纳秒激光器进行的。在这种情况下，进料速率与进料路径通过处理的类型-微米级或纳米级来限定。
该方法的另一个有益的改进提供了，用于制造所述微米级结构的激光器与用于制造所述纳米级结构的激光器以一前一后的方式设置，使得上方形成所述纳米结构的微观结构在一个进料流程中制造。因此，可以优化和加快制造过程。
根据本发明所述的包括至少一个多维结构化的连接部的金属构件或陶瓷构件提供了连接部，以形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，该连接部具有：毫米级结构，特别是通过锚固件形成的毫米级结构；和在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的微米级结构，在所述微米级结构上方形成另外的纳米级结构。这使得金属构件或陶瓷构件能够有效地被增强并机械地锚固到聚合物纤维复合结构上，并且使得能够形成更多共价键。
使用的金属可以是钛合金、铝合金、不锈钢合金、镁等。对于陶瓷构件，可以使用电绝缘和隔热但能够被机械加工或热加工的材料，例如MACOR，氮化硼、碳化硅或氧化铝。
根据本发明所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件的一个有益的实施方式提供了，在所有侧面都设有连接部。对于平面的金属构件或陶瓷构件，连接件如此在z-方向上突出。
根据本发明所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件的一个有益的实施方式提供了，所述构件是由钛、铝、钢(例如不锈钢)或镁的合金或另一种金属合金制造的。
此外，本发明提供了根据本发明所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件作为纤维增强的聚合物层压件的z-加强件的用途。在这种情况下，所述金属构件或陶瓷构件可以完全被聚合物层压件包围住。
此外，可以提供根据本发明制造的所述金属构件或陶瓷构件作为共粘结方法中的连接件。在金属构件或陶瓷构件与第一结合配合件的粘着接头粘结在高压釜中在真空下固化后，在下一个步骤中，进行与待湿法胶合的第二结合配合件的粘着。
附图说明
下面，将基于实施例和附图更详细地描述改进本发明的另外的特征，其中：
图1为示出根据本发明所述的方法步骤的流程图；
图2a-2d示出了具有多维结构化的连接部的金属构件；
图3为具有增强板的纤维复合结构的分解图；
图4为处于粘着状态的来自图3的纤维复合结构的侧视图。
图1示出了按方法的处理顺序的方法步骤。在这种情况下，首先提供金属构件或陶瓷构件，该金属构件或陶瓷构件可以是薄金属片或固体金属或陶瓷体。然后在该构件上制造毫米级结构。这样，在整个金属构件或陶瓷构件上或其部分上设置锚固件。在这种情况下，所述至少一个锚固件可以从连接部以基本垂直的方式或以预定的角度突出。所述锚固件也可以设计成针状物、倒刺、齿状物、尖状物或螺旋结构等。有利的是，锚固件与连接部形成一个整体。
在这种情况下，制造毫米级结构的具体方式受到金属构件或陶瓷构件的材料厚度和材料类型的显著影响。对于金属构件，该连接部是通过冲压弯曲处理、高速金属加工、电子束加工、加层制造方法、堆焊、焊接在锚固件上或其他合适的方法制造的。对于陶瓷构件，该步骤例如通过模制后烧结来进行。
下一个用于在该金属构件或陶瓷构件上制造微米级结构(包括在该金属构件或陶瓷构件上形成的毫米级结构)的步骤例如是通过喷砂处理或电磁辐射，特别是通过激光辐射进行的。
最后，作为进一步的步骤，通过激光辐射或在金属构件的情况下通过阳极化在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的微米级结构上方制造纳米级结构。
下面，将基于实施方式更详细地描述根据本发明所述的方法。
具体实施方式
实施例1：
举例来说，用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的第一种方法可以如下进行：
1.对钛薄板(例如，薄板厚度为t＝0.4mm的Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn)进行连续的冲压而使其变形，以制造毫米级结构；
2.对钛薄板喷砂，例如用粒径为250μm-500μm的Al2O3或SiO2在7巴的喷射压力下对钛薄板喷砂，以制造微米级结构；
3.激光辐射，例如在波长为1064nm、脉冲长度小于20ns、速度为800mm/s、电流为43A、频率为10kHz并且频繁重复的条件下进行激光辐射，以制造纳米级结构。
实施例2
举例来说，用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的第二种方法可以如下进行：
1.对钛薄板(例如薄板厚度为t＝0.4mm的Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn)进行连续冲压而使其变形，以制造毫米级结构；
2.激光微米结构化，例如在波长为1064nm、脉冲长度为小于20ns、速度为800mm/s、电流为20-150A、频率为10kHz并且重叠超过80％的条件下进行激光微米结构化，以制造微米级结构；
3.激光辐射，例如在波长为1064nm、速度为800mm/s、电流为43A、频率为10kHz并且频繁重复的条件下进行激光辐射，以制造纳米级结构。
在该第二个实施例中，第二步和第三步可以在一个工作循环中进行，即，利用至少两个激光器，所述至少两个激光器一前一后设置在共同的进料装置中或设置在两个独立的进料装置中，并且在工件(在这种情况中为钛薄板)上方同时推进。
实施例3：
举例来说，用于使金属构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的第三种方法可以如下进行：
1.对钛薄板(例如薄板厚度为t＝0.4mm的Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn)进行连续喷砂而使其变形，以制造毫米级结构；
2.激光微米结构化，例如在波长为1064nm、速度为800mm/s、电流为20-150A、频率为10kHz并且重叠超过80％的条件下进行激光微米结构化，以制造微米级结构；
3.在电解液中进行阳极化，例如在钠浓度为100-300g/l的氢氧化钠、浓度为20-200g/l的酒石酸钠、络合剂(例如，浓度为1-200g/l的MGDA)和另外的组分的电解液中进行阳极化，以制造纳米级结构。
图2a是具有多维结构化的连接部的金属构件1的有益的实施方式的透视图。在该情况下，连接部设在上下侧。本实施方式为经连续冲压而变形的钛薄板，例如薄板厚度为t＝0.4mm的Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn，在该薄板上首先制造毫米级结构，即结构化为大于1mm的结构。首先，在钛薄板的三侧冲压规则分布的矩形，然后向下弯曲(在从薄板平面或x-y平面来看时)下锚固件2，并将上锚固件3向上弯曲并且以与钛薄板的平面垂直的方式离开冲压区域，如图2中的侧视图所示。这样，在薄板上制造矩形凹口6和在z-轴方向上向上和向下突出的锚固件。如果薄板只有一侧将用作锚，则相应的锚固件2、3例如也可以以在z-轴方向上分别仅向下或仅向上突出的方式形成。
此外，通过对钛薄板的下侧或下连接部4和钛薄板的上侧或上连接部5以及位于其上的上下锚固件2、3进行喷砂使金属构件1微米级化，即大于1μm的结构化。在优选的实施方式中，粒径为250-500μm的Al2O3以及7巴的喷射压力用于喷砂。由此制造的微米级表面结构在图2c中以放大的方式示出。类似的结果可以通过借助于激光辐射进行的微米级化来实现。
在本实施方式中通过电化学方法(例如，利用电解液进行的阳极化)制造的纳米级结构已经在金属构件1的微米级结构的端部上方形成。因此，小于0.1μm的表面结构已经在微米级结构的上方产生。这样产生的微米级表面结构在图2d中以放大的方式示出。类似的结果例如可以通过借助于激光辐射进行的微米级化来实现。
图3为具有增强板的纤维复合结构的分解图。图4为处于粘着状态的来自图3的纤维复合结构的侧视图。在这种情况下，上结合配合件7以这样的方式连接至根据本发明所述的金属构件，即上锚固件3在z轴方向上与上结合配合件7的纤维结构接合，因此使最佳的粘着锚固成为可能。在本实施方式中，上结合配合件7的纤维结构是通过环氧树脂用湿法粘着方法或通过膜粘着方式与金属构件1连接的碳纤维结构(用作增强件)。在高压釜中在真空下进行适当的固化后，发生与下结合配合件9的结合，该结合配合件同样是通过环氧树脂用湿法粘着方法或通过膜粘着方式与金属构件1连接的碳纤维结构(用作增强件)，以形成复合结构9。
多维结构化的金属构件1能够使纤维增强的聚合物层压件的z-加强件远远好于常规加强件。这样，分层阻力被增大至2kJ/m2。
就本发明的实施而言，本发明并不限于上述优选的实施方式。相反，可以想到利用上述方案的许多变形，即使这些变形的设计是根本不同的。
附图标记列表
1.金属构件
2.下锚固件
3.上锚固件
4.下连接部
5.上连接部
6.凹口
7.上接合配合件
8.下接合配合件
9.复合结构

Claims (11)

1.一种用于使金属构件或陶瓷构件的至少一个连接部多维结构化的方法，其中，所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，并且其中所述方法包括如下步骤：
1)通过在所述连接部上形成锚固件来制造毫米级结构；
2)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上制造微米级结构；
3)在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构上方制造纳米级结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在金属构件的情况下，通过在所述连接部上形成锚固件来制造所述毫米级结构是通过冲压弯曲处理、高速金属加工、电子束加工、加层制造方法、堆焊、焊接锚固件或其他合适的方法来进行的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述微米级结构是通过喷砂处理或电磁辐射，特别是通过激光辐射在所述连接部和所述锚固件上制造的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述纳米级结构是通过激光辐射或阳极化在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的所述微米级结构上方制造的。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的方法，其中，所述激光辐射是通过短脉冲激光器进行的，特别是通过相对于所述连接部以规定的进料速率移动的、具有高脉冲重复频率的飞秒、皮秒或纳秒激光器进行的。
6.根据权利要求3-5中任一项所述的方法，其中，用于制造所述微米级结构的激光器与用于制造所述纳米级结构的激光器一前一后设置，使得在其上方形成所述纳米结构的所述微米结构在一个进料流程中制造。
7.包括至少一个多维结构化的连接部的金属构件或陶瓷构件，其中，所述连接部用于形成粘结纤维增强的聚合物层压件的粘着接头，并且其中所述金属构件或陶瓷构件具有：毫米级结构，特别是通过锚固件形成的毫米级结构；和在所述连接部和所述锚固件上的微米级结构，在所述微米级结构上方形成另外的纳米级结构。
8.根据权利要求7所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件，其中，在所有侧面都设有连接部。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件，其中，所述构件是由钛、铝、钢或镁的合金或另一种金属合金制造的。
10.根据权利要求7-9中任一项所述的金属构件或陶瓷构件的用途，其中，所述金属构件或陶瓷构件用作纤维增强的聚合物层压件的z-加强件。
11.使用根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法制造的金属构件或陶瓷构件的用途，其中，所述金属构件或陶瓷构件用作共粘结方法中的连接件。
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